mm JBBNWYORKBOTANICALGARli =,7^1. n.b' 1399 W iw^.^^^ CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, DESIG.VED FOR COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SE.MLNARIES WHERE THE SCIENCE IS TAUGUT. En Stoo ipacts: PART I. THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCK TART IL THE NATURAL ORDERS, ILLUSTRATED EY A FI.ORA OF TIIE NOIITIIERN UNITED STATES, PARTICULAKLY NEW ENGLAND AND NEW YORK. BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A. M. ASSOCIATE PRINCIPAL IN KIMBALL UNION ACADEMY. LIBRARV BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY CROCKEll & BREWSTER. CLAREMONT, N. H., SIMEON IDE. 1845. Entered accordmg to an Act of Congress, in the year of our Lord lS4i5, by ALPHONSO WOOD, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts. TO THE REV. CHESTER DEWEY, M. D., D. D., PROFESSOR OP NATURAL SCIENCE IN' THE BERKSHIKK AND OTHER MltDICAL IKSTIIUTIONS, AUTHOR OF THE REPORT ON THE HERBACEOOS PLANTS OF MASSACHUSETTS, MONOGRAPH ON THE CARICES, ETC. ETC. THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THE AUTHOR. PRE FAC E That there is need of a new Class-Book of Botany, prepared on the basis of the present advanced state of the science, and, at the same time, adapted to the circumstances of the mass of students collected in our institutions and seminaries of learning, is manifest to all who now attempt either to teach or to learn. The time has arrived when Botany should no longer be presented to the learner encumbered with the puerile misconceptions and barren facts of the old school, but as a System of Nature, raised by recent researches to the dignity and rank of a science founded upon the principles of inductive philosophy. The study of this science through the medium of the system of Jussieu, is adapted, not merely to the amusement of the mind, but eminently to its discipline ; and needs no longer to be excluded from popular pursuit by cumbrous and costly tomes. That theory of the floral structure which refers each organ to the principle of the leaf, long since propounded in Germany by the poet Goethe, and recently admitted, by authors generally, to be coincident with facts, is adopted, of course, -N^ in the present work. Entering into almost every department of the science, it ^Z" has given a new aspect to the whole face of it ; and it reveals, more clearly than any other discovery has ever done, the beauty and simplicity of that plan on which Creative Power is exerted in the production of the countless fonns of vegetable existence. How far the present work may be adapted to the diffusion of this important science, in its present advanced state, a candid public must determine. I have „ undertaken and accomplished it, thus far, from a thorough conviction of my own ^ need of such aid as is here contemplated, both in acquiring and imparting '"''■"'' knowledge in this department of natural history. The First Tart contains a summary of the Elements of Botany, according to the latest authorities, written in the fonn of simple propositions, briefly illus- trated, and broken into short paragraphs with direct reference to the convenience of the learner. Brief as it is, it is hoped that it will be found to embody all the established principles of the science contained in fonner school treatises, together with tliosc newly discovered principles in Organography and Physiology, by which the science has been really enriched and advanced. The Flora comprehends all the Phocnogamous plants, with the ferns, &-c., which have hitlierto been diprovcrcd, nnd dcsciihcd as indijrcnons to the New England States and New York, tomtlicr witli the naturalized exotics, and lliose which are more generally cultivated, either as useful or ornamental. The descriptions arc as extended and minute as appears to the author necessary for the complete recognition of the ])lants, and for imparting a knowledge of what- ever is peculiar or interesting in their hahits, culture, or use. With regard to the sources of information from which this pnrt of the work has been i)rcpared, it is proper to state, that I have for several years been engaged in the collection of materials, during which I liave made frequent and extensive tours with this object in view, in nearly every section of country wliich this riora represents; and have had access to many extensive collections of plants, among which I mention with jieculiar pleasure that of Mr. Ahel StokkS, of Lebanon, N. H. By these means I have been able to draw the description of about three fourths of the species mentioned in the work from the living or dried specimen. The remaining descriptions arc compiled from a careful examination and comparison of the best autliorities within my reach, among which arc the botanical works of Bigelow, Faton, Wright, Nuttall, Pursh, Smith, ToiTcy (his Northern Flora), Beck, Loudon, Barton, Michaux, Parlington, Dewey, &c., &c. To the elaborate and liighly authentic Flora of Drs. Torrey and Gray, I had no access until after the present Flora had been written : since which time I have availed myself of their researches in regard to the nomenclature of plants, suc- cession of the Orders, and recent discoveries. In almost all cases, I have adopted their generic and specific names, for very obvious reasons. The multitude of synonyms, by which plants have been heretofore designated, have greatly encum- bered the science, and are to be regarded as an evil and only an evil. If we then have a standard work on North American Botany, written by North Ameri- can authors, as we most cer:ainly have, it is absurd for Inimblcr writers to strive to perpetuate this useless jargon of names. Beyond Order LXXVJ, to which only their work as yet extends, I have adopted those names which, in my own judgment, rest upon the best authority. There arc two serious evils existing in the treatises in more general use, which liavc too long checked the diffusion of botanical knowledge. First, the princi- ples of the science arc reduced to such a degree of simplicity as to sacrifice all incentive to intellectual effort, save memory alone : and, secondly, the application of the principles in practical analysis is often involved in such obscurity that no degree of intellectual effort is of any avail. In the following jiages I have guarded against both these evils as much as possible. With regard to the latter, it is hoped that the Analytical Tables will be found of essential sen-ice. The object aimed at in their construction, is, to exhibit at one view the most striking characteristics of each group, to which they respectively relate, so arranged as to conduct the mind from a single radiatins point, to any desired genus described in the volume. That we have fully realized this plan, or that the t.ables are free from error, is not to be expected ; yet we do hope that they will aflbrd facilities for analysis far greater than any system hitherto available. In t!ic construction of these tables I have received indis]icns.'ible aid from Dk. Edward E. 1'iieli'S, of Windsor, Vt., Lecturer on Jledical Botany, in PREFACE. 5 Dartmouth College. I would here gratefully acknowledge, also, the important assistance and encouragement I have received from him in other departments of this work. To the Rev. Professor Dewey, to whom I am permitted to dedicate this volume, I am indebted for that part of the Flora which relates to the difficult, yet deeply interesting, fomily of the Cariccs. He has not only granted me access to his former excellent Monograph on that genus, but has prepared the article for the present work with his own hand. The six Primary Classes of the Vegetable Kingdom, adopted in this volume, diifering somewhat from Torrey and Gray, to whose arrangement I have so gen- erally adhered in other respects, rest upon the authority of Prof. Dewey, and others. The Gymnosperms of Lindlcy are made a coordinate class with that of Exogens, and yet are at the same time acknowledged to be only a subdivision of it; an arrangement which certainly appears to us illogical. Finally, that the present work contains many imperfections, no one can be more fully aware than the author. These it will be his constant care to detect and amend in future editions, should any appear. Meanwhile, he confidently relies upon the indulgence of all those who can appreciate the difficulties atten- dant on a work like this, and humbly hopes that his long and arduous toil will not prove wholly unproductive of useful results. Meriden, N. H., June 22, 1 844. THE GREEK ALPHABET, &C. Large. SmalL Eom. letten. Names. Kamerals. A a a Alpha. B ^ b Beta. 1. ff;, ftoyag. r 1 g Gamma. 2. dvu)^ di;. J (5 d Delta. 3. TQFtg. E e c Epsilon. 4. leaauQFc, Tcrgof z ? z Zcta. 5. nffie. II V c Eta. G. ii. o ^d th Theta. I t i Iota. 7. kara. K X c. (k) Kappa. 8. OXTOi. A I 1 Lambda. 9. FfVfa, M A* m ]Mu. 10. dexu. N V n Nu. ti'Sfxa. 11. ^ 1 X Xi. 12. 8u)5fxa. 0 0 5 Omikron. n n 3 P Pi. 20. flXOUl. p Q r Rho. Many, rioAuj. V u,S s Sigma. T T V t y Tan. Upsilon. r i»

gica! structure — of the filament — connectile — anther — pollen. 72, Theoretical structure — proof from the transitions of stamens into pistils — examples. 7-3, Cir- cumstances in which stamens varv — twentv-four Linnean Classes. 74, Number, — Etymoloffv of the names of the Classes. Class 1st, 2nd, .3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, Sth, 9th, 10th; nth. 2nd, Position, — 12th, 13th. 3d, Relative length, — 14th, 1.5th, 4th, Connection, — iGth, 17th, ISth, 19th, 20th. 5th, Absence, — 21st, 22d, 23d, aith. CHAPTER VI. — THE FLOWER. }3. OF THE PISTIL AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. — 39. 75, The pistil, its position — structure. 76, Ovary — ovules. 77, Ovary simple — compound — carpels. 7S, The style — number — connection. 79, Stigma — sim- ple— compound. SO, Number of stvles, orders founded upon. Order 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, Sth, 6th, 7th, &th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th. i\'&<^, — Orders of the class Didyna- mia — Tetradynamia — Orders of the IGth, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes. Orders of Syngenesia, Equalis — Superflua — Frustranea — Necessaria — Segre- gata. Orders of Polygamia, JIona;cia — Dicecia. Orders of the 24th, class. 81, Ovules. S2, Placenta — structure — direction. 83, Physiological structure — of the ovary — style — stigma — without epidermis. 84, Tlieoretical structure explained, — sutnres — ventral — dorsal, — a, illustration, — h, c, illustrations continued. 85, Pro- positions,— first — second — third — fourth. 86, These propositions when true. S7, Central placenta, — parietal placenta. SS, Free central placenta, — explanation. — a, 0\'u]es proved to he analogous to buds. 89, Ovules enclosed — naked,' — a, erect — ascending — pendulous — suspended. 90, Foramen — primine — secundine — nu- cleus— a, illustration. 91, Funiculus — chalaza. «4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. — 44. 92, Their specific ofl^ce — how accomplished, — a. illustrations, — tulip — Kalmia, &c. 93, Action of pollen upon the stigma — tubes. 94, Molecules — their destina- tion. CHAPTER Vn. — THE FLOWER. §5. OF THE CALYX. — 45. 9.5, Calyx — etymology — color. — 96, Sepals — monosepalous — polysepalotis. — 97, Calyx — inferior — superior, — 98, caducous — deciduous — persistent, — 99, re- duced — wanting — a. Pappus — pilose — plumose — setose — paleaceous. §6. OF THE COROLLA. — 46. 100, The corolla — etvmolosv. 101, Petals — polypctalous — monopetalous. 102, Claw — lamina, — 103, tube — limb, — 104, regular— irregular. 1, Corolla campanu- late. 2, Infnndibulif'irm. 3, llypocratirifo.rm. 4. Potate. .5, Labiate — ringent — personate — galea. 105, Forms of pnlypetalons corolhis, — 1, Cruciform. 2, Rosa- ceous. 3, Liliaceous. 4, Caryophyllaceous. 5, Papilionaceous — vexillum — aire — carinae. 106, Physiological structure — colors. ANALYSIS OF SUKJECTS. 9 §7. OF THK NECTARY AND DISK. — 40. 107, Definition, — o, Nectary — labellum — spur, —*, Disk — liypogynous — epi- gyiious, — c, true character. §8. OF ESTIVATION. — CO. lOS, Definition — vernation,- a, illu.stration. 1, ^Estivation valvatc, — 2, Convo- Inte,- 3, Quincuncial,- 4, Contorted, — 5, Alternate, — G, Vexillary, — 7, hidupli- catc, — b, Supervolute. CHArTER VIII. — THE FRUIT.- 51. 10!), Its importance — design, — a, utility, — d,m respect to time — defined. 110, Analogous to ovary — changes, — a, examples. §1. OF THE rERJCARP.-52. Ill, Fruit consists of, — (7, naked seeds. 112, Pericarp defined — cpicarp — sar- cocarp, — tf, illustration. 11-3, I'liysiology of growth, — 114, of ripening, — a, acidi- fication,— /), maturitv. 115, Dehiscence — iiidehiscent— valves, — 1, Dehiscence locnlicidal, — 2, Septicidal,- 3, SeptifVagal, — 4, Sunu-al,- -5, Circuni.scissile. IIG, Forms of pericarp.— 1 , Capsule, — a, cells — columella. —2, Siliqne. — .3, Silicic. — 4, Legume. — 5, FnlliL-le. — G, Drupe.— 7, Nut— S, Caryopsis. — '.), Achcnium. — lb. Samara. — 1 1, Pyxis. — 12, 1'ome. — 13, 1'epo. — 14, Beny — strawberry — black- berry. — 15, Strobile. CIIAl'TER IX. — THE FRUIT. — 57. §2. OF THE SEED. 117, The seed defined, — «, its parts, US, integuments — tcs'a — mesospcrm — cndoplein-a,- ff. Testa, its substance — surface — form — appendages, — A, Coma distinguished. lliJ, Aril. 120, Hiluni. 121, Seed orthotropmis — anatropous. 122, Albumen — where most abundant — where wanting. 12:3, Embryo — 124, its part?, — (7, radicle, — A, plumule — its direction. 12.'), Cotyledon, — «, the number, &c. 12G, Monocotvlcdons — endogens. 127, Dicotyledons — c.xogens distiu guishcd. 12S, Cotyledons many — none. 12'J, Kmbryo.^, number of. — Spores §3. OF GERMINATION. — GO. 130, The embrvo, its importance, — a, germination defined, — 1.31, tlie process ex ■ plained. 1-32, 'Ihe cotvledons. 1.33, Conditions of perminatinn, — », heat — 6, •water— r, o.Kygen — f/, darkness. 1.34, Duration of the vitality of seeds. Note, Two examples of. H- OF DISSEMINATION.— GI. 1.3.5, Remark — examples, Krigcron — a, Wings, hooks — /5, Impatiens — Streams and oceans — Squirrels, birds. CHAPTER X. — THE ROOT. — 02. 13G, Its definition— origin, — c, divisions. 1.37, Prone direction, — ff, horizontal direction. 13S, Number and extent. 139, How distingnished from stems. 140, Ex- ceptions— adventitious buds — subterranean stems. 141, Collnm — a, statioiun-y. 142, Parts of the root, — ct, caudcx — b, fibres — f, spongioles. 143, Forms of roots. 144, Ramose — a, analojrous to branchei? — illustration, — A, further illustration, — c, extent of roots. 145,'Fusiform root — forked — tap root — jiremorse — napifonu. 14tj, Fibrous,- a, fascirnlatcd. 147, Tuberous —ct, palmare — i6, granulated. 148, Use of fleshy roots. 149, Floating root. 150, Ki>iphytes — parasites. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT. — GG 1.51, Internal structure. 1-32, Fibrils, structure — function. 15.3, Growjtji of root. 1.54, Its most obvious function — most impor'anl one — a, illustration. 155, Activity of absori)tion dependent on. 1.5G, Part which absorbs, &.c.—a, illustration, — 3, transplanting. 157, Force of absorption, — a, illustration. 1.5S, Can=e of absorp- tion— not capillarv .attraction, — a, experiment in philosophy — exosmosc — endos- mose. 1-59, Requisite conditions, — ff, how they exist in the root, — application. IGO, Use of absorption, — o, power of choice — illustration. 10 CONTENTS AND CELA.PTER XI. — THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. — 69. 161, Definition, — a, cause of its ascent. 162, Direction horizontal — erect — pro- cumbent— ascending — subterranenn. 103, Annual — perennial. 164, Distinction in regard to size, &c. — «, tree — i, shrub — c, herb. 10.5, Most distinctive property of stem. 106, Buds. 167, Leaf-bud. 108, The scalj envelopes, a. Scales not -formed in hot climates, &c. — their design. 169, Bud terminal, develop* a simple axis, — a, axillary, developes branches, — i, adventitious. 170, Branch. 171, Thorn, — a, its nature, &c. — b, distinguished from prickles. 172, Node — inter- node, — c, how formed — why the axis diminishes upwards. 173, Arrangement of branches, — 174, spiral, — a, modifications — circular, how caused. 175, Alter- jiate — opposite — whorled. 176, Same of the branches. — a, Two classes of stems. 477, Subterranean — stemless plants — varieties. 17S, Bulb, — o, tunicated — scaly, — 1^, how renewed, — c, bulblets. 179, Corm. ISO, Tuber. ISl, Rhizoma. 182," Creeper, — a, repent stems, their use. 183, Varieties of aerial stems. 184, Caulis. 185, Runner. 186, Scape, — o, culm. 187, Vine — o, tendril. 168, Twin- ■ inc stems — tlieir direction. 189, Ti'unk — a, its dimensions. Note, Illustrations, ■b, its duration. Note, Illustrations. 190, Sucker. 191, Offset. 192, Stolon. 193, ^Plurality of trunks — a, Banyan — Mangrove. §1- PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM. — 77. 194, Structure of herbaceous stems — 195, of the first year's growth of perennial 'stems, — a, basis of the distinction of Exogens and Endogens. 190, Exogens. 197, Endogens. 198, Parts of the exogenous structure. 199, Pith. 200, Medullary sheath. 201, Wood — number of layers. 202, Layer consists of, — a, arrangement of its parts. 203, Alburnum — duramen. 204, Medullary rays. 205, Bark, — its parts. — 206, its structure — cork — liber. 207, New layer, how formed, — a, outer layers, why shaggy — horizontal fibres, — 5, qualities resident in, — c, its peculiar ve'ssels. §2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. — 80. 208, Conveyance of sap, — 209, through what portion — its course — elabora- tion — descent. §3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. — SL 210, Its peculiarity. 211, Composition. 212, Each bundle consists of, — o, mode of increase. CHAPTER XIL — THE LEAF.— 82. 213, Its importance — character. 214, How distinguished. 215, Color — autum- nal hues, — a, due to what — chlorophyll — changes, — Z., color of flowers. §1. VERNATION. — 82. ■ 216, Meaning of the term — leaf-bud how compacted,- o, illustration. 217, Forms of vernation, — 1, Equitant — 2, Obvolute — 3, Involute — 4, Revolute — 5, Convolute — 6, Plaited — 7, Circinate. §2. ARRANGEMENT.— 83. 218, In the bnd — after the axis is developed, — 1, Scattered — 2, Altemate— 3. Opposite — 4, Verticilhite — 5, Fasciculate. 219, How these forms may be reconciled with the spiral, — a, illu.stration, — h, Alternate explained, — c, Opposite or whorled explained. 220, Leaves radical — cauline — ramial. §3. ORGANOGRAPHY. — SI. 221, Nature of the leaf— lamina — sessile — petiolate. 222, Petiole — its form — 1, Compressed — 2, Winged— 3, Amplexicaul. 223, General form of the lamina- base — apex. 224, Leaf simple — compoimd. 225, Physiologv. 226, Venation — its organs. 227. Midrib — nerves. 228, Veins — veinlets. 229, Modes of venation. 1 , Re'.icnlate — 2, Parallel — 3, Forked. 230, Varieties of reticulate venation, — 1, Fcuther-veined — 2, Radiate-veined — 3, Varieties of parallel venation. H- FORM OR FIGURE. — 86. 231. Theory of— form dependent on venation. 232, Forms resulting from the ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. II feather venation — 1, Orbicular — 2, Elliptic — 3, Oblong — 4, Ovate — 5, Lanceo- late— 6, Obovate — 7, Spathulate — 8, Cordate — 9, Auriculate — 10, Hastate — 11, Sagittate — 12, Reniform — a, Forms dependent on the (levelopment of the tissue — ■ 13, Runcinate — 14, Lyrate — 15, Pinnatifid — 10, Sinuate. 233, Forms resulting from radiate venation — 17, Palmate — IS, Digitate — 19, Pedate — 20, Lacinate — 21, Peltate — 22, Reniform, &c. 234, Forms of parallel-veined leaves — 23, Linear — 24, Oval, &c. — 25, Cordate — 26, Acerose. §5. MARGIN. -90. 235, How modified — 1, Entire — 2, Dentate — 3, Serrate — 4, Crenate — 5, Erose — 6, Undulate — 7, Spinous — S, Licised — 9, Laciniate — 10, Crisped — 11, Repand. §6. APEX. — 90. 2.36, Termination of leaf — 1, Acute — 2, Obtuse — 3, Acuminate — 4, Emargin- ate — 5, Eetuse — 6, Mucronate. }7. SURFACE —90. 237, Terms descriptive of the epidermis on the leaf or elsewhere — 1, Glabrous — 2, Pubescent — 3, Rough — 4, Pilose — 5, Hoary — 6, Villose — 7, WooUy — S, To- mentose — 9, Rugose — 10, Punctate. §8. COMPOUND LEAVES. — 91. 238, Leaf becomes compound on what principle. 239, Leaflets — articulated. 240, Forms resulting from the feather-veined arrangement — 1, Pinnate — 2, Equally pinnate — unequally — cirrhose — 3, interruptedly — 4, Number of leaflets — tri- foliate— single — 5^ bipinnate — 6, tripinnate — 7, biternate — S, triternate. 241, Forms resulting from radiate venation — 9, Quinate — 10, Septinate. 242, Leaf with regard to insertion — 1, Amplexicaul — 2, Perfoliate — 3, Decurrent — 4, Con- nate. 243, Combined terms, — a, the preposition siib. §9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. — 93. 244, Leaves of Teazel — Tillandsia — Arum. 245, Ascidia, — a, of the Sarracenia, how formed, &c. 246, Nepenthes. 247, Dischidia. 248, Diontea. 249, Stipules,— varieties — positions. 2.'50, Their nature. 251, Leaves stipulate — exstipulate — stipels. 252, Bracts, — 2.5-3, their nature. 2.54, Involucre — involucel, — 20.5, of the Compositae. 256, Glume — awn — palce — valves. §10. DURATION.— 96. 257, Leaves temporary — 1, Fugacious — 2, Deciduous — 3, Persistent. 25S, Fall of the leaf — previous changes. 259, Cause of defoliation. §11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. — 96. 260, Of the frame-work, — o, of the lamina. 261, Parenchyma disposed in two. layers, — a, how covered. 262, Liternal stiiicture of the parenchyma. 263, Ar- rangement of the cells, — a, chlorophyll. 264, Stomata communicate with what — found on which surface. 265, Vessels of the latex — their course. 266, Leaf of Oleander — air cells. §12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES.— 9S. 267, Enumerated — result — latex. 268, Crude sap consists of. 269, Exhal.a- tion — 270, distinguished from evaporation — 271, takes place through the stoma- ta—occurs only' in the light — why — a, illustration. 272, Exhalation dependent, on absorption — quantity — illustration. 273, Absorption, — a, illustration. — 274,. by their lower surface — illustration. 275, Respiration — 276, consists in — 277, constant — the result — 278, illustration — 279, two periods of its greatest activity — tt, in germination, — i, flowering — proportion of oxygen evolved. — Note, illustra- tion.—280, Life of the plant dependent on. 281, "Digestion — the process. 2S2, Carbon — its sources, — o, illustration. — Plants blanched in the dark. 283, Fixation of carbon — relative amount absorbed and evolved. — Experiments of Dr. Daubeny- 284, Relation of animal to vegetable kingdom in regard to cai-bon — Reflections. 12 CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. CHAPTER XIII. — IKFLORESCENCE.— 102. 2S5, Definition. aSG, Position, — a, exception?. 2S7, Pcdnticlc — flower sessile. 28S. Peiiui cle simple — brimciicd — I'edieel. 2s'J, Scijie. 2ii0, liiicliis. 20], Inflo- rescence solif:n-y, — 292, centrifiip;;il — centripetal, resulting from wlnit. 2'J.i, Cen- tripetal,— 294, "centrifugal, — «, liow indicateii — all tlie flowers terminal, why. 295, Both modes combined — examples. 29(i, Varieties of centripetal inflorescence. 297, Si)ike — 20S, Raceme — 299, Ament — .-^00, Spndix — 301, Corymb — 302, i Umbel — 303, Heail — a, of the Compositai — com])onnd flowers — 304, Panicle — 305, Thyrsc — ff, Comjiound umLel — Umlellet — Compound raceme, &c. 30G, Varie- ties of centrifugal inflorescence, — 307. Cyme — «, its normal structure and devel- opment— 1^, inference, — SOS, Fascicle — 309, Verticilluster. — o, Peduncle coa- verted into a tendril. CIIArXER XIV. — SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.— 107. 5 I. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 310, Systematic Botany defined. 31 1, Pcmarks on the extent of the field of botanic research. 312, Folly of studying individnals only. 313, Individuals grouped into species, — Ttcx;a, h, stomata closed ; small, luminous bodies in the cells. 24 ELEMENTARY ORGANS. g. In tliis modification of spii-al vessels tlic tube is much lengthened, and the coil within it is either dosed, that is, will not unroll, as in the ferns : or it is anmi- lar, that is, hrokeu into distinct rings, as in the garden balsam ; or it is rdiculatcd, that is, branching, the branches crossing so as to form a net-work. The office of all these ducts is the same, — that of conveying fluid. It is only in the spiral vessel that we find air. (Fig. 2, a, b.) 34. Laticiferous tiss.ue is so called, from latex, tlie tnie nutritious sap, which it is destined to elaborate and convey. It consists of branched anastomosing (ava, to and fro, cnofm, a pas- sage) tubes, lying cliiefly in the bark, and the under side of leaves. (Fig. 2, c.) a. These tubes are very iiTegular in form, direction, and position. They expand and contract at intervals, cross and recross the otlier tissues, and, proceed- ing from the inner parts, ramify xipon the outer surface, and upon the hairs, forming meshes of inconceivable fineness. Their average diameter is about TlVu of an inch. They are largest in plants which have a milky latex, or juice. 35. The EPIDERMIS, or sldn, is a form of cellular tissue exter- nally enveloping the plant. It is found upon every part exposed to the ah, except the stigma of the flower, and the spongioles of the roots. These it does not cover, nor is it found upon those parts wliich habitually live under water. And, where the bark of the stem is rugged with seams and furrows, tliis organ is not distinguishaljle. 36. It consists of a tissue of flattened cells of various figures, filled with air. Usually there is but one layer of cells, but sometimes there are two or three, especially in tropical plants. The Oleander has four. Its office, in the economy of the plant, is, to check the evaporation of its moisture. a. The deUcate membrane, which may be easily stripped ofl" from the leaf of the house-leek or the garden iris, is the epidennis. It is transparent, colorless, and, under the microscope, reveals its cellular structure. 37. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the tissues be- neath it from the external air, but is perforated by certain aper- tures, called stomata (mouths), wliich open or close under the mfluence of the light. (Fig. 2.) 38. Stomata are usually of an oval fomi, bounded by a pair of kidney-shaped cells, containing a green matter. Sometimes they arc round, and bounded by several cells. Many other varieties of form have been noticed EPIDERMIS. 25 39. Stomata are always placed over, and communicate with, the intercellular passages, that is, the spaces between the cells of the tissue. They are never found on the midrib, or veins, of the leaf, or over any ligneous part of the structure. They are most abundant over the soft, green tissue of the leaves, young shoots, and the parts of the flower. o. These organs are of a size so minute, that more than 100,000 of them have been counted within the space of a squai-e inch. The largest knowm are about - 1_ of an inch in length. Thek function is intimately connected witli respira- tion. /^- FIG. 3. — Hairs and glands ; a, c, simple hairs ; 6, branched hair of the mullein ; d, gland surmounted by a hair ; e, gland at the lop of a hair ; /, prickles of the rose. 40. The surface of the epidermis is either smooth, or furnished with numerous processes, originatmg from itself, or from the cellular substance beneath it. These are of several classes, namely, glands, hairs, prickles, stings, kc. 41. Hairs £tre minute expansions of the epidermis, consisting each of a single lengthened cell, or of a row of ceUs, placed end to end, containing air. They are simple or branched. (Fig. 3.) a. Hairs are occasionally found upon the leaves, stem, and indeed upon any other part. In the cotton plant (Gossypium) they envelope the seed. They give various names to the surface, tp which they are appended, according to their nature and appearance ; thus it is said to be dotniy, or ■p^dicscent, when clothed with soft, short hairs; — hirsute, with longer hairs; — rough, with short, stiff hairs ; — tomentose, when they are entangled and matted ; orachivoid, when like cobwebs; — sericeous, when silky; — velvetij, when they are short, soft, and dense ; — ciliate, when long and fringed, like the eyelash. 42. Stings are tubular and acute hairs, fixed upon minute glands in the cuticle, which secrete an acrid fluid. By the 3 26 PRIMARY DIVISIONS, ETC. slightest pressure this fluid is injected through the tube into the wound made by its point. Ex. nettle. 43. Prickles (Fig. 3) are also expansions of the epidermis, consisting of hardened cellular tissue (29, e). They are appen- ded to the cuticle alone, and are stripped off with it. Unlike the thorn (171), they have no connection with the wood, nor do they disappear by cultivation. Ex. rose, bramble. (Rubus.) 44. Glands (Fig. 3) are minute bodies of cellular tissue, situ- ated on various parts of the plant, generally serving to elaborate and discharge its peculiar secretions, which are oily, resinous, saccharine, acrid, &c. a. They are either sessile, as in the cassia; or mounted upon a stipe, as in the passion flower ; or imbedded in the leaf, causing it to appear punctate, as in the leaf of the lemon. Often the gland appears to be merely the expansion of a hair, either at its base or its summit. Such are called glandular hairs. 45. Analogous to glands, are those cavities formed in the cel- lular tissue, to serve as receptacles of secretion. Examples are seen in the rind of the orange and lemon, containing minute drops of a fragrant volatile oil. The turpentine of the fir balsam is stored up in large resei-voirs of this kind. CHAPTER III. PEIMARY DIVISIONS OF TIIE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 46. The vegetable kingdom has long been considered by botanists under two great natural di\'isions, namely, Ph.«noga- MiA, or Flowering Plants, and Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants. 47. Besides the obvious distinction made by the presence or the absence of the flower, these divisions are further distin- guished by their structure. The Pheenogamia abound with the ligneous and vascular tissue, while the Cryptogamia consist almost wholly of the cellular. Hence, the former are also called Vasculares, and the latter Cellulares, SPECIES GENUS. 27 48. Again, the former are distinguished for producing seeds composed of determinate parts, as cotyledons (^125) and embryo, while the latter produce certain minute bodies, called sporea, having no such distinction of parts. Thus the Phaenogamia are also called Cotyledonous and the Cryptogamia Acotyledo- Nous plants. 49. Lastly, we find in the Pha;nogamia, a system of com- pound organs, such as root, stem, leaf, and flower, successively developed on a determinate plan (s48- 26), while, in the Cryp- togamia, a gradual departure from this plan commences, and they become simple expansions of cellular tissue, without syni- metiy or proportion. o. In the following pages we shall first direct our attention exclusively to the compound organs of Flowerixg Plants ; and since, in our descriptions of these organs, freciuent references will be made to particular species and genera, for illustrations and examples, it seems proper to subjoin, in this place, a brief notice of these fundamental divisions also. 50. A Species embraces all such individuals as may have originated from a common stock. Such individuals bear an es- sential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common parent, in all their parts. a. Thus the white clover, ( Tnfolmm rcpcns) is a species, embracing thousands of contemporary individuals, scattered over our hills and plains, all of a common descent, and producing other individuals of their o-vvn kind from their seed. The innumerable midtitudes of individual plants which clotlie the earth, are, so fur as known, comprehended in about 80,000 species. 51. To tliis law of resemblance in plants of a common origin, there are some apparent exceptions. Lidividuals from the same parent often bear flowers differing in color, or fruit differing in flavor, or leaves differing in form. Such differences are called varieties. They are never permanent, but exhibit a constant tendency to revert to theh original type. a. Varieties occur cliiefly in cultivated species, as the apple, potatoe, hilip. Geranium, &c., occasioned by the different circumstances of soil, climate, and culture, to which they are subjected. But they continue distinct only until left to multiply spontaneously from seed, in their own proper soil. 52 A Genus is an assemblage of species, with more points of agreement than of difference, and more closely resembling- each other than they resemble any species of other groups. 28 THE FLOWER. a. For example, the genns TrifoUum includes the species T. repcns, T. pratensc, &.C., agreeing in structure and aspect so obviously, that tlie most hasty observer would notice their relationship. Also in the genus Pimts, no one would hesitate to include the white i^ine and the pitch pine (P. sirobus and P. rigida), any more than he would fail to observe their differences. b. Thus, the whole vegetable kingdom is, by the most obvious characters, distributed into species, and the species, by truly nat- lu-al affinities, grouped into genera. These divisions constitute the basis of all the systems of classification in use, whether by natural or artificial methods. ^ * :jj: To the admu-er of nature, flowers are among the first subjects of atten- tion, as mere objects of taste. They are conspicuous for their superior beauty, even in the vegetable kingdom, where all is beautiful. Yet, as objects of science, they merit a still higher regard, whether we consider the Creative skill displayed in their constniction, or their unportant agency in the reproduction of the plant But, to the practical botanist, an intimate knowledge of their organic structure is one of his frst requisites, on account of the indispensable use of the floral organs in classification. CHAPTER IV. THE FLOWER, fl. OF ITS PARTS, AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 53. A FLOWER may consist of the following members: — 1. Tlie FLORAL ENVELOPES, Called, . coUectivcly, the perianth, (nsQi, around, av-d^og, a flower) ; 2. The stamens ; 3. The pistils ; and, 4. The receptacle, or torus. a. Of these, only the stamens and pistils arc regarded in science as essential parts. These, together -^dth the receptacle, are said to constitute a perfect flower, even when one or all other parts are wanting ; because these two organs alone are sufficient for the perfection pf the seed. In a popular sense, however, a per- fect flower must possess all the organs above mentioned. b. If tlic stamens or the pistils, either or both, be wanting, the flower is said to lie imperfect. An imperfect flower is either sterile, having stamens only, or fertile, having pistils only, or naitral, having neither organs complete. PISTILS. 29 4 3 1 2 pjG. 4. — No. 1, Lily (Lilium Japonicum) ; '-', pink (Dianilms) ; 3, a stamen ; 4, a pistil. 54. Tlie FLORAL ENVELOPES, Or PERIANTH, COllSlSt of 0116 Or more circles or ivJwrls of leaves, surrounding the stamens. Tlie outer of these whorls is called the calyx, and the other, if there be any, the corolla. The calyx may, therefore, exist without the corolla, but the corolla cannot exist without the calyx. If nei- ther of them exist, the flower is said to be naked, or achlamyde- ous («, privative, and x^-«f'^s, a cloak). 55. The CALYX (xaAi^i, a cup), therefore, is the external en- velope, the cicp, of the flower, consisting of a whorl of leaves, with their edges distuict or united, usually green, but sometimes highly colored. The calyx-leaves are called sepals. 56. The COROLLA (Lat. corolla, diminutive of coro7ia, croum) is the interior envelope of the flower, consisting of one or more circles of leaves, either distinct, or united by then edges, usually of some other color than gi-een, and of a more deheate structure than the cal^rx. Its leaves are called petals 57. Tlie stamens are those tliread-like organs, situated just witliin the perianth and around the pistils. Their number varies from one to a hundred, but the most common number is five. Their office is, the fertilization of the seed. They are collectively called the andrcccinm [avdQeg* stamens, oixo;, a house). * The plural of "-vn^, a man, a term applied to the stamen, by Linnseus, in accordance with his favorite theory of the sexes of platits. The term J" ^f , woman, is, on the same grounds, applied to the pistil. ?.* 30 THE FLOWER. 58. The PISTILS occupy the centre of the flower. They are sometimes mimerous, but often only one. They are destined to bear the seed. Collectively, they are called gyncecium (j'l^vj;, pistil, otHOQ, a house). 59. The RECETTACLE is the summit of the flower-stalk, out of wlrich the floral organs gi-ow, and upon wliich they stand in concentric whorls, tlie gyncscium in the centre, the andrcecium encircling it, the cofolla next wdthout, and the calyx embracing the whole. 60. Tlio principal pails of the flower are shown in the cuts (Figs. 4, 6, 7, &c.), or better by specimens, with which, both hoc and throughout the xuork, the student should always be provided. The slender, thread-like organs seen at a (Fig. 4, No. 1 ), are the stamens, sur- rounding the pis^til 6 : c is tlie perianth, consisting of two similar whorls, the outer one a calyx of tlu-ee sepals, the inner a corolla of three petals, sun-ounding or enveloping the stamens and pistil ; aid is the receptacle. At a (No. 2) is the inner envelope, the coroUa ; at 6 is the outer envelope, the calyx or cup, which seems to contain the rest of the flower like a cup ; at c, below the calyx, are certain leafy appendages c&WeAbracteoles or bracts. a. Let the pupil compare specimens of these and other flowere, whose parts are well developed, until he becomes familiar with the appearance of each organ, and can instantly apply ils name. Gl. A complete and regular flower, therefore, is made up of four sets of organs, arranged in concentric whorls. In regard to the number and posiiion of the individual organs composing these whorls, it is important to observ^e, a. First, that each set consists, theoretically, of the same num- ber of organs, that is, if the sepals be 5, there should be 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 5 pistils ; or, if 3 sepals, there should be 3 petals, 3 stamens, and 3 pistils, &c. h. Secondly, the position of the organs in each set alternates with those of each adjacent set, that is, the sepals, alternate with the petals, the petals with the stamens, and the stamens with the pistils. f. Thus, in a word, the normal stniciure of tlie tiiily symmeti-ical flower, divested of all iiregularities, consists of four concentric whorls of organs, the organs of each whorl being equal in number, and alternate in position with those of the other whorls (Fig. 5; 1 ). This structural aiTangemcnt, as will hereafter be seen, exactly coincides with that of the leafy branch, agreeably to the beautiful ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 31 theory of the ' ti-ansformation of the leaves into the floral organs,' * to which allu- sion has ah-eady been made (§25). When the bud is developed into a branch, instead of a flower, the leaves are usually an-anged in a simple spiral line. This spire may be broken up into equal cncles or whorls, from causes to be hereafter explained. In either case the leaves of one spu-e, or circle, do not issue from the stem at points exactly over the leaves of the next circle below, but over the i'lUer- vals between them. 62. This simple noniial stnicture of the flower is, however, subject to many apparent exceptions, so that few, comparatively, are found perfectly confoimable to it. Of these few the order Linaeece affords good examples. In the flax (Linum) the flower is built upon the normal plan, consisting of 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 5 pistils (each \«th 5 double carpels), all alternating wth each other, according to the diagram (Fig. 5 ; 1 ). FIG. 5. — Plan of flowers ; 1, of a regular and symmetrical flower, as the flax (Linum) ; 2, of the cherry, showing the four whorls of stamens ; .3, of the primrose, showing the position of the suppressed row of stamens ; 4, of the Samolus, showing the position of the 5 abortive stamens; 5, of a labiate flower, as the hemp-neule (Galeopsis), where one stamen and one carpel is wanting; 6, of a cruciform flower, as mustard, where the stamens are in two whorls, two of those in the outer whorl and two carpels being suppressed. G3. If, with tliis adopted standard, we compare the numerous * This theory was first suggested by Linnneus, the founder of Systematic Botany, and sub- sequently by Wolff and Goethe. After having been long unheeded by botanists, it has at length been revived by modern writers of the highe.st merit, and shown to be perfectly coin- cident with tacts. ' The adoption of this theory, accordingly, has given a new aspect to botany, and rendered it one of the most philosophical and inductive of the natural sciences.' See Gray's Bot. Text-Book, Chap. YIII, where this tlieorj' is clearly stated, and richly illiis- irated. 32 THE FLOWER. forms of floral structure wliich occur, we shall be able to trace out the featiu-es of the general plan, even among the widest de- viations, and to leaiii the nature and causes of these de\'iations. Some of them are the following. a. One or more additional whorls of the same organ may have been developed. For example, the flower of the Trillium, which, as in most liliaceous plants, is trim- erous (rgt/f, three, and /"s§o?, part) in its parts, has 6 stamens, evidently in two whorls, and in the flower of the cherry (No. 2,) there are 20 stamens, which may be regarded as an-anged in four whorls of fives. Other illustrations will occur to the student. b. Some of the entire whorls may have been stippressed. For example, in the primrose there are 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, but the stamens are placed opposite the petals. This is to be attributed to the absence of an intennediate whorl of stamens, for in the Samolus, a plant of the same natural order, there is a circle of sterile filaments in the place of the absent stamens (Fig. 5 ; 3, 4). c. Some of the parts of a whorl may have been suppressed. Such deficiencies are very common. In the sage, for example, and Monarda, thi-ce of the stamens are wanting, in place of which are two i-udimentary filaments, and the tliird rudiment makes its appearance in some allied genera. In most of the Labiatse but one stamen is wanting (Fig. 5; 5). In the carrot, caraway, and all the Umbelliferse, the pistils are reduced from 5, the normal number, to 2. d. The parts of the same whorl may have been imited. Thus the sepals may be united at their edges in diff"ercnt degrees, as in the phlox, pink, &c. Or the petals may be thus united, as in the morning gloiy : or the stamens, as in the mallows tribe ; or the pistils, which is extremely common. In short, scarcely a flower can be found in which some of these cohesions do not occur. e. The organs of diffaent ichorls may have been conjoined, causing great disturb- ances in the symmeti-y of the flower. The calyx often, as in the currant, coheres with the whole surface of the ovarium (97), only becoming free at the summit, so that it seems to stand upon it. It is then said (but improperly) to be superior. Again, the stamens adhere to the petals in their lower part, so as to appear to grow out of them ; they are then said (improperly) to be inserted into the corolla. In the Orchis tribe the stamens are consolidated with the pistil. The term free is used in opposition to these adhesions, just as the term distinct is used in oppo- sition to the cohesion of the same organs with each other. f. The organs of the same whorl may have been unequally developed. This is the case in the corollas of the pea and bean tribes, called papilionaceous (Lat. pajnlio, a butterfly), and in tliose of the mint tribe called labiate (Lat. labiimx, a lip). g. Again, organs of one kind may have been reconverted into those of another kind, or into leaves. Such monstrosities are of frequent occurrence among cultivated plants, and may be regarded as proofs of the present doctrine of the floral struc- ture. In all double flowers, as the rose, peony, tulip, &c., the stamens have been reconverted into petals. By still further changes, all parts of tlie flower tend towards a lealy character, rendering the resemblance of the flower to an undevel- ITS NOKMAL STRUCTURE. 33 oped branch very obvious. Nay, in some cases, the whole flower-bud, after having given a slight indication of a floral character, is transformed into a leafy branch, showing that all parts of the flower are foimed out of the same elements as the leaves. h. Sometimes the flower-stalk is not eff'ectually checked in its growth by the development of the flower, but is prolonged through it, and produces secondary flowers in the midst of the organs of the fii'st. This is not unfrequent in the rose. Several instances of these malfoi-mations are exhibited below. (Fig. 6.) k. This mode of studying the floral stnjctiu-c is deeply interesting and instruc- tive, but our limits will not pemiit us to dwell upon it, nor is it necessary. The intelligent student will be able to extend the above illustrations by an examina- tion of almost any flower, with reference to its deviations from the nonnal plan. FIG. 6. — 1, From Lindley, — a flower of white clover, reverting to a leafy branch ; 2, here drawn from a living specimen, — a tulip, 6, a leaf arising from the peduncle, takes the posi- tion, form, and color (in part) of a sepal ; 3, here drawn from a living specimen, — a rose (R. damascena) with the axis prolonged into secondary rose-buds. *** In our detailed description of the flower, we shall commence with those organs which are deemed essential, their mysterious agency being indispensable to the perfection of the seed. 34 THE FLOWER. CHAPTER V. THE FLO WEE. }2. OF THE STAMENS, AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 64. The stamens and pistils are situated witliin the floral envelopes, and since one or both are always present, in every species, at least, of the Phajnogamous plants, they were seized upon by Linnaeus * as the basis of his beautiful arrangement, called the Artificial System. 9 2345 G 7 8 FIG. 7. — Forms of stamens, anthers, pollen, &c. 1. Stamens and pistil of a flower (Rho- dodendron Lapponicum), in their natural position ; a, stigma, b, anthers, c, style, d, filaments, e, ovary, /, calyx and receptacle ; 2, stamen of ginger ; 3, sage ; 4, Berberis ; 5, Vaccinium amoenum, with the terminal pores ; 6, cucumber, with the sinuous lobes of the anther ; 7, Polygonum ; 8, Lemna, anther bursting vertically ; 9, lily ; 10 Magnolia ; 17, a four-celled anther; 18, anther of Alchemilla, bursting transversely. Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, various (magnified) forms of pollen-grains. * Carl Von Linnfi, or Linnaeus, the most eminent of naturalists, was the son of a clerg)-- man, born in 1707, at Rhoeshult, in the province of Smaland, Sweden. In his 24th year, v/hile a member of the University of Upsal, he conceived the idea of that system of plants which bears his name. In 1741 he became professor of medicine in the same University, and in 1761, on account of his great literary attainments, was elevated to the rank of nobility. He died in 1778. To him the natural sciences are under incalculable obligations, all of which he classified and arranged anew. But the science of botany, especially, is indebted to him for those discoveries and classifications, which have, more than any others, contri- buted to its general diffusion. In his 'immortal work,' l^ecies Plantannn, he enriched the language of botany by a new nomenclature of species, and many new terms in tlie tech- nology of plants, for their more accurate description. POLLEN. 35 65. The STAMENS are those tliread-like organs, seen in the midst of the flower, situated around the pistils and within the corolla, or the calyx, constituting the androecium. 66. The stamen (Fig. 4, No. 3) consists of three distmct parts ; namely, the filament, a ; the anther, b ; and the pollen, c. The filament is sometimes wantuig, the two latter are essen- tial. 67. The FILAMENT (Lat. filum, a tlnead) is the stem, sup- porting the anther at or near its top, and is analogous to the stem of a leaf, or to the claw of a petal. Wlien it is wanting, the anther, like a leaf or a petal in a similar case, is said to be sessile. 68. The ANTHER is generally situated at the summit of the filament, and is composed of two parallel lobes or cells, con- nected to each other and to the filament by the connectile. It is analogous to the blade of the leaf, each half blade being trans- formed into a lobe, and the midrib into the connectile. a. Each cell of the anther usually opens by a longitudinal fissure, called the dehiscence, but sometimes, as in the potato, Pyrola, &c. by an apeitm-e (pore) at the summit. In the Polygala, mallow, &c. the two cells are reduced to one. b. The connectile is usuallj^a mere pi'olongation of the filament tenninating, not at the base, but at the summit of the anthers. In some cases it is prolonged above them, into a sort of appendage, as in the violet, silk-weed, &c. c. The anther is sometimes wanting, and the filament in such cases cannot constitute a stamen, but is said to be abortive, or sterile. 69. In regard to the modes of attaclmient between the anther and the filament, we find the following variations ; the anthers are said to be, 1 . Innate, when they are attached to the filament by the base of the connectile. 2. Adnate, when they are attached to the filament by their back, so as to appear lateral ; as in the Anemone, water-Uly. 3. Versatile, when fixed by a single point to the connectile, from wliich they lightly swing ; as in the grasses. 4. When the anthers are attached to the inside of the filament, or connectile, so that the line of dehiscence faces the pistils, they are called introrse (turned inward). But when they are attached to the outside of the connectile, so that the dehiscence faces the petals, they are called extrorse (turned outward). Examples of the former are seen in the violet ; of the latter in the lai-kspur. These distinc- tions are of importance, as will hereafter be seen. 70. The POLLEN is, in appearance, a small, yellow dust, con- tained in the cells of the anther. When viewed with a micro- scope, it appears to consist of grains (granules) of various forms, 36 THE FLOWER. usually spherical, but iii some plants cubical, in others triangu- lar, in others still, polygonal, &c., always being of the same form in the same species. (Fig. 7.) a. Each grain of pollen has heen ascertained to consist of a membranous sack containing a fluid. In this fluid are suspended molecules of inconceivable minuteness, possessed of a tremulous motion. When the membrane is exposed to moisture, it swells and bui'sts, discharging its contents. (Fig. 12.) 71. Physiological structure. The filament consists of a bundle of deUcate Ugneous tissue, with sphal vessels, surroimded by cellular tissue, the same tissues which compose the stem of the leaf (260). Tlie same tissues have also been traced uito the connectile. The anther consists almost wholly of cellular tissue, corresponding to the fleshy substance (parenchyma) of the leaf The pollen consists of disintegTated bladders of the same tissue. 72. Thcordkal structure. Thus it is e\'ideut, as we have aheady seen, that however much the stamen may dift'er in aspect from a leaf, tliey both have the same original plan. This is further evident, from the gradual transition of sta- mens into petals,, as seen in the water-hly or the double rose. In the fonner, the process is so gradual that the outer whorls exactly resemble petals, except in ha\'ing the tops developed into yellow anthers, while in the rose we find organs in every conceivable state of transition from stamens to petaj?. That the petals are modi- fied leaves, will hereafter be more definitely shown (106). FIG. 8. — Stamens of the water-lily gradually pas. CAPSULE. 53 the oak, cliestnut, some of the grasses, &c., it is chiefly or entirely deposited in the FIG. IG. — Modes of dehiscence ; 1, Locu.icidal ; 2, Septicidal ; 3, Septifragal. The straight lines represent the dissepiments. 115. Deldscence. When the pencarp has arrived at maturity, it either remains permanently closed (indehiscent) as the acorn, or it sei)arates into parts forming openings. These parts are called valves, and these openings, the dehiscence. Regular de- hiscence is always vertical, and is called, 1. Loculicidal {loculus, a cell, ccedo, to cut), when it takes place by the opening of the dorsal suture of each carpel tlu-ectly into the cell. Ex. lily. 2. Septicidal {septum, a wall, and ccedo), when it tokes place through the dissepiments (which are doubled, ^ 85, c). Ex. mallows. 3. Septifragal {septum, and frango, to break), when tlie valves separate from the dissepiments, which remain still united in the axis. Ex. Convolvulus. 4. Sjctural {sutura, a seam), when it takes place at one or both sutures, in a fruit with a simple carpel. Ex. pea. 5. An irregular dehiscence, called circumscissile {circumscindo, to cut around), occurs in the plantain, verbena, henbane, &c., where the top of the pericarp falls oiT like a lid. (Fig. 18 ; 16.) 116. The forms of the pericarp are exceedingly diversified, and have been studied by botanists with great attention. The following varieties arc generally described in elementary works. 1. Capsule (a casket), is a term applied to those pericarps which are of a hard and woody texture, proceeding from a com- pound ovary, dehiscing at the side or top, by valves, or some- times by pores only. a. The capsule consists of only one cell, or is divided within 54 THE FRUIT. by dissepiments (85, c) into many cells. The central pillar, or substance formed by the united placentae is called the colu- mella. To tliis the seeds are generally attached. The seed- vessels of the Lobelia, mullein, pink, poppy, bloodi-oot (San- irninaria), are capsules. riG. 17. — Formn of fruil : 1, capsule of Rhododendron; 2, Nicoliana ; 3, Colchicum ; 4, Oenothera; 5, silique of R;iphami:i ; 6, silicle of Capsella; 7, les;ume of the pea ; 8, jointed Ifgiime (lomint) of Desmodium; 9, follicle of Apocynum ; 10, nut of oak; 11, drupe of Ccrasus. 2. SiT.iQn: (a pod). This is a long, narrow pericarp of two Aalves, divided into two cells, by a false dissepiment formed by tlic extended placenta^. The seeds are attached to the edges of this dissepiment, alternating with its opposite sides. Ex. mustard, wallflower, and other CrucifercC. 0. Silicle (a little pod), differs from the silique, by being .'. The legume, therefore, ac'com]vanios the papilionaceous corolla. 5. Follicle (a bag) is a pericarp with one valve and one PEPO. 55 cell, opening by a sutuial deliiscence on the inner side, and bearing seeds at the base, or along the suture. Ex. peony, col- umbine, silk-weed. 6. Drupe (stone-fmit) is one-celled, one or two seeded, inde- hiscent, with a hard and bony endocarp (stone), and a moist and pulpy epicarp and sarcocarp. Ex. plum, cherry, peach. It also includes those fruits which have a fibro-fleshy, or even coria- ceous epicarp, as the walnut, butternut, which kinds of fruit are called drupaceous. 7. The Nut is a hard, dry, indehiscent shell, proceeding from an ovary wliich is two or more celled, and two or more ovuled, but becoming by suppression one-celled, and one-ovuled ( 1 10, a). It differs from the Drupe, in wantmg the soft, succulent cover- - ing. Instead of this it is seated in a kind of persistent involu- cre, called a cupule. Ex. chestnut, oak, beech, hazle. 8. Caryopsis (kernel). This is a thin, dry, one-celled peri- carp, inseparable from the seed which it encloses. Ex. maize, wheat, Carex. When it is not inseparable from the seed, it is called a utricle, as in the pig-weed (Chenopodium). 9. An ACHENiuM is a small, diy, hard, one-cehed pericarp, dis- tinct from the seed which it contains. Ex. Borago, Ranun- culus, Aster, and the Composite generally. 10. Samara (winged fruit). It ponsists of a diy, indehiscent, one-seeded pericarp, with a ^\■ing-like appendage. Ex. birch, maple. 11. A PYXIS (box) is a capsule which opens by a circum- sessile dehiscence (11-5 ; 5), so as to appear like a little cup with a hd. Ex. plantain (Plantago), purslane (Portulaca). 12. Pome (apple). This is a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp, formed of tlie permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous carpels, or cells, which enclose the seeds. Ex. apple, pear, quince. 13. Tlie PEPO (gourd) is an indehiscent, fleshy fruit, proceed- ing from a compound ovary, either one-celled, or entirely filled with pulp. Ex. cucumber, melon, pumpkin. 11. Berry (Bacca), a succulent, pulpy pericarp, holding the sei'd:> loosely williin, with no other eovcring than its own soO 56 THE FRUIT. mass. Ex. currant, whortlebeiTy. Tlie orange and lemon an- swer this definition, and are therefore benies. FIG. 18. — Forms of fruit ; 13, naked achenia of Fragaria on the surface of the enlarged, fleshy receptacle ; 14, drupaceous achenia of a Rubus on a fleshy, deciduous receptacle; 1.5, samara of Acer ; 16, pyxis of Hyoscyamus ; 17, pome of Pyrus (pear); 18, berr>' of Ribes (gooseberry); 19, section of the same enlarged ; 20, sirobilo of Piiius; 21, cremocarp of the UrabelliferEB, as Conium. a. This definition cannot include the strawberry, which consists of an en-* larged, fleshy receptacle, bearing numerous achenia upon its surface. Nor does it include the blackbeiTV, which, like the other species of the llubus, is an aggre- gate fi-uit composed of united drupes. These fruits are called Etseria, by Mirbel. (Fig. 18; 13, 14.) 15. Strobile (cone). This is an aggregate fruit, consisting of scale-like carpels spread open, with naked seeds on their inner side, at base. Such is the fruit of the fir tribe, which is on this account called Conifcra?. 57 CHAPTER IX. THE FRUIT. §2. OF THE SEED. 117. The seed is the ultimate product of vegetation, and con- tains the rudiments of a new plant, similar in all respects to the original. a. The seed consists of three principal parts; — the integu- ments, the ALBUMEN, and the embryo. 118. The Integuments, or coverings, invest the seed immedi- ately exterior to all its other parts. Although apparently single, they consist of several membranes, to each of which an appro- priate name has been applied. The first, or outer membrane, \s the testa ; the second, the mesosperm ; the third, the endo- PLEURA, coiTesponding with the primine, &c. (90) of the ovule. a. The testa is either papery (membranous), leathery (coriaceous), homy (crus- taceous), bony, fleshy, or woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes beautifully polished, as in the Indian shot (Canna), or columbine, and often highly colored, as in varieties of the bean, &c. It is sometimes expanded into wings, as in the Arabis, and sometimes into a tuft of hau-s at one end, called coma, as in the silk-weed, or it is entirely enveloped in hairs, as in the cotton. />. The coma must not be confoimdcd with the pappus (99, a), which is a modi- fication of the calyx, appended to the pericaqi, and not to the seed, as in the achenia of the thistle, dandelion, and other Compositoe. 119. The aril is an expansion, proceeding from the summit of the funiculus, or seed-stalk (91), (or from the placenta when the funiculus is wanting) either partially or wholly investing the seed. A fine example is seen in that gashed covering of the nutmeg, called mace. In the celastrus it completely envelops the seed. In other seeds it is a mere scale, and often it is wanting. 120. The HiLUM, or scar, is that point or mark left on the coats of the seed, by its separation from the funiculus (stalk). It is commonly called the eye, as in the bean, pea, maize, &c. (Fig. 11; 8, a.) 121, The hilum of the seed sometimes con-esponds with tlie chalaza of the 58 THE FRUIT. ovule. In this case the ovule, or seed, is said to be orthotropous (erect), Ex. can- dleberry (Myiica). More generally, however, the funiculus (91) extends beyond the hilum, passing under the integuments partly around the nucleus, before it is joined to it. The point of this final juncture is always the chalaza, and that part of the funiculus which then intervenes between the hilum and tlie chalaza is called the raphe. This form of the ovule, or seed, is called anatropous (inverted), and is exemplified in the apple. The raplie can, therefore, exist only in the ana- tropous seed, and serves to distinguish it. (See Fig. 11 ; Ko's 8 and 9.) 122. The Albumen. Next within the integuments, there is a white substance called the albumen, consisting chiefly of starch. It constitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as maize, wheat, rye, and ser\'es to nourish the embiyo in its nascent state. It abounds chiefly in those seeds which have but one cotyledon. It is wholesome and ntitritious, even in poisonous plants. Tlie albumen in some seeds is entirely wanting, particularly in the bean, pea, &c., the nutritious matter being all absorbed in the cotyledon. 123. The EMBRYO is an organized body, the rudiments of the young plant, situated within the integuments. To the growth of this all other parts of the seed are subservient. Li some seeds the embryo is distinctly visible. Ex. bean, Convolvtihts. 124. The embryo is divided into three parts ; the radicle, the plumule, and colyledon. a. The radicle is the descending part of the embryo, destined to form the root (radix). In respect to position, it always points towards the foramen. h. The PLUMULE is the ascending part of the embryo, or the rudiment of the ascending axis of the future plant. It is usually directed towards the chalaza. 125. The COTYLEDON is the bulky, porons, and farinaceous part of seeds, destined to form the first or seminal leaves of the young plant, as well as to afford nourishment to the plumule and radicle, before they can obtain it from the earth. In the bean, squash, cucumber, and most other plants, the cotyledons are conspicuoits in rising above the ground. a. The number of cotyledons is variable ; and upon this cir- cumstance is founded the most important and distinct division of the Pn^NOGAMiA, or flowering plants. 126. Monocotyledonous plants are those whose seeds have but one colyledon, SPOKES. 59 or, if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called ENDOGENS (ej'J'ov, inside, ymfM-M, to originate or grow), because their stems increase by internal accretions (197). Such are the grasses, the palms, the Liliacese, &c., v.-hose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 127. Dicotyledonous plants are such as bear seeds with two cotyledons. These are also called exogens (sSa, outside), because their stems increase by external accretions, including the bean tribe, the melon tribe, all our forest trees, &e. These are also distinguished at a glance, by the structure of their leaves, which are reticulate-vciued, that is, with veins dividing and uniting again, like network. FIG. 19. — Structure of seeds and germination; 1, seed of a garden bean; 2, the same after ^ermijiation is commenced and the skin llirown ofi'; .3, seed of Triglocliin (magnified) ; a, fungous clialaza, b. raplie, c, hilum; 4, embryo ; a, cotyledon, 6, radicle, c, fissure, beneath which lies the plumule; 5, vertical section of the same; rf, ihe radicle seen beneath the fissure ; 6, germinating seed of Alisma ; a, cotyledon, 6, plumule, c, radicle ; 7. seed of Canna lulea, vertical section, a, albumen, ft, emliryo ; S, fruit of Mirabilis, showing the cotnmence- ment of germination, the embryo protruding the radicle ; 9, the same, having thrown ofi" ihe pericarp and become a young plant; 10, germinating seed of Calla .^thiopica ; a, seed, 6, first leaf of plumule, r, radicle ; 11, section of the fruit of a grass with the embryo at base; 12, the same aficr germination lias commenced ; 13, the germination completed, and the young plant formed; 14, embryo of Pinus, showing the numerous cotyledons; 15, the same after germination has commenced ; 16, embryo of Cuscuta, having no cotyledon. 128. The pine and fir have seeds with from two to throe cotyledons, while the dodder (Cuscuta) is almost the only example known of an embryo with no coty- ledon. 129. A few plants, as the onion, orange, ConiferiS, &c., occasionally have two or even several embryos in a seed, while all the Ckyptogamia, or flowerless plants, have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from spokes, (48) bodies analogous to the pollen grains of flowering plants. 60 THE FRUIT. §3. OF GERMINATION. * 130. The embryo is the most important part of the seed. It is to the protec- tion and nourishment of this alone, that all other parts of the seed, and even of the whole plant, are subserv-ient, and if this be injured or destroyed, the ultimate object of the whole vegetable economy would seem to be defeated. a. Germination is a term denoting the first stages of vital action in the seed ; the process is briefly described as follows : 131. When the seed is planted in a moist soil, at a moderate temperature, the mtegiiments gradually absorb water, soften, and expand. The water is decomposed, its oxygen combines with the carbon of the starch wliich had been stored up in the tissues. Thus, losing a part of its carbon, the starch is con- verted into sugar for the nourishment of the embryo, which now begins to dilate and develope its parts. Soon the integuments burst, the radicle descends, seeking the damp and dark bosom of the earth, and the plumule arises, with expanding leaves, to the air and the light.* (See Fig. 19, explanations.) 132. As to the cotyledons, they either remain under ground at the centre of motion, as in all Monocotyledonous plants and in the oak, or, as in almost all Dicotyledonous plants, they arise above the surface with the ascending axis, become gi'een, and perform the functions of digestion and resphation, hke leaves, for the nourishment of the young plant. 133. The conditions requisite for the germmation of the seed are heat, moisture, oxygen, and darkness. a. Heat is a requisite condition of all -vital actions, as well in the sprouting of a seed as in the hatching of an egg, and if it be not supplied from a source within, * The phenomena of germination, in all its stages, may be observed in an interesting ex- periment. Let a few seeds, as of the flax or the pea, be enveloped in a look of cotton, float- ing upon water in a bulb-glass. In a few days, the plumule ascends in its genial air, while tlie radicle shoots downwards in long silky fibres. The ascent of the plumule in a direction contrary to gra\nty is a law in vegetation, a.s uni- versal as the law of attraction in matter, and no less difficult to explain. From the two following experiments, it would seem to result both from the influence of the light aiid llie Jaw of gravitation. Professor Shullz planted some seeds of cabbage, mustard, and beans, in moss, and so arranged them that the only light which they could receive was from a mirror, reflecling the solar rays upwards ; they sent their stems downwards, and their roots upwards. Mr. Knight placed vessels, containing eanh with germinating seeds, upon the circumfer- ence of a large horizontal wheel, which was kept constantly and rapidly revolving for seve- ral days. The seeds grew, but instead of ascending perpendicularly, the axis of each plant was inclined at an angle of 45°, or more, towards the centre of the wheel, in accordajice with the combined action of the centrifugal force of the wheel, and the attraction of the earth. DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 61 must be obtained from without. Different degrees of heat are required by dif- ferent plants, but a temperature from 50° to 80° is most favorable to those of the temperate zones. Such is the genial wannth supplied by the sun. b. Water is also requisite for softening the integuments, and for dissolving the dry nutriment stored up in the albumen, or the cotyledons. This is supplied in showers of rain and dew. c. Oxygen is requisite, as seen above, for the conversion of starch into sugar ; a process always depending upon the formation and evolution of carbonic acid, a*i well in the seed as in the laboratory of the chemist Tliis is supplied by the water and by the air. d. And, finally, darkness is favorable, because it is tlu-ough the influence of light, as will hereafter be shown, that plants absorb carbonic acid from the air, decompose it, retain the carbonic acid, and give back the oxygen only. Light would therefore tend to increase the quantity of carbon, ratlier than diminish it. Hence the seed should be buj-ied in the soil. 134. The ripened seeds of most plants have the power of retaining their vitality for many years, if they are placed in circumstances wliieh will neither cause them to germinate nor decay, such as a low or moderate temperature, with the absence of moisture. Thus the seeds of maize have been known to grow when 30 years old, rye 40 years, kidney beans 100 years, and the raspbeny and beach plum afcer many centuries.* ii. THE DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS 135. Is a subject highly curious and interesting ; and when attentively consid- ered, sen-es, hke a thousand other cases in the works of Nature, to illustrate the wisdom and design of its great Author. By means of the coma, or pappu?, already described, the seeds of the thistle, dandelion, and numerous other plants, are wafted by winds to considerable ctistances, across rivers, mountains, and even the ocean itself. The Erigcron Canadense, a weed now common on both sides the Atlantic,^ was supposed by Linnaeus to have been transported to Europe from Canada, of which country it is native. a. Seeds are also furnished with wings for the same purpose. Others are pro- vided with hooks, or beards, by which they lay hold of men or animals, and arc thus scattered far and wide. b. Some seeds, as the Impatiens, which are destitute of all such appendages, are thi-own to some distance by the bursting of the elastic pericarp. Kivers, sti-eams, and the currents of the ocean, are all means of transporting seeds from country to * No instance of the longevity of seeds is more remarkable than that rflated by Dr. Lintlley. 'I have before me,' says he, ' three plants of ra.spberries, raised from seeds which were taken from the stomach of a man wliose skeleton was found .30 feet below the surface of the eanh. He had been buried with some coins of the emperor Hadrian, and it is therefore probable that the seeds were 1600 or 1700 years old.' Several years ago, in the State of Maine, about 40 miles from the sea, some men, m dig- ging a well, threw up some sand from a remarkable layer, about 20 feet below the surface, and placed it by itself. A year or two afterwards several shrubs sprung up from this sand, grew, produced fruit, and proved to be the beach-plum. 6 62 THE ROOT. country. Thus, the cocoa, and the cashew-nut, and the seeds of the mahogany, have been known to perform long voyages, without injuiy to their vitality. Squir- rels, laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds, migrating from clime to clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same im- portant end. CHAPTER X. THE ROOT. 136. The root is the basis of the plant, and the principal source of its nourishment. It originates with the radicle of the seed ; the tendency of its growth is downwards, and it is gener- ally immersed in the soil. a. When the radicle has burst the integuments of the seed, and penetrated the soil, its body becomes divided into branches, or fibres; each of these is again divided and sub-divided into fibres, often exceedingly numerous and minute, ever extending and multiplying, until the vegetable has attained its full growth. 1.37. Tlie prone direction of the root is accounted for by the extreme delicacy of the fibres, which renders them averse to the air and light, by their avidity for moisture, and by the effects of gravitation. a. Although the primary direction of the roots is downward, they are not known to extend to any great depth. After ha-\dng descended to a certain dis- tance beneath the surface, they extend themselves horizontally, keeping at about a uniform depth, however great the iiTcgularities of the surface. 13S. The number and extent of the roots must always correspond to the demands of the vegetable, both for affording it nourishment, and for maintaining it in its erect position. It follows, thercfoi-e, that for every expanding loaf, or extending twig, there must be a coiTcsponding increment of the roots and fibres beneath the soil. 139. Roots are generally distinguished from stems by their downward direction, by the presence of absorbing fibres, by the constantly irregular arrangement of their branches, and by the absence of buds, stomata, and pith. 140. To all these characteristics thfere are, however, exceptions. Thus, buds, in peculiar circumstances, arc developed by the roots, sending up shoots, or suckers, around the parent stem. This does not happen in the natural or healthy state of the plant, but only ^v■hcn the life, of the upper axis is partially or wholly destroyed, the roots remaining, iij fall vigor, and elaborating more nourishment SPONGIOLE3. 63 than there is now demand for. Such buds are, tlierefore, merely adventitious. On this account it would seem that those roots, commonly so called, which do naturally and uniformly produce buds, are with propriety described by modem writers as subterranean stems; as the root-stalk of the sweet flag (Calamus), the tmlb of the tulip, or the tuber of the potato. 141. The summit of the root, or that part which connects it to the ascending axis, is designated as the collurn, or neck. a. Strictly spealdng, this is the only stationary part of tlie plant. Occupying the centre of motion between the ascending and descending axis, every enlarge- ment that takes place upon its upper surface arises into the iiii-, wliile all below it descends into the earth. 142. Tlie parts of the root which require especial notice, are the caudez, Jibrils, and spungiolcs. a. The caudex (stock) is the main body of the root. b. The FIBRILS are the finer branches of the root, sent off from the caudex. These arc the true roots. c. The spoNGioLES are the tender and delicate extremities of the fibrils; and, since the latter lengthen only by accretions made to these extremities, these are their growing points. 143. The form of the root is much diversified in different plants, but the principal varieties which have received distinct- ive names, are the following : — 144. Ramose (branching). This root consists of ramifications sent off from the main root, like the branches of a tree, but in no determinate order. Such are the roots of most trees and shrubs. (Fig. 20.) a. There is a strong analogy between the roots of a tree and its branches. In many instances they may be made to perform, each the functions of the other; that is, the tree may be inverted, and the branches will become roots and the roots put forth leaves like the branches. The willow and the maple may be thus inverted without injuring their vitality. b. A branch may often be made to put forth roots instead of leaves. If a branch (offset) of the willow or currant (Ribes) be inserted into the ground, cither l>y the lower or the upper end, or by both at once, it will take root .and flourish. Other trees, as the mulberry (Morns) may be multiplied by layei-s. A branch is bent and inserted into the ground by the apex. When it has taken root it is severed from the parent stock, and becomes a perfect tree. c. The roots of a tree extend in all dii-ections, and to considerable distances. This distance is at least equal to the extent of the branches, and often much greater. Those of the elm embrace an area of 300 feet diameter, of the poplar, 64 THE ROOT. 400. Forest trees, being less exposed to the assaults of the wind, are much less firmly rooted than those in open situations. 145. JF'i^sz/brwi (spindle-shaped). It consists of a thick, fleshy caiidex, tapering downwards, and also, for a short space, up- wards. It sends off from the sides and extremity, thread-lilte fil)rils, wliich are in fact its true roots, since they alone absorb nourishment from the ground. Ex. parsnip, radish. FIG. 20. — Forms of the root ; 7, branching roots of r tree ; 8, root of Daucns ; 9, Oxalis ; 10, Orchis. a. Wlien the fusiform root di-vides into two principal branches, it is said to be forked. Wien it tapers from the coUum downwards its whole length, it is called a conical or tap root. But its most remarkable variety is the b. Prcmorse, in wliich the caudex terminates abruptly below, as if it had been bitten off (prasmorsus). This is due to the tact that the lower extremity perishes after the first year. Ex. Viola ]-)edata, and Scabiosa succisa. c. The napiform (turnip-shaped) root is another variety of the fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the diame- ter is greater than the length. Ex. turnip. 146. The fibrous root consists of numerous thread-hke divis- ions, sent off directly from the base without any caudex. Such are the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceed- ingly in a fight sandy soil. a. A fascicvlated root is a variety of the fibrous, with some of its fibres thickened, as in the crow-foot (Ranunculus), peony, Dahlia, of the leaf Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some object, wlien it immediately mnds and coils itself about it, and thus acquires a firm, though elastic hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the CucurbitaceaJ and grape, above cited; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminoste), where it Is appended to the leaves. 188. The twining vine, or stem, having also a length gi-eatly disproportionate to its diameter, supports itself on other pl.^nts or objects, by entwining itself around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop (Ilumulus) ascends into the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its ^vindiIlgs is always the same, namely, with the sun, from right to left; nor can any artificial training cause it to reverse its course. This appears to be a general law among twining plants. Every individual plant of the same species revolves uniformly in one direction although opposite directions may characterize diftcrent species. Thus the Convolvulus revolves from left to right, against the sun. 189. Trunk. This is the name given to the peculiar stems of trees. It is tlte central collum, or axis, which supports their branching tops, and withstands the assaults of the wind by means of the great fimmess and strength of the woody or ligne- ous tissue in which it abounds. a. The trunk often attains to great dimensions. The white pine (Pinus strobus) of the American forest, with a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, sometimes attains the height of 180, or even 200 feet, with a trunk straight, erect, and without a branch for more than two thu-ds its length. * * At the first establishmpnt of Dartmouth College, there was felled upon the college pl:vin a tree of this species, measuring 210 feet in length. A Bombax of the South American forests, measured by Humboldt, was 120 feet in height, and 15 in diameter. The Dagon tree on the island of Teneriffe, is said to be 16 feet in diameter. Trees of the genus Adansoiiia, in Sene- gal and the Cape Verd Islands, have been found of more than 34 feet in diameter. The famous Chestnut tree on Mt. Etna, often mentioned by travellers, is 64 feet in diameter, and consequently near 200 feet circumference. 76 THE STEM. b. In regard to duration, trees differ much, some attaining their growth in a few yeai-s and immediately decaying, while on the contrary, the ordinary age of trees is beyond the age of man, and some outlive many generations, as the oak, pine. * 190. The SUCKER is a branch proceeding from the stem, or root, beneath the surface, producing leaves, &c., and throwing out roots from its own base, becoming an independent plant. Ex. rose, raspberry. 191. An OFFSET is a short, lateral branch, terminated by a cluster of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated from the parent plant. Ex. house-leek (Sempervi^itm). 192. A STOLON is a branch wliich proceeds from an elevated part of the stem, and aftenvards, descending to the earth, takes root, sends up new shoots, and finally becomes a new plant. It differs from the sucker, in originating above the ground and not below it. FIG. 21. — Forms of the stem ; 1, Fragaria; S, Vilis ; 6, tendrils; 3, cirrhose. leaf of Pisum ; 4, \^-To\a. ; 5, sucker. 193. A plurality of stems, or tntnks, is observed in a few spe- cies of trees growing in tropical regions. The Banyan (Ficus * It is recorded that a live oak, in Louisiana, lived 1000 years ; a sycamore in Palestine, 1050 years ; a pine in Asia Minor, 1800 years ; a cedar on Ml. Lebanon, 2120 years, and the great chestnut on Mt. Etna, 2600 years. It is also supposed that there are yet living, In the '• jrarden of Gcihscmane," some of the olives which wiuiessed our Saviour's passion ; and a-. Terni, Italy, is an olive plantation supposed to have existed since the age of Pliny. EXOGENS AND ENDOGENS. ll Indica), aud the black Mangi-ove {Rhizophora mangle) are men- tioned as examples of this singular conformation. a. The former originally arises with a single trunk. From the principal branches, when they have become so widely extended as to need additional sup- port, long, leafless shoots are sent down. "VNTien these shoots reach the earth, they take root, and become new trunks, in all respects similar to the first. The branches thus supported still continue to advance, and other tninks to descend, until a single tree becomes a grove or forest. There is, in Ilindostan, a tree of this kind, called the Banyan, which is said by travellers to stand upon more than 3000 tmnks, and to cover an area of 7 acres. The Mangrove tree is a native of the "West Indies. The new tninks of this tree are said to be fonned from the seeds which germinate without becoming detached from the branches, sending down remarkably long, tapering radicles to the earth. ^'^l. OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM. 194. The substance of herbaceous stems is soft and succu- lent, consisting almost wholly of cellular tissue, traversed longi- tudinally by some few bundles (strings) of woody fibre and vascular tissue, which diverge from the main stem into the leaves. 195. This is essentially the stmcture of the fust year's growth of -perennial plants also. Cellular tissue constitutes the frame- work of the yearly shoots of the oak, as well as of the annual pea, but in the former it becomes strengthened aud consohdated by the deposition of ligneous fibre in subsequent years. a. Plants differ in respect to the an'angement of these fibre.s and vessels, and in the mode of their increase ; on this difference is based that firet grand distinction of Phsenogamous plants into Exogens and Endogens. to wliicli allusion has already been made (126 — 7). 196. The division of Exogens (outside growers) includes all the trees and most of the herbaceous plants of temperate cH- mates, and is so named because the additions to the diameter of the stem are made eo:ternalIy to the part aheady formed. 197. The di\'ision of Endogens (inside growers), including the grasses, and most bulbous plants of temperate regions, and the palms, canes, &c. of the tropics, is named from the accre- tions of the stem being made tcithin the portions alreadj' formed. 198. In the exogenous stmcture, the stem coii-sists of the pith, wood, and bark. 7* 78 THE STEM. 199. The PITH (medulla) occupies the central part of the .stem. It consists of a light, spongy mass of cellular tissue, is chiefly abundant in young plants, and appears to be serviceable only in the earlier stages of growth. It is then pervaded by fluids ; but as the plant advances in age, it becomes dry, being filled u-ith air only, and much diminished in volume. FIG. 25. — Exogcns, — oak, fir, &c. ; Endogens, palm (American), Agave, &C. 200. Immediately around the pith is formed the medullary SHEATH, which is a tliin, dehcate membrane of vascular tissue (33), sending oft' a portion of its spiral vessels to the stalk and veins of each leaf This, with the leaves, is the only part of exogenous stems which usually contains spiral vessels. 201. The WOOD is composed of concentric zones, or layers. peiTaded and intersected by the medullary rays (204). The first, or inner layer, together with the pith and medullary sheath, is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed each successive year, during the life of the plant ; hence the whole ALBURNUM AND DURAMEN. 19 niunber of layers, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate the age of the tree. 202. Each woody layer is composed of hgneous fibre, vasi- form tissue, and ducts ( 33, /). The first gives strength and solid- ity to the trunk, and determines the direction of the cleavage. a. The ducts are always first formed and lie in the inner part next the centre, while the fibres are produced towards the end of the season, and are deposited in the outer parts of the zone. The former are distinguished by the large size of their open ends, while the woody fibres are more minute and compact. This cir- cumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section of the stem. b c d c (1 c d FIG. 26. Sections of wood : 1 , 2, 3, horizontal, 4, 5, vertical. 1, Exogenous stem of one year's Towth ; a, pith, 6, bark, c, medullary rays, rf, woody bundles of fibre and vessels; 2, stem of three years' growth, o, pith, e, bark, b, c, d, successive annual layers ; 4, a, pith, b, spiral vessels of the medullary sheath, c, doited ducts, d, woody fibre, e, bark ; .3, Endogen- ous stem, exhibiting the bundles of woody fibre, spiral vessels, and ducts, irregularly disposed in the cellular tissue ; 5, o, cellular tissue, b, spiral vessels on inner side of c, doUed ducts, d, woody fibre on the exterior side. 6, Laticiferous vessels of the bark. 203. The outer and more recent portion of the layers constitutes the albur- num {albus, white), or sap-wood. This is usually of a softer structure and lighter color than the rest of the wood, and it is through the vessels of these layers alone, that the sap ascends. The interior layers of the albumum gradually harden by the deposition of solid secretions in their vessels, until tliey can no longer allow tlie passage of fluids through them. Thus the duramen (dwus, hard), or heart- wood is formed, the texture of whicli is firm .".nd durable. It is only the dura men which is useful in the arts. 80 THE STEM 204. The medullary rays are those fine lines which appear in a cross section of the stem, radiating from the pith to the hark, intersecting all the intervening layers. They consist of thin, firm plates of cellnlar tissue ; being, like the pith, the remains of that tissue, which at the first constituted the whole of the stem. a. These rays are quite conspicuous in vertical sections of the oak, or the maple, where they are sometimes called the silver grain. 205. The bark is the external covering of the stem, consisting of several integuments, of which the outer is the epidermis (35), that next within the cellular integument, and the inner the liber. 206. The structure of the two outer integuments is chiefly cellular, and that of the inner, or liber, is both cellular and woody. The celhtlar integument is very thick in Quercus suber, and constitutes that useful substance cark. The liber (Lat. the inner bark, hence a book, because it was manufactured into parchment) is usually thin, delicate, and strong, and has been often applied to useful purposes, as in those trees of Poly- nesia from which cloth, mats, and sails are made. 207. At the end of the spring a portion of the sap, now transfoniied into a viscid, glutinous matter called cambium, is deposited between the liber and the wood, becomes organized into cells, and forms a new layer upon each. Soon aftei-wards, the new layers are pei-v-aded by woody tubes and fibres, which com- mence at the leaves and grow downwards. Thus the number of layers formed in the bark and wood will always be equal. a. Since the growth of the bark takes place by internal accretions, it follows that the older layers must be can-icd outwards and continually expanded. Thus, although smooth and entire at first, they at length become shaggy and rough, with longitudinal furrows and ridges, and finally they are cast off", as in the hem- lock, spiTice, walnut, &c. Not unfrcqucntly, however, the older layers are ex- tended in horizontal grains, or fil)res, encircling the stem, as in tlie white birch (Betula papyracea). b. The peculiar virtues or qualities of the plant reside in the bark ratlier than in the wood; hence this is the part chiefly used for medicine, dye^, tannin, &c. f. That vascular system which is peculiar to the bark, scn-ing for tlie circula- tion of its fluids, is called the laticiferous tissue (34). It exists in the fonu of a complete network of vesseb, through wliich the sap moves in all direcrions. § 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. 208. We have already stated (156) that the stem serves to convev the saji from the roots to the opposite extremities of the plant. " ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 81 209. That portion of the stem which senses this important purpose is the alburnum (203). Through its ducts and fibres the sap is elevated to the leaves, with the vessels of which they communicate. Having been there elaborated by exhalation and decomposition into a certain nutritious fluid called latex, it de- scends by the laticiferous tissues of the fiber. Of tlfis descend- ing sap a part is carried inward from the bark by the medullary- rays, and thus diflused through the whole stem ; the remainder descends to the roots, and is in the same manner difllised through their substance, both for thehr nourishment, and for the pui-pose of maintaining the conditions requisite for endosmose (159, a). § .5. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 210. In the endogoious stem there is no distinction of pith, wood, and bark, nor does a cross-section exhibit any concentric arrangement of annual layers. (Fig. 26; 3, 5.) 211. It is composed of the same tissues and vessels as that of the exogen, that is, of ceUular tissue, woody fibre, spiral ves- sels, and ducts; the fii-st existing equally in all parts of the stem, and the rest imbedded in it in the form of bundles. 212. Each bundle consists of one or more ducts, with spiral vessels adjoining their inner side next the centre of the stem, and woody fibres on then- outer side, as in the exogen. a. A new set of these bundles is formed annually, or oftener, proceeding from the leaves and passing downwards in the central parts of the stem, where the cel- lular tissue is most abundant and soft. After descending awhile in this manner, they turn outwards, and interlace themselves with those which were pre-viously formed. Hence the lower and outer portions of the pahns, and other endogens, become exceedingly dense and hard, even so as to resist the stroke of the axe. 82 THE LEAF. CHAPTEU XII. THE LEAF. 213. The leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and is by far the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery of nature. It is also of the highest importance in tlie vegetable economy, being the organ of digestion and respiration. 214. The leaf is characterized by a thin and expanded form, presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the uir and the light, which agents are indispensable to the life and in- crease of the plant. 215. The color of the leaf is almost universally green, wliicli of all colors is the most agreeable to the eye ; but its intensity varies by infinite shades, and is often finely contrasted vi-ith the more delicate tints of the flower. Towards maturity its verdure is changed, often to the most brilliant hues, as red, crimson, orange, yellow, giving our autumnal forest scenery a gaiety, variety, and splendor of coloring, which the wildest fancy could scarcely surpass. a. The color of the leaf is due to minute globules, or gi-ains, called chlorophyll {;^reen leaf), adhering to the insides of the cells, just beneath the cuticle, aiid composed of carbon and hydrogen, with a small proportion of oxygen. Their change of color in autumn, is stated by Macaire to depend upon their oxydation. As the leaves in autumn absorb more oxygen by night than they evolve liy day, an excess is gradually added to the chlorophyll, which changes the green iirst to vellow, then to orange, red, and crimson successively, according to the quantity absorbed. The same effect may be produced by acids. b. As flowers are modifications of leaves, it is probable that their various and splendid coloring is due to the same source, namely, the modifications of the chlorophyll by various degrees of oxydation, or by the presence of acids or alka- lies in the cells. §1. VERNATION. 216. A leaf-bud contains a collection of undeveloped leaves, folded together in such a manner as to occupy the least possible space. The particular manner in which the young leaves are folded in the bud, varies in different species, and is called ver- nation. ARRANGEMENT. 83 a. The vernation of the leaf is exliibited in a most interesting manner, by making, mth a keen instrument, a cross-section of the bud in its swollen state) just before its expansion ; or it may be well observed by removing the scales. 217. The forms of vernation are mostly similar to those of aestivation (108), and arc expressed by similar terms. Some of the principal are the following : FIG. 27. — Forms of venialion. The numbers agree with llie corresponding paragraphs. 1. Equitant, overlapping each other in a parallel manner, vdth- out any involution, as in the leaves of the Iris. 2. Obvobite, one of the margins of each leaf interior and the other exterior to the margin of the leaf opposite. Ex. sage. 3. Involute, having the edges rolled inwards. Ex. apple, \'iolet. 4. Rcvolute, the margins rolled outwards or backwards. Ex. ^villow, rosemary. 5. Convolule, the leaf wholly rolled up from one of its sides, as in the cherry. 6. Plaited, each leaf folded like a fan. Ex. vine, birch. 7. Circiiiaic, when rolled downwards from the apex. Ex. sundew, fern. § 2. ARRANGEMENT. 218. In regard to their insertion upon the axis, the an-ange- ment of the young leaves in the bud is nearly or quite circular, but by the development of the axis, tliis arrangement is modi- fied in various ways, and the leaves are then said to be 1. Scattered, or irregular, as in the potatoe. 2. Alternate, one above the other, on opposite sides. Ex. pea. 3. Opposite, two against each other at the same node (172). Ex. Hydrangia. 4. Verticillate, or whorled, more than two in a circle at each node. Ex. meadow lily. 5. Fasciculate, or tufted, in crowded whorls, or spires. Ex. Callitriche. 219 We have formerly shown how some of these modes of arrangement may be reconciled with the spiral (174, a), and we here add, diat, in general, when the leaves are said to be scattered or alternate, they will be found, by the attentive observer, to be strictly, though perhaps u-regularly, spiral ; — always so in the annual shoot. a. Thus in the potato-vine, above cited, or in the house-leek, poplar, &c., if we commence at the lower leaf, and draw a line to the next above it, thence to the next and so on to the sixth leaf, we shall have gone just once around the stem, 84 THE LEAF. describing one turn of an elongated spire, so that each sixth leaf only is placed exactly above the first. b. In the strictly alternate arrangement, we shall have made one complete turn on arriving at every third leaf. But this is rare. More commonly the third leaf is a little to the right or left of the perpendicular line on which tlie first is in- serted, so that several turns must be made before we anive at one wliich is exactly in that line. c. The opposite, or whorled, arrangement may be referred to the non-develop- ment of some of the intemodes ; but a better theory is that which supposes seve- ral coordinate spires arising side by side: two, -when the leaves are opposite, and three, or more, when they are whorled. For the leaves of the second pair, or whorl, are never placed exactly above those of the first, but above theii- intervening spaces, in accordance with the alternation of the petals -wiih the sepals, &c. (61, fc). 220. In regard to their position upon the plant, leaves are radical, when they grow out of the stem at or beneath the sur- face of the ground, so as to appear to grow from the roots ; cau- line, when they grow from the stem, and ramial {ramus, a branch) when from the branches. § 3. ORGANOGRAPHY. 221. A leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the two outer integuments of the bark (205) extended into a broad, thin surface by a woody framework, or skeleton, proceeding from the medullary sheath (200). This broadly expanded part is called the LAMINA, or BLADE of the leaf, and it is either sessile, that is, connected to the stem by its base, or it is petiolate, connected to the stem by a foot-stalk called the petiole. 222. The petiole, therefore, where it exists, is the unexpanded part of the leaf, but like the claws of the petiils (102), it is not an essential part, and is often wanting. Its form is rarely cylin- dric, but is usually flattened or channeled on the upper side. It ^is said to be I • 1. Coynpressed, when it is flattened in a vertical direction, so that it is agitated by the shghtest breath of air, as in the aspen (Populus). 2. Winged (margined), when it is flattened or expanded later- ally into a border. Ex. orange. 3. Anvplexicaid (sheathing), when it is dilated at the base into a margin which embraces or surrounds the stem, as in the Um- bclliferte. 223. The lamina is generally of a rounded oval outline, longer than wide, with equal sides but unequal ends. It is, how-ever, subject to variety almost infinite in this respect. The end of the blade next the stem is the base, and that most remote, the apex. 224. A leaf is simjjle when its blade consists of a single piece, however cut, cleft, or divided ; and compound when it consists of several distinct blades, supported by as many branches of a compound petiole. 225. The frame-work, or skeleton, of the lamina above men- tioned, consists of the ramifying vessels of the petiole, while the lamina itself is, of course, parenchyma (29, 221). 226. The manner in wliich the veins are divided and distrib- uted, is termed venation. The organs of venation are, as they are called, the midrib, nerves, and veins; distinctions which musr. be regarded as purely arbitraiy, since there is no diiFerence in their functions, but only in their size. 227. The midrib, or casta, is the principal prolongation of the petiole, running directly through the midst of the leaf to the apex. If several such ribs of nearly equal size radiate from the base, they are called nerves, and the leaf is said to be three- nerved, five-nerved, &c. 228. The primary divisions sent off from the midrib, or nerves, are properly the veins. (In descriptive botany, however, the terms nerves and veins are too often used indiscriminately.) The secondary divisions, or the branches of the veins, are called veinlets. 229. There are three principal modes of venation which are, in general, char- acteristic of the three grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom. 1st. Reticulate or net veined, as in Exogens. The petiole is prolonged into the leaf in the form of the midrib, or several pri- mary branches, dividing and subdividing into branchlets, which unite again, and by their frequent inosculations fonn a kind of network. Ex. maple, bean. 2nd. Parallel-veined, as in Endogens. In this kind of vena- tion the veins are all parallel, whether proceeding from the base of the leaf to the apex, or sent off laterally from the midrib, and 86 THE LEAF. are always connected by simple transverse veinlets. Ex. grass, lily. 1 2 3 4 FIG. 28. — Forms of venation. J, 2, Exogens ; 3, Endogen ; 4, acrogen. 3cl. Forked-veined, as in the Ciyptogo.mia, when the veins divide and subdivide by forked divisions wliich do not unite again. Ex. ferns. 230. Of the first Idnd of venation, the reticulate, there are two varieties which desenc the most careful attention. The fealhcr-vdned and the radiate-veined. 1. The feather-veined leaf is that in which the venation con- sists of a midrib, giving off at intervals lateral veins with branching veinlets. Ex. beech, chestnut. 2. In the radiate-veined, the venation consists of several nerves (ribs) of nearly equal size, radiating from the base towards the circumference, each with its own system of veins and veinlets. Ex. maple, crow-foot. 3. In parallel venation, the veins are either straight, as in the linear leaf of the grasses, curved, as in the oval leaves of tlie Orchis, or transverse, as in the Canna, Calla, &c. §4. FORM OR FIGURE. 231. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful forms for which the leaf is distinguished, becomes intelligible to the student only when viewed in connection with its venation. Since it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed for the development and extension of the parenchj-ma, it follows that there -vvill be the greatest extension of outline where the veins are largest and most numer- ous. Consequently, the fonn of the leaf will depend upon the direction of the veins, and the vigor of their action, in developing the intervening tissue. For this interesting II1C017 we are indebted to Alphonse Dc Candolle. a. In onr description of indii-idual forms, we shall select only the most remark- able, leaving others for explanation in the Glossary. The most obvious arrangement is that which is founded upon the modes of the veining ; but it should be premised that different forms of venation often give rise to the same outline. 232. Of FEATHER-VEINED leaves, the following forms depend upon the length of the veins in relation to each other, and to the midrib. If the middle veins are longer than the rest, the leaf will be 1, Orbicular (roundish), as in Pyrdla rotundifolia. FIG. 29. — Figures of featlier-veined leaves. The numbers refer to paragraplis. a, deUate leaf of Populus. 2. Elliptical (oval), as in Lespedeza prostrata; or 3. Oblong (narrow-oval). Ex. Pyrola umbellata. If the lower veins are longer than the rest, the leaf mil be 4. Ovate (egg-shaped), as in the JNIitchella repens, or 5. Lanceolate (lance-shaped), nan-ow, and tapering to each end. Ex. sweet-william. When the veins are most developed towards the summit of the leaf, it becomes 6. Obovate (inversely egg-shaped), as in the walnut; or 7. Spathulate (shaped hke a spathula), as in the daisy. Again, if the lowest veins are longest, sending oft" veinlets backwards, the leaf will be 8. Cordate (heart-shaped), hke the ovate form, wnith a hollow (sinus) at the base, as in the hlac. 9. Auriculaie, having ear-shaped lobes at the base. Ex. sage. S3 THE LEAF. 10. Hastate (halbert-shapecl), hollowed out at the base and .sides. Ex. Bitter-sweet. 11. Sagittate (arrow-shaped), with pointed, descending lobes at base. Ex. Polygonum sagittatum ; Sagittaria ; &c. 12. Reniform (kidney-shaped), broad, rounded at the apex, and hollowed at the base, as in the Asarum Canadense. a. The following forms depend less upon the proportion of the veins than upon the imperfect development of the tissue between them. FIG. 30. — 12 — 16, figures of feather- veined leaves, the remainder of radiale-veiiied. 13. Runcinatc (re-uncinate), having the margin extended at the veins into pointed segments, which curve backwards. Ex. Taraxacum. 14. Lyrate (lyi-e- shaped), with several deep, rounded sinuses, occasioned by deficiency of tissue between the lower veins. Ex. water-cress ( Sisymbrium). 15. Pinnatifid (feather-cleft), with deep sinuses between all the veins, separating each margin of the leaf into oblong, par- allel segments. Ex. Lepidium. 16. Sinuate, having deep, rounded openings between the M?ins, as seen in the leaves of the white oak. 233. Eadiate-veined leaves assume many forms, depending upon the direction of the veins, and the quantity of the inter- Acning tissue. Some of them are the following. 17. Palm ate (palm-shaped), having five lobes, with as many ncn-es (227) separated by deep divisions, so as to resemble the palm of the hand with the fingers. Ex. passion-flower. PARALLEL-VEINED LEAVES. 89 18. Digitate (finger-shaped), having narrower and deeper segments than the pahiiate, as in the hemp. 19. Pedate (foot-shaped). The same as palmate, except that the two lateral lobes are themselves subdivided, as in the peony and passion-flower. 20. Laciniate (gashed), the nei-ves and veins all separate, as if the blade were cut and gashed with scissors. Ex. Ranunculus. 21. Peltate (shield-like)-, the nerves radiating in all directions, and all connected by intervening tissue. This form is gener- ally also orbicular, and appears to result from the union of the base-lobes. Ex. Podophyllum peltatum, Tropeolun^, Brasenia. 22. Rcmform, broad-ovate, broad- cor date, &c., may also rcsuh from the radiate veining. 234. The form of parallel-veined leaves is less diversified than that of the preceding classes, being 23. Linear, when the veins (or nerves) are straight, as in the grasses. This form may also occur in the feather-veined leaf by an equal development of all the veins, as in the Linaria vul- firaris, &c. FIG. 31. 23, 24, 25, figures of leaves with parallel veins ; 2 — 10. margins of leaves. 24. Oval, lanceolate, oblong, or some kindred form, when the veins are cur\^ed, as in Carex, Cypripedium, Orchis, &c., or it may be 25. Cordate, when some of the lower veins are cun^ed back- wards and then upwards, as in Pontaderia, and even sagittate, when they are directed downwards at the base, as in the Sagit- taria. 8* 90 THE LEAF. 26 Acerose (needle-shaped), when there is Httle or no distinc- tion of lamina, petiole, or veins, as in the leaves of the pine. } 5. MARGIN. 235. The margin of the leaf is also modified chiefly by the same causes which afiect the form. It is said to be 1. Entire, \\\\Qn even-edged. This may result from the full development of the tissue, or from a nerve running parallel M'ith the margin. Ex. lilac, lily. 2. Dentate (toothed), the tissue incomplete, having teeth with concave edges, pi>inting out^vurds from the centre. Ex. liawkweed. If the teeth are very fine, the margin is said to be denticulate. If the teeth are themselves toothed, it is iljuhhj dentate. 3. Senate, having shai-p teeth pointing forward like the teeth of a saw. Ex. Rosa. If the serratures are very small, it is serrulate. If they are themselves serrate, it is doubly serrate. 4. Crenate, notclied with rounded or convex teeth, as in Glechoma. If such notches are very small, it is crenulate. 5. Erosc (gnawed), having the margin irregularly tootlied, or jagged, as if bitten by animals. G. Undulate (wavy), the margin rising and falling- like waves. Ex. Amaranthus. 7. Sjnnous, when the veins project far beyond the tissue in sharp spines, as in the thistle. Such leaves are said to be armed, and tlie opposite corresponding term is tmaimed. 8. Incised (cut), margin divided by deep incisions. 9. Ladniate (torn), divided by deep and irregular gashes. 10. Crisped, margin much expanded and curled by a superabundance of tisene, s.i in the mallows. 11. iifp.a)!^!?, having the margin slightly concave between the projecting veins. Ex. Solanum nigrum. §G. APEX. 23G. In regard to the termination of a leaf at its apex, it is said to be 1. Acute, when it ends with an acute angle. 2. Obtuse, when it ends with a segment of a circle. 3. Acuminate, ending with a long, tapering point. 4. Emarginate, having a small notch at the end. .*■). Retusc, terminating with a round end, having the centre depressed. 6. Kucronale, abruptly terminated by a short, haid, bristly point &c. }7. SURFACE. 237. The following terms are employed in descriptive botany, chiefly to denote the modifications of the sm-face (epidermis) LEAFLETS. 91 of the leaf. They are, however, equally applicable to the sur- face of any other organs. (41, a.) 1. Glabrous, smooth ; denoting the absence of all hairs or bristles. Hydrangea. 2. Pubescent, covered with soft hairs or down. LoniceraXylosteum. 3. Rough, with hard, short, even points. Borago officinalis. 4. Pilose, with short, weak, thin hairs. Pmnella vulgaris. 5. Hoary, white, with very short, dense hairs. Gnaphaliiim. 6. Villose, with long, thin hairs. Solidago altissima. 7. Woolly, with long, dense, matted hairs. Mullein. 8. TomeiUosc, with dense, short, and rather rigid hairs. Spirea tomentosa. 9. Rugose, the tissue between the reticulated veins convex, from its superabnn- dance. Sage. 10. Punctate, dotted with peUucid glands (44, a). Hypericum punetatum. * ^9. COMPOUND LEAVES. FIG. 32. — Compound leaves. 4, Trifoliate loaves ; a, pinnately, as of the bean ; b, pnl- mately, clover. 238. When a simple leaf becomes a compo^md one, the divis- ion takes place upon the same principle as the separation of an entire leaf into segments, lobes, and teeth, namely, from a defi- ciency of parenchyma; the number and arrangement of the leaflets will therefore, in like manner, depend upon the mode of veining. 239. The divisions of a compound leaf are called leaflets, and the same distinctions of outline, margin, &:c., occur in tht-m as in simple leaves. Li the truly compound leaf, each leaflet 92 THE LEAF. (which is usually supported on a distinct stalk), is articulated (articula, a joint), with the main petiole, and separates from it iu decay. 240. From the feather veined arrangement may result the following forms of compound leaves : 1. Pinnate (winged), where the petiole (midrib) bears a row of leaflets on each side, generally equal in number and oppo- site, as in the Acacia. 2. A pinnate leaf is said to be equally pinnate where the petiole is terminated by neither leaflet nor tendiil, as the Cassia Marilandica, and unequally pinnate when it is terminated by an odd leaflet or by a tendril. Ex. rose, locust, pea. In the latter case the leaf is called cirrhose. 3. An interruptedly pinnate leaf has the leaflets alternately small and large, as in the potato, avens. 4. A pinnate leaf sometimes consists of as many as twenty or thirty pairs of leaflets, as in the Astragalus. Sometimes the number of leaflets is but three, and the leaf becomes ternate or trifoliate, as in the ash ; and, finally, it is sometimes, by the non- development of the pinna (pairs) reduced to a single terminal leaflet, as in the lemon. Such a leaf is known to be compound by the articulation of the leaflet to the petiole. 5. A bipinnatc leaf (twdce pinnate), is fomied when the leaf- lets of a pinnate leaf themselves become pinnate. Ex. Fuma- ria officinalis. 6. A tripinnate leaf (tluice pinnate), is formed when the leaf- lets of a bipinnate leaf become pinnate, Ex. Aralia spinosa. In the leaf of the honey-locust ( Gleditschia), we sometimes find all these three degrees of division, namely, the pinnate, bipinnate, and tripinnate, curiously combined, illustrating the gradual tran- sition of the simple to the most compound leaf 7. A hiternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of the tcmate leaf become themselves ternate, as in Fumaria lutea. 8. A triternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of a hiternate leaf become again ternate. Ex. Aquilegia. 241. The following forms of compound leaves may result from the division of a radiate-veined leaf; the ternate, hiternate, itc, already mentioned ; ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 93 9. Quinate, when there are five leaflets radiating from the same point of the petiole, as in Potentilla argentea. 10. Septinate, when there are seven leaves from the same point in the petiole, and so on. 242. With regard to insertion, the leaf is said to be 1. Amplexicaul, when its base surrounds or clasps the stem. 12 4 3 5 FIG. 33. — Modes of insertion. 2. Perfoliate, when the base lobes of an amplexicaul leaf are united together, so that the stem appears to pass through the leaf 3. Decurrent, when the base lobes of the leaf grow to the stem below the point of insertion, so that the leaf seems to run doumicards (Lat. decurro). 4. Connate, when the bases of two opposite leaves are united. 5. Stellate, verticillate, or whorled, when several leaves are arranged around the stem at the same node. 243. It is often found necessary, in the description of a plant, to combine two or more of the terms above mentioned, to express some intennediate figure or quality ; thus ovate-laiv.eolale, signifying between ovate and lanceolate, &c. a. The Latin preposition sub (under), prefixed to a descriptive term, denotes the quality which the tenn expresses, in a lower degree, as subscssile, nearly ses- sile, sv.bserratc, somewhat serrate, &c. §9. ASCIDIA, STIPULE.S, AND BRACTS. 244. In the teazel (Dipsacus) of our own fields, and in the Tillandsia, or wild pine of South America, there are hollows at the point of union between the leaf- stalk and the stem, capable of holding a considerable amount of water. The midrib and petiole of the leaves of the Arum, also, ai-e channeled out in such a manner as to convey water to the axil. 245. But the most remarkable of all leaves are those which are ho31o=H^ out into the form of pitchers, called ascidia. 'ijiiW" a. In the Sarracenia, a plant common in our own peat-bogs, these pitchers are evidently formed by the very deep channeling of the petiole, and the uniting together of the involute edges of its winged margin so as to form a complete vase, wiih a broad expan-sion at the top, which may be regarded as the true leaS. 94 THE LEAF. The ascidia thus formed are always full of water, in which insects are clro\\Tied. being prevented from escaping by the deflexed hairs at the mouth. 246. The Nepenthes is a native of tlie East Indies. Its proper leaves are ses- sile and lanceolate. The midrib extends beyond the apex, like a tendril, to the length of six or eight inches. The extremity of this tendril is inflated into a hol- low vessel similar to a pitcher, and usually contains about half a pint of pure ■water. It is furnished with a leafy lid, connected to it by a ligament which ex- pands or contracts according to the state of the atmospliere, so that the cup is open in damp weather to receive moisture from the air, and closed in dry wcathei- to prevent its evaporation. FIG. 34. — Ascidia. 1, Sarraceiiia purpurea ; 2, Nepenllies distillatoria ; 3, Dischidia R:if- flesiana. 247. Another wonderful provision of this kind is observed in a plant growing in the forests of India, called Dischidia. It is a twining plant, ascending the tall trees to the distance of 100 feet from its roots, and destitute of leaves except near its top. These cannot, therefore, it would seem, derive much nourishment from the earth. The pitchers seem fonncd of a leaf with its edges rolled towards eacli otlier, and adlierent, and its upper end, or mouth, is open to receive ■whatever moisture may descend into it, of which there is always a considcraTjle quantity. But the greatest marvel in its structure is yet to be described. Several bundles of absorbent fibres, resembling roots (142, b), are sent out from the nearest parts of the stem and enter the pitchers and spread tliemselves through the cavity. The design of this apparatus scarcely needs be mentioned. 248. The leaf of Venus' fly-trap (Diontea muscipula), native at the south, is al.so of a very curious eonstniction. At the extremity of each leaf are tAvo lobes, bordered with spines. In the cavity between the lobes are several sharp points projecting upwards, and a gland which secretes a liquor atti-active to insects. But when an unlucky fly, in searcli of food, alights upon it, the irritable lobes instantly close and impale him in their fatal embrace. 249. Stipules are certain leaf-like expansions situated on each side of the petiole, at its base. They are membraiioiLs, leathery, or spiny. They do not occur in every plant, bnt are pretty uniformly present in each plant of the same natural order Ex. pea, rose, Viola tricolor. 250. Stipules ai-e generally supposed to be accessory kavcs, although their INVOLUCRE. 9-3 nature is certainly obscure. Tliey are subject to the same laws of venation and form, perform the same functions, and are sometimes almost undistinguishable from the leaves themselves. They also (very rarely) develop buds in their axils. a. When they grow from the stem itself, they may, therefore, be regarded as rudimentary haves, but when from the base of the petiole, as is most common, they are the undeveloped leaflets of a pinnate leaf, as in the I'ose. 251. When leaves are furnished with stipules they are said to be stvpulale, and when without them they are exstipulate. Tlie stipules which are situated at the base of leaflets are called siipcls. FIG. 35. — Stipules, Bracts, &c. 1, a, stipule of grass ; 2, 6, of rose ; .3, c, bract of Tilia ; 4, d, of a Campanula ; 5, Slum, a, involucre, c, iuvolucel ; G, Cornus Canadensis, a, colored involucre, c, flowers ; 7, Arum, a spathe, c, spadix. 252. Bracts, called also fioral leaves, are leaf-like append- ages, intermediate between leaves and the floral organs. From leaves they are generally distinguished by their being placed near the flower, their smaller size, their difference in form, and often in color. 253. That bracts are of the same nature as leaves is perfectly evident, for so ^•adtial is the transition between them tliat no absolute limits can be assigned. That tliey have a common oj-igin with the sepals of the cah'x also, is equally evi- dent,— so imperceptibly do the latter pass into bracts; affording one of the strongest proofs of the doctrine of floral metamorphosis. a. Bracts have received different names, according to tlieir arrangement and situation. They constitute an 254. Involucre, when they are arranged in a whorl, and snr round several flowers. In the Phlox, and generally, it is green, 96- THE LEAF. but sometimes, as in the Cornus, it is colored like petals. Situ- ated at the base of a compound umbel (305, a) it is called a general involucre, at the base of a partial umbel a partial invo- lucre, or involucel, both of which are seen in the Umbelliferas. 255. In the Compositse the involucre consists of imbricated bracts, often in several whorls sun-ounding the base of the heads (compound flowers), as the calyx surrounds a simple flower. 256. In the grasses, the bracts subsist under the common name of husk or chaff, to which is attached the awn or beard. The bracts situated at the base of a spikelet of flowers, are called the glume, coiTesponding to the involucre. Those situated at the base of each separate flower are ■palcm, answering to the calyx, or corolla. The pieces, of which each glume or palea is composed (generally two), are called valves. §10. DURATION. 257. Leaves, althougli so universal an accompaniment of vegetation, are only temporary appendages. They rapidly attain their growth, and in a great ma- jority of cases flourish but a single season, at the end of whicli they perish, alUiough the plant on which they grew may continue to flourish for ages. To mark their duration more accurately, leaves are said to be 1. Fugacious, when they fall oflp early, before the end of summer. 2. Deciduous, when they endure for a single season and fall in autumn. 3. Persistent, or evergreen, when they remain through all seasons, retaining their color until the new leaves of the following spring appear, so that the plant is always verdant. In accordance with the last two distinctions, plants are said to be DECIDUOUS, or evergreen. 238. The fall of the leaf in temperate climates, occurs near the end of autumn, and mai-ks an important era in the year. The first symptoms of decay are seen in the changes of color from green to various shades of gold and crimson. The.«e gorgeous hues, gradually fading, at length give place to a pale russet, the com- mon color of the faded leaf. 259i Defoliation, or the separation of the leaf from the stem, is due to several causes. During the latter part ofthe summer, the vessels become clogged by the deposition of earthy and solid, matter contained in the sap, until they can no lon- ger admit the free circulation of the fluids through them. The whole structure consequently loses its vitality, dries up, and withers, and is finally cast oif at tlie point of articulation, as a dead part is from the living body of an animal. HI. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 260. Since the frame-work of the leaf is merely a divergent portion of the medullaiy sheath (200), it must consist essentially of the same tissues, namely, spiral vessels accompanied by woody fibre, that is, fihro-vascular tissue. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 97 a. The tissue of the lamina, iii hke manner, must essentially correspond with the outer integuments of the bark, of which it is but an extension. That peculiar form of cellular tissue of which it is composed is called parenchyma. 261. The parenchyma of the leaf exists in two layers, as might be inferred from the manner in which it is produced (221). In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in position, one surface being upwards and the other downwards, these two layers are dissimilar in structure ; but m those leaves where the lamina is vertical, as in the iris, they do not mate- rially differ. a. The whole structure is, of course, clothed with the epi- dermis. 262. The internal structure of the p.ai-enchjTna is more complicated than would be at first supposed. A powerful microscope is necessary for its examination. Let an exceedingly thin ■paring be taken from a vertical section of the lamina and submitted to the solar (or compound) microscope, in such a manner that the rays shall pass from section to section. Fig. 36 represents a magnified view of such a paring of the leaf of the lily, which may be regarded as characteristic of leaves in general. FIG. 36. — 1, Magnified section of a leaf of the li!j' ; 2, of the epiJermis with sloraata. 263. The upper surface (a, o) is thus seen to consist of tlie flattened cells of tb.e epidermis, an-ang^d in a single layer. Just beneath tliis (6, 6) is the more com- pact part of the parenchyma, consisting of a layer of oblong cells placed in such a position that their longer a.xis is perpendicular to the leaf's surface. Next below we meet wth the parenchyma of the lower surface (c, c), composed of oblong cells arranged longitudinally, and so loosely compacted as to leave larger empty spaces between. Lastly, we find again the epidermis {d^d) of the under surface with stomata (f, e), opening into air-chambers. a. Within all the vesicles of the parenchyma are seen adhering to the walls, the green globules (chlorophyll) which give color to the parenchyma, — dark 9 98 THE LEAF. green above, where it is more compact ; but paler beneath, where the cells are more loose and separate. 264. The empty spaces between the cells, called intercellular, communicate with the external air by means of the stomata (37—39), which are generally found only in the lower suiface. In those leaves, however, whose position is nat- > urally vertical instead of horizontal, stomata are found equally on both surfacCB. In other leaves, as in the Nymphaja, they are found upon, the upper surface alone, the lower being in contact with the surface of the water. 265. The vessels of the latex (34) arc distributed through the under layer of the parenchyma. These are prolongations of the ramified veins, which, having reached tlic edge of the leaf, double back upon themselves, pervade the lower sur- face, and arc again collected into the petiole, through which they are finally returned into the bark. 266. A singular structure occurs in the Oleander of Barbary, and other plants of hot and arid regions. The epidermis on the upper surface is double and very com]3act, and there are few if any stomata on the lower surface, their places being supi)Iied by cavities within its substance, opening outwards by a small aper- ture, and covered within by minute hairs. These peculiarities are adapted to the TOnditions of the air and soil in which the Oleander flourishes. The hairs absorb moisture from the air, which the cavities readily retain, while the double epider- mis cflcctually restrains its evaporation. § 12. OF tup: functions of leaves 267. These are exhalation, ahsor2ition, respiration, and diges- tion, and the residt of their combined action is the conversion of the crude sap, absorbed from the soil by the roots, into the proper juice or latex, for the nourishment and increase of the plant, with its various products. 2G8. The crude sap consists of water holding in solution minute quantities of various kinds of solid and gaseous matter derived from the soil. In its passage from the root to the leaves, its composition is somewhat modified by dissolving the previously formed secretions, which it meets with on its way. 269. Exhalation is the process by which the superabundant water of the sap is given off to the atmosphere, so that the re- mahiing sap is reduced, as it wore, by co7iccnt)%tion, and con- tains a greater proportion of solid matter. It is analogous to perspiration in animals. 270. It is to be distinguished from evaporation; the latter depending solely upon heat and the state of the air, and being, in plants, almost wholly restrained by the epidermis. 271. Exhalation appears to take place through the stomata RESPIRATION. 99 alone. But since these are opened by the influence of the light and closed in its absence, it follows that exhalation can proceed only in the presence of the light (155). a. If a plate of glass be held near the uiuler surface of an active leaf of tho Hydrangea, in a still air, it will soon be covered with dew ; but if the experiment be repeated by holding the glass over the upper surface, it will remain dry. Again, if the light be suddenly excluded from the plant in a state of active growth, it will immediately cease to transpire, whatever be the temperature ; and if the stomata be then examined they will be found closed. 272. That exhalation and absorption by the roots are mutually dependent upon eachother, has already been stilted (155). The quantity of fluid discharged by the former may therefore be inferred from that of the latter. This has also been confirmed by experiment. A sunflower 3^ feet high, was ascertained by Hales to transpire from 20 to 30 oz. of water daily; a cabbage from 15 to 25 oz., &c. Experiments have also been made upon single leaves, recently plucked, with the petiole immersed in water. Thus a leaf of the sunflower, weighing 31 grains, absorbed and exhaled its own weight of water in 6 hours. 273. Absorption is primarily the office of the roots (154), but in certain circumstances it is performed by the leaves also. a. Wlicn the roots are imperfect, or wanting, or serve merely to fix the plant in its position, as in some aerial parasites, and in some of the Orchidacea?, it is evident that the i)lant must derive its nourishment chiefly from the absoi-ption performed by the leaves. Experiment also proves that the leaves of plants in general are capable of this function. Every one knows how plants, when parched and withered by drought, are revived by a shower which does not reach their roots, but only moistens their leaves. 274. The lower surface of the leaf appears to be chiefly instrumental in absorp- tion. This is readily shown by experiment. Leaves with their lower surfaces in contact with the water, remain fresh much longer than others with their upper surfaces thus placed. Leaves of the white mulberry, with the upper surface only in contact with water, faded in six days, while others, reversed in position, lasted as many months. 275. Respiration in plants is analogous to respiration, or breatJmig, in animals. In both it is equally constant and equally necessary. It is performed principally by the leaves, but is not confined to them, being partially performed by other parts also, even by the roots. 276. Pvespiration consists of the absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere, accompanied by the evolution of carbonic acid. a. This process must not be confounded with another which occurs, of a cciv tntfy nature, treated of under the head of digestion. 100 THE LEAF. 277. Respiration appears to be going on constantly, by day and by night, during the life of the plant, even while it is act- ively engaged in the contravening process of the fixation of car- ^ bon. The result of it is, the removal of a certain superfluous " ])ortion of carbon, in a state of combination with oxygen,* from the nutritive substances of the plant, just as the same deleteri- ous acid is removed from the blood of animals by breatliing. 278. Let a few healthy phints be placed under a bell-glass containing air from ^vliich all the carbonic acid lias been previously removed. After a few hours let the air be tested by shaking it with lime-water, and it will be found to contain carbonic acid, rendering the lime-water turbid. This effect will be produced, Y'hether the ])ell-glass stand in the sunshine or in darkness, but the quantity of acid evolved will be found to be much greater in the darkness. 279. E,espiration is carried on with peculiar activity during the two periods of germination and fioioering. a. In gennination pure oxygen is absorbed, either from the air or water, or both, in the absence of light (1-33, rf), and returned to the air combmed -with the si'.pei-fluous carbon of the starch, wliich thus is converted into sugar for the nour- ishment of the young plant. h. It is also equally active at the time of flowering, a large quantity of oxygen being converted into carbonic acid by the flower. By tliis process it seems that the starch previously contained in the disk (107), or receptacle (59), is changed into .«;accharinc matter for the nutrition of the pollen and ovules (70,81), the superfluous portion flowing off in the fonn of honey. And it has been ascer- iained that the quantity of oxygen evolved bears a direct proportion to the devel- cpment of the disk, t 280. The life of the plant depends upon the continuance of respiration, for if it be surrounded by an atmosphere with too gi-eat a proportion of carbonic acid, or in a confined portion of air, which has become vitiated by its own action, and fx- clvied from the light, its respiration is necessarily soon suspended, and it speedily ])erishes. 281. DioESTiox, in plants, consists properly of all those changes efteeted by the leaves in rendering the cmde sap fit for tiie purposes of nutrition. But that process which is more par- * Carbonic acid is composed of 0 parts (by weight) of carbon, combined with 16 parts of oxygen. t Thus Saussiire found that the flower of the Arum, wliile in bud, consumed 5 or 6 times its own volume of oxygen in 24 hours ; during the expansion of the flower, 30 times, and during i-a withering, 5 limes. When the floral envelopes were removed, he found that the quantity of oxygen consumed by the stamens and pistils in 24 hours, was, in one instance, 132 times I'leir own bulk. CARBON. 101 ticularly described under the head of digestion, consists in the decomposition of carbonic acid by the green tissues of the leaves, under the stimulus of the light, the fixation of the solid carbon, qaid the evolution of pure oxygen. 282. Carbon is one of the principal ingredients in the vegetable structure. The chief source from which plants obtain it is the atmosphere, which always contains it in the form of carbonic acid, evolved by combustion, by the respiration of ani- mals, from the earth, &c. o. ' Now if we place some fresh leaves in an inverted bell-glass, containing air charged with 7 or 8 per cent, of carbonic acid, and expose them to the direct light of the sun for a few hours, it will be found that a large proportion of tlie carbonic acid will have disappeared, and will be replaced by pure oxygen.' But this change will not be effected in the dark, or by any degree of artificial light. Ac- cordingly we find that plants which grow in the dark become blanched from the want of the proper supply of carbon, on which their green color depends. 283. We have before stated that this fixation of carbon in the substance of the plant, contravenes the process of respiration, in which carbon is given off. The former occurs only in the light of day, the latter by night as well as by day. But as to the relative amount of carbon thus absorbed by the former process, and evolved by the latter, there can be no rejisonablc doubt; for when we consider how large a portion of the tissues of every plant is solid carbon, and that too, derived chiefly from the atmosphere, it is evident that much more carbonic acid is, on the whole, consumed by vegetation than is evolved. In accordance with this arc the results of the experiments of Dr. Daubeny, who has recently sho^vn, that ' in fine weather, a plant, consisting chiefly of leaves and stems, if confined in a capacious vessel, and duly supplied with carbonic acid during sunshine, as fast as it removes it, will go on adding to the proportion of oxygen present, as long as it continues healthy.' 284. Thus are the tivo great kingdoms of nature rendered mutually subser- vient, each to the well-being, and even the existence, of the other. Animal3 require an atmosphere comparatively jjure, although, by their respiration and decay, they are continually adding to the proportion of its deleterious gases. Plants, on the other hand, thrive by the decomposition of these gases and the res- toration of pure oxygen to the air in their stead. It is impossible not to admire this beautiful arrangement of Providence, by which, as in a thousand other cases, the means and ends are rendered reciprocal, affording the highest proof of wis- dom and design. 9* 102 INFLORESCENCE. CHAPTER XIII. INTLORESCENCE. 285. Inflorescence is a terra denoting the arrangement of the flowers upon a stem or branch. 266. In regard to position upon the stem, the inflorescence, like the leaf-bud, of which we have shown it to be a modifica- tion, is either terminal or axillary. a. It is, however, in some plants, particularly in the potatoe tribe (Solanacefe), situated opposite to a leaf. Tliis in-egularity is accounted for, if we suppose, with Lindlcy, that the flower-stalk, originating in the axil of the leaf next below, ad- heres to the internode (172) in its lower part, and does not separate from it until it is opposite the succeeding leaf. 287. The peduncle (flower-stalk) is that part of the stem on which the inflorescence is immediately supported. It bears no leaves, or, at most, only such as are reduced in size, and altered in fonn, called bracts (252). If the peduncle is wanting, the flower is said to be sessile. 288. The peduncle, like the stem of which it is a portion, may be either simple or branched. When it is simple it bears, of course, a single flower, but when it is divided into branches it bears several flowers, and its final divisions, each bearing a sin- jrle flower, are called pedicels. 289. A SCAPE is a flower-stalk which springs from a subter- ranean stem, in such plants as arc called stemless (177). Ex. Sarracenia, Taraxacum, Hyacinthus. Like the peduncle, of which it is a modification, it is leafless, or A\dth bracts only, and may be either simple or branched. 290. The uachis {q«x^?, the spine) is the axis of the inflores- cence, or the main stem of a compound peduncle, along which the pedicels are arranged, as seen in the Plantago, currant, grape, and grasses. 291. The inflorescence is said to be solitary when it consists of a single terminal flower, as in Erytlu-onium, or when but a single axillary flower is developed at the same node, as in Petu- nia, Convolvulus. CENTRIFUGAL INFLORESCENCE. 103 292. lu regard to the evolution of the inflorescence, that is, the mode of succession in the development of the flowers, bota- nists have recently observed two important distinctions, namely, the centripetal and the centrifugal, the former resulting from axillaiy.and the other from terminal flowers. 293. In CENTRIPETAL iiiflorescence the evolution (blossoming) of the flowers commences with those of the circumference (or the base) and proceeds towards the centre (or the summit), as in the Umbellifera; and the Cruciferge. a. The studcut will readily perceive that the ciraimfereiKe of a depressed (flat- tenedanflorescence corresponds to the base of a lengthened one; and also that tlie centre of the fonner answers to the summit of the latter. For when the axis, or rachis, is lengthened, it is the centre which it bears along with it at its apex, leav- ing the circumference at the base. 294. In CENTRIFUGAL iiifloresccnce the blossoming com- mences with the terminal and central flower, and proceeds towards the lateral flowers, or those of the circumference. Ex. Hyckangea, elder, and the pink tribe. a. ' This mode of inflorescence is generally indicated by the presence of a soli- tarj- flower seated in the axils of the dichotomous (forked) branches.' All the flowers are considered terminal, because they do in fact (except the first which terminates the axis) terminate lateral branches successively produced at the node next below the primary flower. This is beautifully illustrated in Spcrgula. FIG. 37. — Modes of inflorescence ; 1, centrifugal inflorescence (cyme) of Ceraslium maii- mum : 2, fascicle ; 3, centripetal inflorescence (corj-mb) ; 4, spike. 295. Sometimes we find these two modes of inflorescence combinetl in the same plant. In the Composit;c, as Dr. Gray remarks, the heads, which may be called the partial iutlores- 104 INFLORESCENCE. cences, are centripetal, while the general inflorescence is centri- fugal, that is, the central head is developed before the lateral ones. But in the Labiata) the partial inflorescences (verticilas- ters, 309) are centrifugal, while the general inflorescence is centripetal. 296. Of centripetal inflorescence the principal varieties are, the spike, raceme, ament, spadix, corymb, umbel, head, panicle, and thyrse. 297. The spike is an inflorescence consisting of several ses- sile flowers arranged along a common peduncle (rachis). Ex. Plantago, Verbascum. 298. The raceme is the same as the spike, but having the flowers raised on pedicels, each being axillary to a bract, and blossoming in succession from the base upwards. The raceme may be either crec^ as in Hyacinthus, Pyrola, or pendulous, as in the currant and black cherry. 299. The ament, or catkin, is a spike whose flowers are cov- ered each with a scaly bract, instead of a calyx and corolla, and fall off' together, all remaining still connected with the rachis. Ex. Salix, Betula. 300. The spADix is a spike with a fleshy rachis enveloped in a large bract, called spathe. Ex. Anim, Calla. 301. The CORYMB is the same as the raceme, having the lower pedicels so lengthened as to elevate all the flowers to nearly or quite the same level. Ex. wild thorn (Crataegus). 302. An UMBEL resembles the coiymb, but the pedicels are of nearly equal length, and all arise from the same point in the common peduncle. Ex. Asclepias, Aralia higpida, onion. 303. A HEAD or CAPiTULUM is similar to an umbel, but the flowers are sessile or nearly so upon the summit of the pedun- cle. Ex. button-bush, clover, globe-amaranth (Gomphrena). a. But the more common kind of capitulum is that where the summit of the peduncle (rachis) is dilated into a broad disk {re- ceptacle) bearing the sessile flowers upon its surface. This is the kind of inflorescence peculiar to the vast family of the Compositaj, and is equivalent to the compound Jloicers of the earlier botanists. b. In the cfipitulum there is a general resemblance to the simple flower, tbo CYME. 105 rays answering to petals, and the involucre (254) to the calyx. The flowei-s are called florets, those in the outer circle, florets of the ray, and those of the central portions, florets of the disk. 304. The panicle is a compound inflorescence, formed by an irregular branching of the pedicels of the raceme. Ex. oats, Poa, and many other grasses. 305. The thyrse is the same as the panicle, having the lower branches rather shorter than those in the midst, and all of them very compact, as in the lilac (Syringa), horse-chestnut. a. The umbel becomes compound when each pedicel becomes itself an umbel, as in most of the Umbelliferse. Li these cases the secondary umbels are called umbellets, and sometimes partial umbels. See ^ 254. By a similar decomposition, a raceme becomes a compound raceme, a corymb a compound corymb, &c. FIG. 38. — Modes of inflorescence ; 1, raceme ; 2, ament ; 3, spadix ; 4, head ; 5, panicle ; 6, veiticillaster ; 7, thyrse. 306. Of the centrifugal inflorescence, the following varieties are described ; namely, c/j'HTie, fascicle, and verticillaster. 307. Cyivie. This inflorescence has the general aspect of the corymb, but is remarkably distinguished from it by its centrifu- gal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2-forked and 3 -forked, as exemplified in Hydrangea, Viburnum, chick- weed. a. The cj-me is found only in plants with opposite leaves, and its normal struc- ture and development are as follows. The terminal flower, which is the first to 106 INFLORESCENCE. be opened, is borne upon a peduncle of two or more nodes, which arc, of couree, transverse to each other (219, c). From one, or two, or all of these nodes, pairs of secondary, opposite peduncles arise, each of which, like the first, is binodal or multinodal, and tcnninatcd by a flower. Again, in the nodes of these secondary peduncles, may arise, in the same manner as before, pairs of tertiarj' peduncles, each to be terminated by a flower, and perhaps to bear still other peduncles, and so on. b. Hence it is evident, that in each axil of the forked branches there should be a solitary flower. This, however, is often wanting. LTCgularities may also be occasioned by the absence of other parts. 308. Fascicle. This is a modification of the cyme, in which the flowers become crowded, and nearly sessile, as in sweet- william, and other species of Dianthus. 309. Verticillaster or verticil, called also, though improp- erly, uhorl, is a term denoting those reduced cymes which are peculiar to the Labiattc, where two such cymes occupy the opposite axils of each pair of leaves. a. Sometimes the peduncle, instead of prodadng flowers, is changed into a ten- dril, as in the vine. SPECIES AND GENERA. 107 CHAPTER XIV. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. i 1. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 310. Systematic Botany relates to the arrangement of plants into groups and families, according to their characters, for the purpose of facihtating the study of their names, affinities, habits, liistoiy, properties, and uses. 311. The student in botanical science is introduced into a boundless field of inquiry. The subjects of his research meet liira at every step : they clothe the hill and.the plain, the mountain and the valley. They spring up in the hedges and by the wayside ; they border the streams and lakes, and sprinkle over its sur- face; they stand assembled in vast forests, and cover with verdure even the depths of the ocean ; they are innumerable in multitude, infinite in variety. Yet the botanist proposes to acquaint himself with each individual of this vast king- dom, so that he shall be able readily to recognize its name, and all that is either interesting.-, instractive, or useful concerning it, whenever and wherever it is pre- sented to his view. 312. Now it is obvious, that if the student should attempt the accomplishment of this task by studying each individual plant in detail, whether with or -^vithout the aid of books, the longest life would scarcely be sufiicient to make a begin- ning. 313. But such an attempt would be as unnecessary as fruitless. The Author of Nature has grouped these mpiads of individuals into species (50). When he called them into existence in their specific forais, he endowed each with the power of perpetuating its ovm kind and no other, so that they have descended to us distinguished by the same diflTerences of character and properties as at the begin- ning. When, therefore, the student has become acquainted with any one indi- vidual plant, he is also equally acquainted with all others belonging to the same species. a. Thus a single stalk of white clover becomes a representative of all the mil- lions of its kind that grow on our hills and plains, and a single description of die white pine will answer, in all essential points, for eveiy individual tree of that ancient and noble species, in all lands where it is found. 314. Again, the species themselves, although separated from each other by obvious differences, still are found to exhibit many constant affinities, whereby they are formed into larger groups, called geneka (52). Thus the white clover and t!:e red (Trifolium rcpens and T. pratense) are nnivei-sally recognized as of different species, but of the same genus ; and a single generic description of any 108 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. one plant of the genus Trifolium will convey intelligence, to a certain extent, concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 species. 315. Thus the whole vegetable kingdom is grouped into species, and the spe- cies themselves into genera. But natural affinities do not stop here. The genera are still too numerous for the purpose of clear and systematic study. The natu- ralist would therefore generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer and larger tribes or groups. Accordingly he finds, on comparing the genera with each other, that they still possess some characters in common, although, perhaps, of a more general nature than those which distinguish them among each other. These general characters, therefore, serve to associate the genera into a sys- tematic an-angement of Classes and Orders. 316. There are two independent and widely different methods of classifying the genera, winch have generally been approved, namely, the Artificial System of Linnasus, and the Natural Sys- tem of Jussieu. The former has for its basis those characters which are derived from the organs of fructification, leaving all other natural aflinities out of view. The latter, on the contrary, is founded upon all those natural affinities and resemblances of plants, by wliich Nature herself has distinguished them into groups and families. 317. In regard to the relative merit of these two arrangements there is now no longer room for comparison. That of Linnasus is truly ingenious and beautiful, and furnishes, perhaps, the readiest means for detennining the names of plants which has ever been devised; but this must be regarded as its principal use. Indeed, its author himself did not design it for any higher end, or claim for it any higher merit. 318. But, in acquiring a thorough and accurate kno-\dedge of the vegetable kingdom, the Natural System is not only the best, but it is the only method which can be relied upon for this purpose. The obscurity and misconceptions which foimerly embaiTassed the science of the vegetable stracture, so as to render this system una\-ailable, have now been so far removed by the labors of De Candolle and Lindley, in Europe, and of Drs. Ton-ey and Gray, of our own countiy, that it is brought generally within the scope of the ordlnaiy mind, and shown to be founded in true pliilosophy. Accordingly, it is now generally adopted. 319. Still, the difficulties attending analysis* by the Natural System alone, are confessedly too great to be successfully encountered at the thi'eshold of the science, by him who has it yet to learn. These arise, partly from the obscurity of the characteristic distinctions employed, and partly from the remaining in;ic- curacies of their definitions. On tliis account it has been thought best to retain, in this work, the artificial characters of the Linnsean Classes and Orders, in the * Analysis, as used in botany, denotes the dissection and examination of llie organic struc- ture of plants, in order to learn their characters, afFinitics, names, &c. See § 344—348. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 109 form of analytical tables, to be used simply as a guide in the analysis of plants, to point the Icai'ner to the place in the Natural System wliich his specimen occupies. 320. Tlie artificial arrangement consists of classes, orders, genera, and species. The two latter are the same as in the nat- ural system (50, 51), and the two higher divisions, classes and orders, have already been seen (74, SO) to be founded upon the number, situation, and connection of the stamens and pistils. CHAPTER XV. OF THE NATURAL SYSTEIVL 321. It is the aim of the Natural System to associate in the: same divisions and g^roups, those plants which have the greatest general resemblance to each other, not only in aspect and struc- ture, but also in projierties. 322. While the artificial arrangement employs only a single character in classification, the natural seizes upon every charac- ter in which plants agree or disagree with each other. Thus, those plants which correspond in the gi-eatest number of points will be associated in the smaller and lower di\'isions, as species and genera, while those corresponding in fev/er points will be assembled in divisions of higher rank. 323. By an acquaintance, therefore, with the characters of each of the families of the Natural System, we may at once determine to which of them any new plant belongs, what are its affinities with others, and what are its poisonous or useful properties. 324. Although the aim of this System is as above s'lited, yet the full consummation of it is still reserved for a future age. At present, though greatly advanced, we are still obliged to call in the aid of artificial characters, where Nature Ls as yet too pro- found for ordinaiy skill. Such aid is, for example, employed in the fii'st subdivision of Angiosperais. 10 110 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 325. The first and highest division of the vegetable kmgdom, aamely, into the Phcenogamia or Flowering Plants, and the Cryptogamia or Floiverlcss Plants, has already been noticed, and its distinctions explained, in Chapter III, and elsewhere. These grand divisions lie at the foundation of both the System '! of Linnteus and of Jussieu, and are truly founded in nature ; for The PlI^BNOGAMIA 1. Consist of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages. 2. They possess a woody and vascular structure. 3. They devclope flowers, and 4. They produce seeds. On the otlier hand The Cryptogam I A 1. Are destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves. 2. They possess a cellular structure only. 3. They do not dcvelope flowers, and 4. They produce spohes (129) instead of seeds. 326. These distinctive characters must not, however, be regarded as decisive in all cases; for the higher Cryptogamia. as the ferns, give indications both of a regu- lar woody axis and of a vascular stracture, while some of the lower Phrenogamia can scarcely be said to ])roduce flowers. And, universally, so gradual are the transitions from family to family and tribe to tribe, that it is impossible to fi.x upon characters so definite as to completely circumscribe any one group, while at tlie same time, they exclude every member of surrounding and approximating groups. 327. There is a small and curious order of plants of comparatively recent dis- covery, native chiefly of the East Indies, which appear, from the most authentic accounts of them, to form the connecting link between the Flowering and Flow- crless plants, combining a part of the characters of each, so that Ijotanists are at a loss to which it belongs. They possess a cellular structure, develope flowers immediately from the root, whence they are called Ehizanths {{"f»;, a root, acfli:,-, a flower) ; but their ovaries are said to be filled wth spores instead of seeds, and hence they are also called Sporogens. Ex. Rafflesia. 328. Again, the Pha?nogamia are very naturally resolved into two subdivisions, depending upon their manner of growth, called ExoGENS and Endogens, whose distinctions are briefly as fol- lows : — ' ExOGENS, 1. Growing by external accretions (196). 2. Bearing leaves which have reticulated veins (229) and which fall off by an articulation. 3. Seeds with tATO or more cotyledons (127) or dicotykdonoiu. ACROGENS. Ill Emdogens, 1. Growing by internal accretions (197). 2. Leaves parallel-veined (229) and decaying without falling off. 3. Seeds with one cotyledon (126) or monocolyledonoui. 329. Classes. The gi-oups above mentioned, compiising the whole vegetable kingdom, are again subdivided into six classes. The first two are formed from the subdivision Exogens, and are founded upon the presence or absence of the pericarp ; namely, Class I. Angiosperms, (as the oak, rose,) 1. Ovules produced within an ovary, and 2. Fertilized by the action of the pollen through the stigm£L 3. Becoming seeds enclosed in a pericarp. 4. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons. Class n. Gymnosperms, (as the pine, yew,) 1. Ovules produced naked beneath a scale-like carpel. 2. Fertilized by the direct action of the pollen without the stigma. 3. Becoming tnily naked seeds, that is, destitute of a pericarp. 4. Embryo mostly with several whorled cotyledons. 330. The next two classes are formed from the subdivision Endogens, and are founded upon the presence and absence of glumes or husks ; namely, Class in. AglumacevE or aglumaceous endogens, Plants of the endogenous structure with flowers constractcd on the usual plan; perianth verticillate, of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting. Ex. lily, orchis, rush. Class IV. Glumace^e or glumaceous endogens. Plants of the endogenous striicture, the flowers invested in an imbri- cated perianth of glumes instead of a calyx ; as the grasses, grains, sedges. 331. The Cryptogamia are separated into two great classes, called Acrogens and Thallogens ; the former including those tribes which make some approximation towards the Phsenoga- mia, and the latter including the lowest tribes of the vegetable kingdom. As their names indicate, they are distinguished from each other by their manner of growth ; thus. Class V. Acrogens (growing from ax^c?, the summit or point) have a regular stem, or axis, which grows by the e.xtcnsion' of the point, or apex only, without increasing at all in diameter, generally furnished with leaves, and composed of cellular tissue and ducts. Ex. ferns, mosses, club- mosses, and tlie Equisetacese. 112 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. Class Yl. TiiALLOGENS, consisting merely of cellular tissue, with a tendency to grow into a fiat expansion called thallus, but having no distinction of root, stem, leaves, or tiowcrs. Ex. Lichens, seawcedii, liverworts, fungi. 332. Affinities of the Six Classes. These may be represented to the sight by the following arrangement' Angiosperms. Gymnosperms. Aglumaccro. Acrogens. GlumacccC. Thallogens. Angiosperms stand in the highest rank, as tliey justly merit, by their superior organization. These are n(!arly allied to Gymnosperms by their mode of growth ; and, on the other hand, to Aglumaccs by their mode of flowering. Gymnos- perms are intimately connected with Acrogens through Equisetaceas of the latter, which stands intermediate : and the Aglumaceai approach the Glumaccie, almost indefinitely, through the Junccaj (rushes). Between the Acrogens and Thallo- gens a close relationship is established through the Musci (mosses), while the sporogms form the connecting link between the Endogens and the lowest tribes of vegetation, as the Fungi. Thus, from the highest rank we descend to tlie low- est, through Gymnosperms and Acrogens on the one hand, and through Aglu- macea; and Glumacca; on the other, forming a circle of affinities. 333. The mutual relations of the six classes with the higher divisions, arc pre- sented in the following synopsis : I-p ( Class I. AxGiosrERJis. 1.XOGENS; j f^iass II. Gymnosperms. ( Class III. Aglumaceous. E^°o«^^'^5J Class IV. Glu-maceous. Kingdom ; , ^lass V. Acrogens. [ Cryptogamia ; ^ ^lass VI. Thallogens. 334. Sub-classes. The classes are next to be broken up into smaller divisions. In effecting this object most writers have einployed artificial methods, since no natural one, founded upon clear and comprehensive distinctions, has yet been de- vi.sed. Tlius Angiosperms, which class is by far the largest of ihc six, is divided into three sub-classes. Polyfetal^, or poly- petalous Exogens, flowers with distinct petals; MonopetaljE, or MONoPETALous ExoGENS, flowors with united petals; Apet- AL.E, or APETALous ExoGENS, flower with no floral envelopes, or with a calyx only. 335. Orders, or Families, arc the most important of all the natural associations. On the accuracy and distinctness of the ORDERS. 113 characters of these, botanists have bestowed tiie highest degree of attention, and the student's progress will depend chiefly upon his acquaintance with them. 336. Orders are formed by associating together those genera which are the most nearly allied to each other, or to some one genus previously assumed as the type. Therefore, as the spe- cies form genera, so genera form orders. 337. In systematic works, the orders are also associated on natural principles into alliances, groups, &c., which are inter- mediate between these and the sub-classes, and are designated numerically, thus, group 1st, group 2d, Sec, or by names derived from a leading order. 338. In regard to their extent, the orders difier veiy widely, some consisting of a single genus, as San-aceniaceaB, while others comprehend hundreds of genera, as Compositor. For convenience' sake the larger orders are broken up into sub- orders, or tribes. 339. The Natural System, with its classes and subordinate divisions, may be exhibited in one view ; The Vegetable Kingdom is separated 1st, into Grand Divisions and Subdivisions. 2nd, 3d, 4 th, 5th, 6th, 7th, Classes. Sub-classes, Alliances, and Groups. Orders and Sub-orders. Genera and Sub-genera. Species and Varieties, and Lidividuals. W 114 NOMENCLATURE. CHAPTER XVI. §1. NOMENCLATURE. 340. The names of the Ordas are Latin adjectives, (feminine, pUiral, to agree with j)lant(E, plants, understood,) usually derived from the name of the most prominent, or leading genus, in each, by changing or prolonging the tennination into acecB, as Rosacecz, the rose tribe, Papaveraccce, the poppy tribe, from Kosa and Papaver. a. Earlier names, however, derived from some leading character in the Order, and with various terminations, are still retained. Thus, Compositce, with com- pound flowers ; Labiates, with labiate flowers. 341. Gaicnc names are Latin substantives, arbitrarily formed, often from some medicinal virtue, either supposed or real, or from some obvious character of the genus ; sometimes from the native counti7 of the plants, Or from the name of some distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, either Latin or Greek, are often retained. Examples of all these modes of construction will be hereafter seen. 342. Specific names are Latin adjectives, singular number, and agreeing in gen- der with the name of the genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded upon some distinctive character of the species; as Gerardia glaiica, glaucous- stemmed Gerardia; G. jmrpitrca, purple-flowered Gerardia; G. tenuifoUa, slender- leaved Gerardia. Frequently the species is named after some other genus, which, in some respect, it resembles ; as Gerardia quercifolia, oak-leaved Gerardia. G. ihlphini/olia, larkspur-leaved Gerardia. 313. Species, like genera, arc also sometimes named in commemoration of dis- tinguished persons. The rules given by Lindlcy, for the construction of such names, are, 1st, If the person is the discoverer, the specific name is a substantive in the genitive case, singular number; as. Lobelia Kalmii, Kalm's Lobelia; Pin-^s Frastri, Eraser's pine. 2d, If the name is merely conferred in honor of the per- son to whom it is dedicated, it is an adjective ending in nus, na, mm; as Erica Linmana, Linnajus's heath ; Rosa Lawrenciam, Miss La^vTcncc's rose. In these cases, and in all others where the specific name is derived from proper names, or where it is substantive, as it often is, it should begin with a capital letter. §2. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 344. The application of the niles of Systematic Botany to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c. iS called botaiiical anahjds. 345. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of examina- tion plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that is, not with- PRESERVING PLANTS. 115 ered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the examination of the minute parts of tlie structure, or of the flower. 346. The analysis of plants is a constant object of pursuit with the practical botanist. Without this cxcrcise.the study of authors will be of little avail. A more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of the dried, than by com- mitting to memory the most elaborate descriptions found in books. During tho flowering months, the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blossom, witli which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he will have gi-own fa- miliar with nearly, or quite, eveiy species of plants in his vicinity. 347. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immedi- ately requisite is its name. Kow, having learned by examination the organic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stem, &c., the experienced botanist, who has at his command the characters of all the Natural Tamilies, will at once determine to which of them the plant belongs. 348. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the characters of the orders. He must be gtiided to the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course of inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the convenience of all, wc are happy to be able to add a full series of Analytical Tables, which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting them almost im- mediately, to the object of tlieir research. Sec the directions. §3. OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 349. The student in botanical science should give an early and persevering at- tention to tiie collection and preseiTation of specimens of as many species of plants as he can procure. The advantages to be derived fiom such collections, cither in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in instituting a more thorough examination at one's leisure, are such as will afford an abundant com- pensation for all the labor requisite in preparing them. a. Such a collection of dried specimens of plants is called an uerbaeium, or by the more significant title, hortus siccus (dry garden). 350. The apparatus requisite for the accomplishment of this object is, 1st, a close tin box, 2© inches in length, and of a portable form ; 2d, a portable press, consisting of two boards of light material, 12 by 18 inches, opening and shutting by hinges, like the cover of a book, and secured by springs (even a large book is a good stibstitute) ; 3d, a quantity of smooth, bibulous paper, of large size (a dozen or more quires of ])rinting paper) ; 4th, eight or ten boards of the same size as the paper; 5th. a small sci-ew-press, or several lead weights of varioius sizes, fi-om 15 to 30 pounds each. 116 NOMENCLATURE. 351. In gathering plants for Uiis purpose, or specimens, as they are called, the smaller and licrbaceous plants should be taken up witli a portion of the roots, vfhile from larger plants there should be selected a shoot, with complete represen- tations of the leaves and flowers. They may be preserved for several days, with- out withering, in the tin box, or they may at once be laid between several thick- nesses of the paper, and enclosed in the portable press. It is always desirable that tlicy be gathered in a dry day ; if not, they should be freed from dampness before being committed to the paper and press. 352. In drjing the specimens, great care is required, that they may preserve well their natural appearance, form, and color. It is generally recommended that they be carefully spread out, as nearly in their natural position as possible, between 8 or 10 thicknesses of paper, and then submitted to pressure between the boards. The degree of pressure should never be such as to crush their parts, and may be easily regulated by the screw, or by the number and size of the weights tised. 353. As often as once a day they should be taken from the press, transferred to fi-esh and dry paper, and returned, until they are thoroughly dried, when they are ready to be transfen-ed to the cabinet. Others, however, recommend that the papers be not changed at all ; and that the plants remain undisturbed in their position, until they are perfectly dry. 354. The next object with the collector is the arrangement of his specimens. For this purpose, each one is first to be fastened to a sheet of firm white paper, about 10 inches by 18, either by glue or with loops of paper of the same kind, or tliey may be stitched to the paper with a fine needle. The latter mode, if done skilfully, is preferable. Then let all those specimens which belong to the same genus be collected together and placed within a folded sheet of colored paper, with tlie name of the genus and each species written on the outside. Each sheet should also be labelled with the names of the plant, the locality, time of gather- ing, habits, &c. 355. The genera are next to be collected together into orders, each order being wrapped or folded in a still larger sheet, of a difl'ercnt color from that which en- folds the genera, having the name of the order, with a catalogue of its genera on the outside. Thus an-angcd, the orders are to be laid away upon the shelves of a cabinet, or packed in a chest. To protect the plants from the attacks of insects, pieces of camphor gum are to be placed among them, or a piece of sponge satu- rated with the oil of turpentine. To save them from decay, they should be kept dry, and well ventilated. 356. Fruits and seeds which arc too large to be pressed with the plants, and also truncheons of wood, are to be preserved separately, in a cabinet INDEX AND GLOSSAHY. »*, The figures refer to paragraphs. A; ('', privative) in composition signifies without. Abortion ; an imperfect development of any organ. Absorption, 157, 15S, 272, 273, 274. Acaulescent, 1S4. Acccssoi-y ; something added to the usual parts. Accretion ; the growing of one thing to another. Accum_bent; lying upon. In the Orn- ciferaj it denotes tlie radicle lying upon the edges of the cotyledons. Acerose, 234, 20. Achenium, 110, 9. Achlamydeous, .'54. Acicular; needle-shaped. Acine ; a separate grain or cai-pel of a col lective fruit. Acotyledonous, 48. Acrogens, 331. Aculeate ; armed with prickles. Acuminate, 230, 3. Acute, 230, 1. Adherent, 97. Adnate ; growing to or upon, G9, 2. JEstiyation, lOS. Aggregate ; assembled closely together. Agiumaceous, 330. AVaj, 105, 5. Alburnum, 203. Albumen, 122. Alternative, 108, 5. Alveolate ; with partitions like a honey- comb. Anient, 299. Amplexicaul, 222, 3. Aniustomosiiig; the uniting of vessels; inosculating. Anatropous, 121. Ancipital ; two-edged. Androecium, 57, 65. Androgynous; with both stamens and pistils. Angiosperm', 329. Anthelmin'ic ; expelling or killing worms. Animal, definition of, 11. Antiseptic ; efficacious against putrefac- tion. Anther, G'''. Apctalaa, 331. Apetalous, without petals. Appressed ; pressed closely upon some- thing else. Apterous; without wings (or mnrgins). Aquatics ; growing in or belonging to the water. Arachnoid ; 41, a. Arboreous ; tree-like. Arborescent; belonging to a tree. Areolte ; having the surf ice divided into little spaces, or areas. Arlditv ; dryness. Aril, 119. Arlstate ; bearded, as in the glumes of barlev. Armed," 235, 7. Aroma ; the spicy quality of a thing. Articulation ; a joint ; the place where one thing is joined to another. Artificial Classes, 73. Artificial Orders, SO. Ascidia, 245. Ascending ; arising obliquely, assurgent. Assurgent; arising in an oblique direc- tion. Attenuate ; rendered slender or thin. Auricnlate, 232, 9. Awn, 25G. Axil (arm-pit); the angle between tha petiole and branch, on the upper side Axillary ; growing out of the axils. Axis, ascending, 19. Axis, descending, 19. 118 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Baccate ; berry-like, covered with pulp. Banner, 105, 5. Barli, 205. Beak ; a liard, short point, like the beak of a bird. Bearded; with long awns or hairs. Berry, IIC, 14. Bicuspidate ; with two points. Bidentate ; with two teeth. Biennial ; of two years' duration. Bifid; two-cleft. Bifoliate ; with two leaves. Bilabiate ; two-lipped. Bifurcate ; two-forked. Binate ; growing two together. Bipinnate, 2-10, 5. Bipinnatifid ; twice pinnatifid. Bisaccate ; with two tumors or sacks. Biternate, 240, 7. Bivalved ; two-valved. Botany defined, 1. Brachiate ; with opposite spreading branches (arms). Bracteate ; having bracts. BracteolcT; little bracts. Bracts, 252. Branchlets ; small branches. Branch, 170. Bristles ; rigid hairs. Bud, 20. 22. 16i>— 169. Bulb, 178. Bulbiferous, 178, c. Bulblets, 178, c. Bulbous ; having bulbs. Caducous, 98. Csespitose ; turfy, growing in tufts. Calycine ; of a calyx. Galyculated ; having bracteoles resem- bling an external or additional calyx. Calyptra; (an extinguisher) applied to the cover of the thecaof some mosses. Calyx, 55, 95. Cambium, 207. Oampanulate, 104, 1. Campylotropous ; denotes that the ovule is curved upon itself. Canaliculate; channelled, or furrowed. Canescent ; hoary, ajiproaching to white. Capillary ; very slender, hair-like. Capitate ; growing in a head. Capsule, lie, 1. Carina, 105, 5. Carinate, keel-shaped. Caryopsis ; a small, 1-celled, indehiscent pericarp, adhering to the seed which it encloses, as in the grasses. 116,8. Carpels, 77. Carpophore ; the axis of the fruit in the Umbellifcras. Cartilaginous ; gristly. Caryophyllaceous, 105, 4. Cathartic ; purgative. Catkin, 299. Caudate ; with a tail-like appendage. Caudex, 142, a. Caulescent, 1S4. Cauline, 220. Caulis, 18'1. Cellular; composed of cells. Cellular tissue, 29. Cellulares, 47. Cernuous ; nodding. Chatfy; with chatfhke processes. Chalaza, 91. Chemical basis of vegetable tissue, 28. Chlorophyll, 215, a. Chromulas ; green coloring-matter or par tides. Cilise ; hairs like those of the eyelash. Ciliate, 41, a. Circinate, 217, 7. Circumscissile, 115, 5. Cirrhose, 240, 2. Clavate ; club-shaped. Claw, 102. Climbers, 187. Cochleate ; resembling the shell of a snail. Coherine; connected. Collum,"l41. Columella, 116, a. Colored ; not green. Columnar; formed like columns. Column ; the consolidated stamens soA. pistils of Orchidaceaj. Coma, lis, a. Commissure ; the inner face of the car pels of Umbellilcra;. Compound leaves, 23S. Comose ; a kind of inflorescence, havinjj a tuft of sessile bracts on the top of it. Compound leaves; consisting of several leaflets. Compressed, 222, 1. Concave ; hollow. Concentric; points or lines at equal dis- tance from a common centre. Concrete ; hardened, or fomied into one mass. Confluent ; running into one another. Conjugate ; joined in pairs. Connate ; joined together at the base, 242, 4. Connectile, 68, h. Connivent ; converging. Conoid ; like a cone. Contorted ; lOS, 4, twisted. Convolute, lOS, 2. Convex ; rising spherically. Coral Islands, 12, c. Cordate, 2.3'!, 25. Coriaceous; leathery, thick, and tough. Corm, 179. Coriiute; horned. Corolla, 56, 100. Corona (a crown); the expanded cnp- like disk of the Narcissus, &c. Corymb, 301. Corymbose ; arranged like a coiymb. Costate; ribbed. INDEX AND GLOSSAUY. 119 Cotyledon, 125. Cotyledonous plants, 48. Creeper, 1S2. Oreiiate, '2.3.'), 4. Crenulate, 2.'J5, 4. Crisped, -23'), 10. Ci-uciform, 10.5, 1. (^ryptogamia, 3'25. Cucullate ; hooded, cowled. Culm, ISG, a. Cultivation, effects of, 1.5. Cuneate; wedge-shaped. Cupule ; the cup, or involucre, of the acorn, and of all amentaceous plants. Cuspidate ; like the point of a spear. A leaf is cuspidate when suddenly con- tracted to a point. Cuticle ; the epidermis ; scarf-skin. Cyathiform ; cup-shaped ; concave. Cylindraceous ; like a cylinder in form. (jyme, .307. Cymose ; arranged like a cyme. Decandrous ; with 10 stamens. Deciduous, 9S. Declinate; turned towards one side. Decompound ; more than once compoun- ded, as bipinnate, &c. Decumbent; lying down, or leaning on the ground. Decurrent, 242, 3. Decussate ; crossing each other at right angles. Deflexed ; bent downwards. Defoliation, 2-59. Dehiscence, 6S, a, 11;5. Deltoid ; shaped like the Greek letter A. Dentate, 235, 2. Denticulate, 2-35, 2. Depressed ; pressed inward or flattened from above. Diandrous ; with two stamens. Diadelpheus; h.aving the stamens united in 2 sets. Diaphanous ; transparent. Dichotomous; branching by two equal divisions ; forked. Dicli'ions ; (stamens and pistils) in sepa- rate flowers. Dicotyledonous plants, 127. Didymous ; two united. Didynamous ; having two long stamens and two short ones in the ^ame flower. Diffuse ; -vVide-spread, scattered. Digestion, 281. Digitate, 233, IS. Digynous ; with two pistils. Dioicious ; bearing staminate flowers on one individual, and pistillate on another. Discoid ; in the Compositse, when the flowers are all tubular in the same head. Disk, 107, I) ; also, the centre of a head in the Composite. Dissected ; cut into 2 parts. Dissepiment; the partitions by which the cells of the pericarp are separated. Dissemination of seeds, 13-5. Distichous; leaves or flowers in two op- posite rows. Distinct, 63, e. Divaricate; spreading in a straggling manner. Dodecandrous ; having twelve stamens. Dorsal, S4 (on the back). Drape, 116, 6. Ducts, 33, /. Duramen, 203. Echinate; beset with prickles. Elementary organs, 29, &c. Elliptical, 232,"2. Elongated ; exceeding tlie common length. Emarginate, 236, 4. Embryo, 123, 124, 130. Emollient ; softening. l^ndocarp, 112. Endogenous structure, 210, 211. Endogens, 126, 197, 328. Endopleura, IIS. Endosmose, 1.58, a. Endostome ; inner mouth or perforation. Ensiform ; sword-shaped, two-edged. Entire, 23.5, 1. Epicarp, 112. Epidermis, 35. Epigvnous, 107, />. Epiphytes, 1.50, L Equitant, 217, 1. Erose, 235, 5. Esculent ; eatable. Etiolated ; blanched or whitened. Exhalation, 269, 271. Exogenous structure, 198, 199, &c. Exogens, 127. 196, 32S. Exosmose, 1.5S, a. Exotic ; foreign ; not native. Exsertcd ; projecting or extending ont of the flower or sheath. Exsiccated ; dried up. Exstipulate, 251. Extrorse, 68, 4. Ffficula ; the nutritious part of wheat and other fruits. Falcate ; sickle-shaped ; linear and curved. Farinaceous ; mealv. Fascicle, 308. Fasciculated, 146, a. Fastigiate ; having a flat or level top. Faviise ; deeplv pitted. Featlier-veineii. 230, 1. Febrifuge ; efticacious against fever. Fecundation; the act of making fruitfuL Ferruginous ; iron-colored ; rusty. Fibrils, 142,3, 152. Fibro-vascular tissue, 260. Fibrous, 146. Filament, 67. Filiform ; shaped like a thread. 120 INDEX AND CLOSSAE.Y. Fimbriate; fnngcd. Fistular or fistulous; tubular. Flabelliform : fnn-sliap*d. Flexuous; bent in an undulating manner. Floating root, 119. Flonil envelope*;, or perianth, 54. Floral leaves, 252. Florets, 303, b. Flosculous; consisting of many tubular monopetalous flowers, or florets. Flower, origin of, 24. " consists of, 53. " physiological structure of, lOG. " normal stnicture of, (Jl, c. Flower-bud, IGG. Foliaceous ; having the fomi of leaves. Follicle, IK), 5. Foot-stalks; the stalks of either flowers or leaves. Foramen, 90. Fork-veined, 229, 3. Free, 97. Free central placenta, SS. Fringed ; having a border like a fringe. Frond ; the leaves of the ferns, palms, «&c. have been generally so called. Fruit, 109, 110. " growth of, 113. " ripening of, 114. " consists of. 111. Frutescent; shrubby. Fugacious, 2-'57, 1. Fungous ; of the substance of the Fungi. Funiculus, 91. Furcate ; forked. Fusiform, 145. Galea ; (104, 5) the arched wpper lip of a labiate flower. Geminate ; doubled. Genus, 52. Germ ; the old name of the ovary. Germination, 130 — 133. Gibbous; swelled out, protuberant. Glabrous, 237, 1. Glands, 44. Glandular fibre or tissue, 31. Glaucous; sea green; pale bluish green with a powder or bloooi. Globose; round or spherical. Glossology, 4. Giumaceie, 330. Glume, 2-')(). Granular; 147, (6, formed of grains or cov- ered with grains. Gregarious ; herding together. Grooved ; furrowed or channelled. Groups, 337. Gymiiosperms, 329. Gynandrous ; having the stamens and 'styles combined in one body. Gyncccium, 5S. Hairs, 41. Hastate, 232, 10. Habit ; tlie general a.spect or external features of a plant, by which it is known at sight. Head, 303. Helmet or Galea, 104, 5. Herb, 1G4, c. Herbarium, 349, 350. Heterogamous ; flowers not all perfect, some being neutral or pistillate. Hexandrous; having six stamens. Hilum, 120. Hirsute, 41, a. Hispid ; roush, with stiff hairs. Hoary, 237, 5. Homogamous ; flowers all tubular, simi- lar and perfect, as in some of the Com- posita?. Homogeneous; having a uniform nature or composition. Hooded ; curved or hollowed at the end , into the form of a hood. Hot springs, 12, e. Hyaline ; crystalline, transparent. Hybrid; partaking of the nature of two species. Hypocrateriform, 104, 3. Hypogynous, 107, b. Imbricate ; placed one over another, like the tiles upon a roof, lOS, S. Incised, 235, S. Incrassated ; becoming thicker by de- grees. Indehiscent, 115. Indigenous; native of. Indupl'icate, lOS, 7. Incumbent; lying against or across. In the Crucifei-aj it denotes that the radi- cle is applied to the back of one of tha cotyledons. Indusium ; the membrane that encloses the theca of ferns. Inferior, 97. Inflated ; tumid and hollow, blown up like a bladder. Inflexed : bending inward. Inflorescence, 285, &c. '' centrijjetal, 293. " centrifugal, 294. Infnndibuliform, 104, 2. Innate, GS, 1. Inserted into ; growing out of. Integument, llS. Intercellular passages, 30. Internode, 172. Introi-se, GO, 4. Involucel, 2;>l. Involucre, 2-y\. Involute, 217, 3. Irregular; unequal in size or figure. Keel, 105, 5. Kidney-shaped, 232, 12 (rcnifonn). Labcllum, 107, a. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 121 LaLinfp, 101, 5. I-acitiiii'c, '2!.'j, 20. Lactc'scent ; milky or juicy. Lainiiin, 10'2. Laiiatf ; woolly. Lanceolate, 23J, 5. I.atei-al ; relating to the sido. Latex, 20-5. LftticilcrouR tisstic, 3-1, 207, c. Leaf consists of, 27. " foi-mof, 2:J1. " color of, 215. " marj^iu of, 235. " MU-face of, 2.37. " functions of, 2^7. " duration of, 257. Leaf-bud, 107. Leaflot-s 23'J. Leaver, arra?ic;cment of, 215'. Lesuinc, ll'J, 4. Lesumii'""'^ ; havin. Nod. Vcrticillate, 218, 4. Vescicular; bjaddeiy. Vexilhiry, 108, G. Vexilluni, 105, 5. Villose ; villous ; clothed with long hairs. Vine, 187. Viscid ; clammy, sticky. Vittae ; receptacles oi secretion iu tha seed of Urabellifer£e. Whorled, 17.5. Winged, 222, 2. Wood, 201, 202. Woody tissue, or fibre, 30, CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. PART SECOND, -m^^^m- PREFACE TO THE TABLES. The following anahjl.kal tables, founded upon the artificial arrangetncnt of Linnosus, together with those of the succeeding pages nnder each natural order, are designed and presented simply as a mode of botanic analysis, which is, in some respects, new and improved. They are the result of much labor and investigation, since each character employed, required a previous examination of all the species included under it. They reduce the process of analysis to a simple series of dilemmas or alternatives, the decision being, in almost all cases, to be made merely between t(oo opposite or obviously distinct characters. These decisions or dilemmas being, nwreover, few in number, conduct the stu- dent with absolute precision (provided the tables be free from error and the specimen a good one), to the order or genus to which his plant belongs, by once reading across the page. The advantages thus afforded v»'ill be duly ap- preciated, at least by those who have hitherto been subjected to the drudgery of readintr through whole pages of dry generic descriptions, and that too, oft- en, without arriving at any satisfactory conclusion. In regard to the generic characters employed in the tables, it will be observed tliat they are drawn from leaves, fruit, floioer, or any portion of the plant which suited our convenience, our only inquiry being after those which appear to us the most obvious and constant. It should be remarked, however, that in many instances, these characters are not strictly applicable to all the known species belonging to those particular genera, but only to those which are de- scribed in this work, that is, found ia New England or New York. In our choice of terms we have always, of necessity, studied the utmost brevity of expression, but have used none but such as are explained in the glossary or in the body of the work. AUhougli the manner in which these tables are to be used will in general be obvious at a glance, yet it may not be unprofitable to attend to the follow- A 11 PREFACE TO THE TABLES. ing directions and illustrations. We will suppose the student to be in posses- sion of an unknown plant which he wishes to study by the aid of the Flora, in other words, to analyze. To this end, he first determines to which of the Linnaean classes it belongs, either by his previous knowledge of their char- acters, or by an appeal to the synopsis, page 3. Thus, he inquires, 1. Has tlie plant stamens and pistils? Answer It has. 2. Are they in the same, or in separate flowers.' In the same flower. 3. Are the stamens/z-ce from the pistils, or udhcrcnt to them.' Free. 4. Are they distinct from each other, or united? Distinct. 5. Are tliey of equai or unequal length ? Equal. G. What is their number? Ten. The plant is therefore of the class Decandria. The student now turns to class 10, and inquires, 1. What is the number of s s ^ CT :?J C^ OJ . Pi Q a < a; o ^ o O S p r/; Ci! " r3 fa r/3 Of='^ cc TETRANDRIA. U5 « W^CO OOD CO W5 CD O CO I^ VO-n'OOl ^■S fi- ,5 « 2 K •< J g.~ S si* < 6) o o ft, ti] sj to ^ tc'CQ « o M o f^!:^ f-ic§<;2; PENTANDRIA. PENTANDRIA. r-. 1-n QO 0< -O Q^A^ •VIiCA9CIX0IV[ HEXANDRIA. ENNEANDRIA. !>=•£ !<•? l^^(5-!<<;:qf^(i; i? K J S 6^!^ - ^ (ij •< "1 W J ;■= S S " w ?• f ■ 3 . • •III o f2 — $■-§ 5^ OO (is S 6 2 o ^ w s Q < H 0-1 K H Z H 02 72 <1 tJ III So, Z < fH o — « o i^ 2 :i >« • ? B .- O O .2 >-( ~ 3 t. - „ H -~ s^ .-s^ ? 0 green, colore openii celled, . Shr erbs. s abo\ pl^ « 1^ ;«4-'5 S H 2 02 02 < o6|5 .-^ S-l s4— 5. s8. C 4. 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CO tH •!»< cj o m cc C5 0} 05 O CV O! 00 CD 1-- ^ ^ • fei w H B g^ = ^?? « w^.§ ^^s s £^2" 2 0.g 3 • £: ^ a. p fc s g 8 S ^ S- >^ O a B ^ w^;KR^ rtSfe;fq U • M pj ^ W ^ C o ■ K 2 (or 3). Juic. 5, the two out peltate, petali small. Pedu rlace of the di ately divided, eltate. Flow O »! O 3 Ifll 2 (rt rt c: G ,. "iJ « £ S 3 3 p, £, bo bo^ ^ S »- (D tH fcH i >» ^ t g, cs ri rt -urj a rt ^ .r: ri; rt :^ C (U u Ph C-CQO ►J iJ r, X s< t^ — S oj OO <: ■1 ^ w Q o <: . c en H w H t— ^ H - '= Z c;2 w H ^ '' H t: 3 t^ = 1 U< i^ Cl . ■72 U2 c r! < fco J Z, u o =J 03 0 3 „ c _ 3 <£, •fe ^i. MONADELPHIA. SYNGENESIA. o oi CD CO CI 00 CO e^ B a .2 [^ k: « "^ a SI o § s ^ g fc ft i-j :§"S 3 ai -3 u 3 JS^S ^ ■ s s cS (3 R .2 ^ "^ . ^ «£ B "^^ 3 o "3 ,; c-2 s ^1 c ^1 rt II 8.S p. 1 71 ^ 3 be O — •S 2 f w'rfl' (L) (D — c c t3 f^'ii CO, LO Sf^ >5 03 C >-3 c ^ J3 ^. J J3 ^ « >< J3 J= rt cj »(» Ui'^ ucj 5^ — • CO C5 tU S. 3 ^JO ^ S> »J u -^ Oh Q < O ^ f^r C/2 w W t5 t^ ft, fe o> in a IS v o be m S « Id « i35 E^ ft, M K :J ■< "^ S H H O 2 w o w "3 ffi O O ^ 33 GYNANDRIA, 10 MONCECIA, &C. O) O CO O -^ 03 CO '^ O O -O t^ O C5 CO CD r~ -< •* C> t~ Tp C) 2 J2 O r4 CO O Crj rt ^ CO CO CI O) Ol Ol ^ CO '?) " 1^ ■C">' '>' JJ CO ^ S w 1^ • < < ^3 O g d Ix 2° J O o 2 fu K Pi <1 !» Pi *5 ^^ <: P S" ?r; o ,^ „C3 CD E Sm M -2 rf^; l"!,o H i-^'t Z -^'m 3 w s: 5 a ^ 5 . tn C3 ^;--3 02 < ■£ §^ V a> K°-« ••^ "1 S o^ feS^ ■3-3 m •ft Kisg — a P3 s >; w !^, M -a .J . -S •< a " K S ? .? ^ fc e 5- 'J 3 a 'i S a K ~ J^ C ;:^-^ f- :; v >~ ?; g o ^ io 5 c" f=^ ■§ ■Sf^s^ Q IS o Q TO fa H Eh 02 W CO <: J o 5 J £.— § -T3 g C J a, ,J3 01 o m £ c a, o 3 S ru =^ o 2 S cS ^-^ g . t; „; ^ cj S S" IVgg^l- -S trsgSg^'- s ^ & &■. *^ 2 il 'S, a, a- -^^•^ &3 Cc to 'saaHX saaaiig MONffiCIA, &C. 11 CRYPTOGAMIA- JCSO'MOOCOOOQOOtNO'ICDlO'MCOCiO—IOCJt^COCSO^C)— I-HIO T-iT-l rn T-1 •iicst^ in 0IOQ0C5O ^ 14 J: S: • ~S > ^■o r: - ° S S > -r? rfi «i^ - ^-^ rt t--»— : -S ^ ^ bi o 5 - S "> :/i '-s ii 3 c O 0>« ~~> m •r .s g r« m 3 « ? 2 o oi — ^ "^ a I 8 5 s = =» . o ^^ oi CO _,.—• rt rt g^£.pPHfeg2&H •-; '5 •- "" « 5 " > tC « Ti-^f^ 1^^" Is ^1 o ■3 0. ^■•3 'E 3 !?^ '•" m 3-0 (A Ul ,t=s rt ni I-. t-t "^^ .T^.ti ^ii vt O 0 0 0-3 '^'l'> §> — ^O o ^ "-^ 5s Jl 5-1 'E.'S M &£■ ? £ "H, C "= 03 ^~ O C "■' CS.Q s So o a "J .;: o c o 2 a w m w TO 0) *j t- (_ fc, I- r- O .p:^-T3 •^ cP^2 !=--S P. i^ [Infi, fct, fetl ABBREVIATIONS. Very few abbreviations or arbitrary characters are used in tliis work. The impressions- made by them upon the mind of the learner, even wlien well understood, are believed to be less vivid than those conveyed by a full and fair type. Abbreviated words, however, will occasionally be found, but as they are only those of more Irequent usage and are sim- ply shortened by the omission of the last letters or syllables, they will occasion little difficul- ty to the learner. Some of iheni are as follows ; ace. accumbent. ach. achenia. CBStiv. aestivation. (Uter. alternate. ajnplex. amplexicaul, ann. annual. anth. anther. Apr. April. Aug. August. axiil. axillary. bien. biennial. col. calyx. cor. corolla. Dec. December. decid. deciduous. dichot. dichotomous. ell. elliptical. einars- emarginate. fpig. epigynous. F(rb. February. Jil. filament, fl. flower. Jls. flowers. fr. fruit. /(. foot. hrt. head. hdf. heads. hijp. hypogynous. ivibr. imbricate. inf. inferior. invol. involucre. irreg. irregular. Jan. January. Jti. June. Jl. July. leg. legume. Ivs. leaves. lorn, loment. Mar. March. Nov. November. Oct. October. opp. opposite. ova. ovary. ped. peduncle. per perennial. pet. petal. perig. perig^'nous. recept. receptacle. reg. regular. seg. segment. Sept. September. sta. stamens. stig. stignja. sds. seeds. It is aside from the design of a work purely elementary' like the present, to burden its pages with long lists of synonyms and authorities. Of the former we have introduced only such as have been in more general use among us, and are adopted in such works as those of Torrey, Nultall, Beck, Bigelow, Eaton, &c. In regard to authorities lor specific and generic names, we quote none except where .synonyms are introduced, or where we are indebted to colemporary authors of our own country. These names are sometime* quoted in full type ; others are abbreviated as follows ; Aitt Alton. Hook. Hooker. Pfts. Persoon. jB«>. Bigelow. Jus. Jussieu. Poir. Poiret. Br. Brown. L. Linnaeus. P. Pursh. Dr. DeCandolle. Lind. Lindley. Raf. Rafinesque. Darl. Darlington. Imtji. Lamark. Rich. Richard. Desf. Desfontaines. Lee. Le Come. Spr. Sprengel. Dew. Dewey. L' Her. L'Heretier. Sw. Swartz. Ell. Elliot. Manch. Mcenchauson. S^n. Smith. Ea. Eaton. MuJi. Muhlenberg. T. ^ G. Torrey and Gray. G-n. Gmelin. Mr. or M. Michaux. Tor. Torrey. Groii. Gronoviiis. N. or Nutt. Nuttall. W. Willdenow. &c. OF THE NORTHERN SECTIONS OF THE U. STATES, PARTICULARLY OP FIRST GRAND DimtSION, PH.ENOGAMIA OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants consisting of a regular axis of growth with leafij appendages ; composed of a cellular^ vascular and ligneous structure ; developing flowers and producing seeds. SUBDIVISJON FIRST, EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of distinct bark and pith with an intervening layer of woody fibre and vessels. Growth by annual, concentric, ■exteinal zones or layers. Leaves mostly with reticulated veins and falling off by an articulation. Sepals and petals in 5s and 4s much oftener than in 3s. Embryo with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS. Ovules produced within an ovary and fertilized by the pollen through the medium of the pistil, becoming seeds enclosed in a PERICARP. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons. SUBCLASS I. POLYPETALJ5. Floral envelops usually consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of distinct petals. B KANUSCULACE,E, 14 ORDER I. RANUNCULACE^. The Crowfoot Tribe. Calyx — Sepals usually 5, sometimes 3, 4 or 6f mostly decMuous and imbricate in oEstivation. f'oToUa — Petals '3 — 15, sometimes 0, hypogyiioHs. Stamftis — Indefinite, numerous, distinct, hypo^^nous ; — anthers adnate or innate. Ovaries — Numerous, rarely solitary or few, seated on the torus. Fruit — Achenia, baccate or follicular. A moderately large order of plants, g-enerally herbs, in a few instances climbing-. The leaves, Which are mostly aiierwate, are variously divided, with half-clasping petioles. Very few of the genera are found in hot climates. Properties. Almost all the genera contain an acrid juice highly prejudicial to animal life, but easily decomposed and deprived of its activity by a heat of 212 deg. They also lose tlieir poisonous qualities in drying. This order is rich in ornamental cultivated plants. Conspectus of the Genera. 1 ; anthers introrse ; / '""'■'=""^'' "^''^"^ "^ °''''^"?' j^'""":, \ ' ' ( racemes long, virgate, Cimiafuga. 2 J-. I petals not spurred; flowers erect, NIgelki. ^17 ' I petals spurred, equal ; flowers iiodiVing,- A'juilegia. I'i 'ju 1.» J o ^ . ( corolla irregular ; sepals 5, | "PPCT'^'"= f P^^^ed at base, mphmmm. 10 Styles ^2 — 3; ) 6 i i ' | upper one large, vaulted, Aronitum. 14 I corolla regular; fruit follicular, Peronia. 10 ( fruit acheiiiT • ) '^■*- entiWor palmately div. Ranunculus. 4 r petals 5-1.5 ; ' { Y^"--"^' P''"!'"'^'/ '"^ided, Mo^. 15 ( fruit follicn • leaves eauline, Trolhus. 12 .„_,..! Uruit lollicu., I leaves radical, Coptis. 11 ■''1 f involucre calyx-like, near the flower, Hepatica. 7 I petals 0, the! involucre leal-like, distant from the flower, Anemone. ($ [ calyx colrd.; ! I Ivs. opposite ; stem climbing, Cle7nuti.s. 5 I involucre 0; J ( 2-3-ternate, T/ialirtrmn. 3 ( Ivs. alternate, I simple, Caltka. 'J ( 2 only, Hydrastis. 8 1. ACTiE' A. Calyx 4-sepalcd, deciduous; petals 4, often wanting; stig- ma 1 ; berry 1-cellcd, man^-seeded ; seeds hemispherical. Gr . ax-Tt), the elder, which plant these herbs resemble in foliage. Cal. infe- rior, of four circular, obtuse sepals. Pet. oblong, clawed. Fii. about 30, dilated above. Aiith. 2-lobed. Ova. ovate. Stig. sessile. Berry globular, smooth, with a lateral furrow. Seeds in two rows. — Perennial herbs with palmately divided leaves. 1. A. RUBRA. B. A. Americana, P. Leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme hemispherical ; petals acute ; pedi- cels of the fruit slender; berries red, ovate-oblong. Not uncommon in rocky woods, and rarely found in the borders of fields. The stem divides into two branches, one of which usually bears leaves only, the other, leaves and a btinch of flowers. The leaves are irregularly 2 and 3-ternute with leaflets ovate- lanceolate, variously lobed and cut. Petioles lengthened, smooth as well as nearly the whole plant. Raceme of flowers dense, white. Pedicels smallest in their midst. Plantabout2feethigh, slightly glaucous. May. Red Baiuberrij. 2. A. ALBA. B. A. Americana, /3 alba. P. Leaves twice and thrice ternate; rficeme oblong; petals truncate; pedicels of the fruit thicker than the peduncle ; berries white. Resembles the foregoing in foliage and habits, but is readily distinguished bj' the racemes, wl>ic!*- are narrower and much longer, by the thickened pedicels and tiie milk-white fruit. U'hitc Buncberry. KANDNCCLACE^. ^5 RANeNeCLES. 2. CIMICI'FUGA. Calyx 4— 5-sepaled ; corolla 4— 6-petaIed, sometimes want- ing; follicles 1 — S, oblong, many-seeded. Lat. cimex, a hug,fugo, to drive away, imJieating a certain supposed prop- erty of one of tiie species. Plants herbaceous. C. RACEMO'S.'V.. Ells. Actaea racemosa. P. Leaves ternately decompound; lenflcts ovate-ob'long, eut-dentate ; ramncs very long ; capsules follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate ; s/ylel. A tali, leafy pknt, with the aspect of an Actaea, found in upland woods. Stern 4—8 feK high with lono- panicled racemes of white sepaled, and monogynous flowers. Pe- tals small, 4—6. Stamens about 100 to each flower, giving the raceme the appearance of a long and slender plume. Flowers very fetid. The Indians use the root to cure the bite of the Rattle-snake. Jn. Jl. Per. Black Snake-root, 3. THALI'CTRUM. Calyx 4— 5-sepaled, colored; corolla 0; seeds without awns. Said to be from BuXXa), to begreen. Sepals roundish, concave, deciduous. Fil. numerous, compressed, dilated upwards, longer than calyx. Ovaries su- perior, numerous. Sty. 0. Stig. many. Achenia ovate. 1. T. DIOI'CUM. Very smooth; leaves decompound; leaflets roundish, with obtuse lobes; fiUments filiform ; fluwers dioecious. Herb 1 or 2 feeihigh, growing jn mead^ ows and woods. Stem striate, jointed. Leaflets paler beneath, w^th o to / rounded lobes or teeth. Flow^s in -long-stacked panicles, bepals o e/s woolly in a long cylindrical head.'" N. Y. Vt. Lebanon, N H. Plant 2 feet high, the diverging, subumbelled peduncles a thiid as long. Flow- ers pale yellow, large, solitary. Heads of carpels an inch in length. May. Jn. 5. A. MULTi'fiDA. Do. a. Hudsoniana. Rich. Hairy; /ear cs ternately divided; segments cuneiform, 3 cleft, gashed, the lobes linear acute, those of the involucre and involucels similar, on short pe- tioles; sepals 0 — 8, oval-obtuse. About a foot high. Flowers white, yellow, red or purple. Sepals covered witii a silky pubescence outside. In the val- leys of the Hudson and Ct. 6. A. CORONA'RIA. Leaves ternate, with multifid segments and linear, mucronate lobes ; senals 6, oval, close. From Levant. A hardy flowering plant, with large, single or double variegated flowers. May. Puppy Anemone. 8. A. horte'nsis. Leaves 3-parted, with crenate, cut-dentate lobes ; invnl. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets; sepals 10 — 12, oblong. From Italy. A fine garden species, with double and semidouble varieties of red, white and blue flowers. May. Star .'humonc. Anemonies prefer a fresh, loamy soil. The root is commonly planted in October, but if planted every month they flower every month. 7. HEPA'TICA. Involucre of 3 bracts, entire, resembling a calvx: calyx of 6 — 9 petaloid leaves, disposed in 2 or 3 rows: achenia awnless. Gr. 'riTfo.'ciy.oi, of the liver; the three lobes of the leaf have been compared lo the three lobes of the liver. Invol. of 3, ovate obtuse, hairy leaflets, situ- ated on the scape a short distance below the colored calv-x. A small genus of .small perennial herbs. H. TRI LOBA. Chaiz. Anemone Hepatica. L. Leaves trilobate, the lobes entire; scape one-flowered, hairy. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snow-bank. The root con- sists of numerous and strong fibres. Leaves all radical, on long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into 3-lobes which suggestall its names. Flowers on scapes 3 or 4 inches long, solitary, numerous, generally blue, but EAN0NCULACEJE. 21 l^ELPHINIUM. frequently in varieties of white and flesh-color. They are also sometimes double. In respect to the form of the leaves there are two varieties : a., ohtuga, lobes obtuse, rounded; /3. acuta, lobes acute. Grows in woods, the former variety prefering the south side of hills, the latter, the north. In the garden, it makes a fine border flower. April. Livericort. Early Anemone. 8. HYDRA'STIS. Calyx 3-sepaled; corolla 0 ; berrj composed of one-seeded acines. Gr. 'f^^g, water; in reference to the humid places in which it grows. Cal. of 3, ovate, regular, colored leaves, a little longer than the numerous fil. Sty. numerous. H. Canade'nsis. Stem with 2 alternate leaves above, which are petiolate, emarginate at base, palmate with 3—5 lobes; peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. The only species. In bog meadows. The root is of a deep yellow color internally. Stem 6 — 9 inches high, becoming purplish, hairy above. Flowers solitary, white, of short duration. Fruit resembling the raspberry, red and juicy. May. June. Turmeric-root. 9 . C A L T H A . Sepals 5, orbicular; petals 0; capsules 5 — 10, one-celled, many-seeded. Gr. y.aXct.&oi, a goblet ; in allusion to the form of the yellow calyx which may be well compared to a golden cup. Sep. petaloid, inf. Nee. 0 ; Fil. many, shorter than sep. Ova. 5 — 10, obi. compr. erect. Styles 0. — Aquatic herbs. C. PALU'STRIS. Stem erect; leaves cordate, suborbicular, acute, crenate. A smooth, hand- some, early flowering plant, native of wet meadows, which it adorns with a profusion of dark green leaves and bright yellow flowers. Root large, branch- ing. Stem about a foot high, hollow, round, dichotomous. Lower leaves on loner, semi-cylindric foot-stalks. Upper ones sessile, all of a deep, shining green, veiny and smooth. Flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts, on simple, axillary stalks. The outer row of filaments twice as long as the inner, club-shaped. The young leaves are in great request in spring for greens. A variet}', with double flowers is cultivated in gardens. May. Per. Cowslips. Mci^sh Marygold. 10. DELPHI'NIUM. Calyx of 5 sepals, colored, the upper one spurred ; corolla 4-petaled, very irregular, terminating behind in a tubular, nectariferous spur, enclosed in the spur of the calyx; styles 1 or 3; follicles 1 or 3. Gr. 2i\. ln-p'..rviRms, in several row*, imbricate, in. restivatioii >Vn.— Indefmiv li\ :'--■' n-u^, disiincl, -,villi short fdiiuu-uts aud adiuue anthers. Oi-a.— Sevcnil. ii! m:.; > ,n\v< upon an rloji-aled toru;,^ J?f .—Follicular, I r ljai.L-j.lc, I— •J-.-.-i-ded. ,, , , 6V,,._Auached U) th« laiicr .snlure of the carpels from wliicli [in Maguoha] tiiey are suspen- ded by a long;, delicate funiiuhis. An order containing but lew genera, includiuR, however, some of the most splendid and iJiajestic forest trees. The Southern States seem to be the region ot most ol Iheni. Cliiua, Japan and llie Indies coma in a tew- . . , , ... ■ ■ i Proptrlies The bark of tlie species mentioned below contains an intensely bitter pnuciplo, which i.s tonic aud stimulating, and the corollas are aromanc beyond almost all other flowers. Genera. Tarpel^ dehicent bv the dors3.1 suture, seeds pendulous, . . . Magnolia, 1 •Carpels indehiceut,' seeds eiiclo.sod, not peudulou.s, . - • Linodtndron, '^ 1 . M A G N O ' L I A . Sepals 3 — 5; petals 6—12, caducous; carpels 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded, imbricated into a cone ; seeds baccate, subcor- date and suspended. Named in honor of Pierre Magnol, physician and botanist of Montpelier, France, author of ' Botanicum Montpeliense,' l(i7G. A superb genus, con- sisting mostly of large trees, with luxuriant foliage, and large, fragrant flowers. 1. M. CLAU'CA. Leaves oval, glaucous beneath; vetah obovate, tapering to the base. _^Thia species is native in N. Eng. pa,rtictilarly at Gloucester; RIs, and in the Middle n menispermacejE. 26 liriodenj.ron. States. The tree is about 25 feet in hight, remarkable only for the beauty of its foliacre and flowers. The leaves are smooth and entire, of a regularly ellip- tical form, remarkably pale beneath. Flowers terminal, white, solitary, of 3 sepals and several concave petals, appearing in July. White Bay. 2. M. grandiflo'ra. This is the noblest species. Although inferior in size to the Tulip-tree, yet no tree of the Americati forests can compare with the stateliness of its form or the magnificence of its foliage and flowers Its ordinary stature is about 60, rarely 75 or 80 feet, with a diameter of 1 — 3 feet, The trunk is nearly straight, covered with a greyish bark, bearing a pyramidal summit. Foliage e.xceedingly rich and shining. Flowers white and fragrant, nearly a foot broad, and often very numerous, presenting the most brilliant display of vegetable luxuriance tliat can be imagined. It is common in the Southern States, but not found farther north than Pennsylvania. Big-Laurel. Magnolia. 3. M. acumina'ta. Leaves oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath ; petal sohoxaie, obtusish. Grows near the falls of Niagara, but is more abundant in the S. States. It is a noble forest tree, equal in size to the preceding. Trunk perfectly straight, bearing an ample and regular summit. Leaves very acuminate. Flowers o — 6 inches in diameter, bluish, sometimes yellowish white, numerous and finely contrasted with the rich dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3 inches long, cylindric, bearing some resembla.nce to a small cucumber. May. Cucumber Tree. 2. LIRIODE'iNDRON. Calyx o-loaved ; petals 6 ; seeds ending in a scale ; carpels imbricated in a cone. Gr. Xiiptov, a lily, dii/a^ov, a tree. The flowers, which may be likened to' lilies or tulips, grow upon one of the loftiest trees of the forest. 1. L. tulipi'fera. Leaves truncate at the end, vi^ith 2 lateral lobes. The Tulip {ree,both in respect to its size and beauty, is one of the most remarkable in the American forests. It is found in the southern part of Ms. thence in the Atlantic States to Carolina, but is especially abundant in the Western States. It is ordinarily about 80 feet high, with a diameter of 2 or 3 feet ; but along the Ohio and Mis- sissippi rivers trees of this kind have been not unfrequently found nnieli ex- ceedinir 100 feet in bight, with a diameter of 4 — (J feet, inferior in dimensions only to the Pine. The trunk is perfectly straiglit and cylindric, and the branches disposed with much regularity. In June and July it puts forth numerous large and brilliant flowers, variegated with different colors, among which yellow predominates. They are solitary, terminal, fragrant. The foli- ao-e is very luxuriant, dark green, smooth, on long petiole.^. The wood is considered valuable for tarious kinds of lumber. Tulip Tree. ORDER V. MENISPERMACE^. The ■Moon-seed Tribe. JV5.— Di.-scious. . ... , . ... , . , Cjx/.—Sepals 3— 8, in a double series, 2 — l in each, imbricated in pcstivation, hypofr., tlccKi. ;<,7n.— DisUnc.t or nionadelphouSj equal in number to the petals and oppo.site to them, or 3 Anth.—lnn-dlc and consisting of 4 globose lobe.s. (or 4 times as iitony. Oua.— Usually solitary, sometimes 2— 4.— Pruir,- a drupe, glcbose-renilorm. BEEBKRIDACEJE. 57 This order is neither large nor important. Most of the genera which compose it are natives of Tropical Asia and America. They are mostly twining shrubs or herbs. The only .Nor- thern genus is Menispermum. _ ..,-.• , » f ,„:„„ Provertieis. A few plants of this order contain a bitter principle m their rool.s. A foreign species of Menispermum vields the Colimibo of the shops, whicli is a valuable tome ; and aiiother genus, Anamirta coculus of India, furnishes the ImJian cockle, so intoxicating to hshes. MENISPE'RMUM. Flowers dioecious; sepals 4— -8, in a double row; petal 4-^ 7, minute, retuse. Sterile Fl. Stamens 12— 20. Fertile Fl. Ovaries and styles 2 — 4; drupes 1-seeded, seed lunate and compressed. Gr. f^rivr,, the moon, oTriQfAo., seed; on account of the crescent form of the fruit. M. Canade'nse. Stem climbing ; leaves cordate, roundish, angular, peltate, the petiole insert- ed near the base : racemes co\iipound; petals 8. In woods and hedges. Stem 8 or 10 feet long, with alternate leaves about 5-angled, and on long stalks. Flowers in axillary clusters, small yellow. The root is perennial, and is used in medicine as a tonic. July, fi, lobatum hsiS leaves lohed. Moon-sccd. ORDER VI. BERBERIDACE^. The Berherry Tribe. Cal —Sepals 3— 4— G, imbricate in two rows, often reinforced by petah .id scales />r._Hypoln«^t.— Generally opening by recurved valves, extrorse. Oa.— One-celled, solitary, simple. Style often lateral. Shg- often lateral or peltate. Ft. — Berried or capsular. , , , , , ,„ Sds.—One or few, attached to the bottom of cell, or many, attached to lateral placentaj. A small order mhabiting the Temperate Zones. Some genera, as the Podophyllum and Jeflersonia, possess cathartic properties. Others, as the Berberis, contain in their Iruits malic and oxalic acid. Li habit they are generally herbaceous, only a few attaining to the structure of shrubs. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Petals S, flower on a scape, .Tefferxnnia. 3 ( Leaves not peltate ; | Petals 6, with a scale at base, Lenntice. 4 Herbs,perennial; I Leaves peltate; stamens numerous, . . • Podophyllum. 2 Shrubs, With yellow tlovvers and irritable filaments, .... herben.^. l 1. BE'RBERIS. Calyx 6-sepaled, inferior; corolla 6-petaled ; two glands at the base of each petal; style 0; berry 1-celled. Name derived from the Arabic. Sep. 6, obovate, spreading, colored, the ,3 iouter smaller. Pet. 6. roundish. Fil. flattened. Anth. 2 separate lobes on the opposite edires of the connectile. Ber. oblong, pulpy, 1-celled. Seeds 2, 3. Fine hardy shrubs. B. vulga'ris. Racemes pendulous, spines 3-forked ; serratures of the leaves terminated by eoft bristles. A well known bushy and ornamental shrub, loving hard grav- elly soils. Grows 3— 5 feet high. Leaves obovate, serrate, well d^istinguishe4 by their bristly serratures. Flowers yellow, in hanging clusters. The stameiis BERBKRIDACEiE. 28 LEONTICC. on being touched exhibit a remarkable degree of irritability by springing vio- lently against the stigma. Berries oblong, scarlet, very acid, and when boiled with sugar form an agreeable jelly. The bark of the root dyes yellow. Jn. Berberry Bush.. 2. PODOPHY'LLUM. Calyx of 3 sepals, caducous; corolla G — 9-petalled ; stamens numerous, with linear anthers; berrj 1-telled. crowned with the single stifrnia. Gr. TFO'ji, -T^odoi, a foot and CpvyXav, a leaf; in allusion to the long, firm petioles. Cal. of 3, oval, obtuse, concave leaves, falling when the flower ex- pands. Pet. obov. concave, smooth, longer than stam. Anth. as long agaia as til. Fr. large, ovate. Low neat herbs. P. PELTATUM. Leaves peltate, lobed ; fioircrs 3. Grows in woods and cultivated grounds, especially common in Western N. Y. It is among our more curious and inte- resting plants. Grows about a foot high. Stem round, sheatlied at base, erect, dividing into '2, round leaf-stalks, between which grows the flower. The leaves are large, smooth, deeply divided into 5 — 7 lobes, which are each 2-parted and dentate at the end. They are often peltate, but generally separate at base quite to the petiole. The flower is stalked, drooping, white with a 3-leaved, caducous calyx, and a corolla of about G petals, often more, curiously reticula- ted with veins. Fruit about the size of a plum, ovate, yellowish, acid, eatable, ripening early. The root is cathartic. May. ?ct. May afptc. Wild Mandrake. 3. JEFFERSO'NIA. Calyx of 4 sepals, colored, deciduous; corolla of 8 petals, incurved, spreading ; stamens 8, surrounding the ovary ; cap- sules obovate, stipitate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence. Named after President JeiFerson.who was distinguished as a patron of science. Small plants, remarkable cluefly for the curious structure of the capsule, which opens like a snuti'-box. J. diphy'lla. Acaulescent ; pedimcles naked, l-Rowered; hares in pn'iis. A singular little plant, half a foot hio-h, growing in calcarious soils, N. Y. and Ohio. Petioles all radical, each bearing at the top a pair of binate leaves, which are placed base to basif, and broader than long, ending in r^n obtuse point. Bracts lanceo- late, entire, at the bases of the petioles. Scape as long as the petioles, 1 -flow- ered. Flowers large, regular, white, starlike. The capsule opens only half round, and has, therefore, a persistent lid. Thia plant has, in Ohio, the repu- tation of a stimulant and antispasmodic, and is there significantly termed Rheumatism Root 4. LEO'NTICE. Calyx 6-sepaled, inferior; corolla 6-pctaled ; cells of the anther opening at the edge; capsule berry-like, 1-celled. Gr. >.tojVj a lion ; the leaf is likened to a lion's foot-track. Nectaries (i, attached to the claws of the petals. Seed naked and stiped after having burst its caducous pericarp. KELPMBIACEJE. ^9 NELtTMBICM. h. TIIALICTROI'DES. L. Canlophyllum thalictroides. Mx. Smooth ; leaves h\teTnaie and triternate ; leaflets oval, the lower ones petioled and lobed ; the terminal one 3-lobed. A handsome herbaceous plant, commen in woods. Stem one or two feet high, dividing at the top into two branches, one of which is a thrice conipountied leaf-stalk ; the other bears a twice com- pounded leaf and a small racemose panicle of flowers. Leaves dark green, resembling those of the Thalictrym, and still more those of the Columbine .(Aquilegia.) May. Per. Fujjpoose Hoot. ORDER VII. CABOxMBACE.E. ne Watcr-Targct Trile. Cal. — Sepals 3 — I, cnlored inside. Cor. — Petals 3 — 1. alteniatc* with the sepals. Sla. — Hypogynous, either G or mure tliun 17; anth. innate. Ova. — '2 or more ; stig. simple. Fr. — Indehiseent, tijiped by the hardened style. ^s. — Globular, pendulous. A small order of aquatic plants, ■(vith centrally noltate, floatinff leaves, and yellow or pur- ■ple flowers., which are axillary and solitary. I'he two genera which alone compose this order are both American, and arc timnd t'rom Cayenne, S. A. to N. Jersey. The Braseniii ot'Torrey antl -Gray's Flora, [Hydropeltis of Michaux] is found still larther north. BRASFJNIA. Sepals 3 — 4, colored within, persistent. Petals 3 — 4; stamens IS — 36 ; ovaries 6 — 18 ; carpels oblong, ovate, 2, or by abortion, 1-seeded. Eng. brassct signifies a helmet or target. Curious water-plants, with a leaf like a shield. The stem, peduncles, and lower surface of the leaves, covered ■with a gelatinous and viscid transparent substance. B. PELTA'ta. p. Hydropeltis purpurea. Mx. Leaves peltate, oval, entire ; ■peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. An aquatic plant of curious structure. It inhabits u)t.iddy shores and pools usually in company with the water lily (NymphsBa.) The leaves are elliptical, on lonor fle.xible petioles, floating on the surf ice of the water, smooth and siiining above, purplisli beneath. It is very exactly peltate, .tlie stalk being inserted in the cen- tre. The whole plant e.xcept the U[)per surface of the leaves is covered with a slimy mucilage. Flowers purple, on long, slender stalks. July. Per. WuLer Tarsei. ORDER IX. NELUMBIACEiE. The miumho Tribe. Ch/.— Sepals 4—5. Ojr. — Petals numerous, in many rows, arising- from without the disk. Sla. — Numerous, in several rows ;_/?/. petaloid; anth. adnate. introrse. Oca. — Ntimerous, separate, -with a simple style and stiffina, half enclosed in hollows of the Fr. — A nut, g-enerally one-seeded. [elevated, fleshy and excessively enlarged torus. >5y,«.^-Destitute of albumen, and ^vith a highly developed embryo. This order comprizes but the sui^le genus, Nelumbiura, one of tlie species inhabiting the still waters of tropical regions, and the other, of the United Stales. The nuts are eatable, and indeed all other parts of the plant. NELU'MBIUM. The characters of the gengs the sa,nne as those of the order. .Called in Ceylon, JVeluvtbo, kymph^gaceje. ■ 30 N. LU'teUM. W. Cyamas Nelumbo. L. Leaves peltate, orbicular, entire. A magnificent flowering plant, peculiar to the nsuddy lakes and stagnant waters of the South and West, bnt is occa- sionly met with in Ct. and N. Y. The rhizomacreeps in the mud at the bottom, in depths of water from 2 or 3 to 10 feet. From this arise the simple scapes and petioles, to the surface. I^eaves very large, smooth and verdant, round- ish, the petiole inserted one side of the centre. They sometimes cover the entire surface in large patches. The flowers bear a general resemblance to the pond lily, but are several times larger, and want its fragrance. The petals are broad and concave, of a brilliant white, becoming yellow towards the centre. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of acorns, and are roasted and eaten as nuts by the Indians, or dried and pulverized into a bread meal. ii'ater Clunquupin. ORDER X. NYMPH J!:ACE^. TU, Water Uhj Tdbe. Cal. — f Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, g:ra(lnally passiiis into each other. S-^v Cor. — I persistent. Pet. inserted upon ihe diisk -which .surrounds the pistil. Sta. — Numerou.s, in several rows upon the disk. Fil. pelaloid. Antk. adnate, intror.se. Ova. — Many-celled, many-seeded, surrounded by a fleshy disk. Sds. — AUaehed io the spongy placenta;, and enveloped by a gelatinous aril. A small order of aquatic plants, inhabiting the northern hemisphere- The general aspect of these plants is that of an endogen- but they have two foliaceous cotyledons. — The stems of the >.'ympha?ace.'e contain a powerful astringent principle, which is removed by repeated washnig in water, after which they are tasteless, and may be used for food. Two of the genera are tbuiul in the Northern States; Nijmphfea, winch has flowers of a white or rose color, and Nvphnr, with yellow flowers. 1. NYMPPK^'A. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals ; corolla of numerotts petals inserted on tile disk; stamens giadually transformed into petals; stig, suriounded with rays; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. The Greek JS'ijviph or Naiad of the waters. Beatitiful aqtratic plants. N. odora'ta. Leaves orbicular, cordate, entire, tlie lohes arnminate and veins projninent beneath ; calyx equaling the petals, 4-leaved. The White Water Lily is truly one of the most lovely of flowers, possessinor beaoty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. It grows onl^' in ponds and quiet streams, wheie the water is of sufficient depth to protect the plant from the frosts of winter. The rhizoma is several inches in diameter, extending in its muddy bed beneath the water, to a great length, and seniHng up leaves and flowers to the surface. The leaves are nearlv round, entire, of a fine glossy green, cleft at the base to the petiole, and floating on the surface of the water. The flowers consist of four sepals, white within, numerous, lance-shaped petals of tlie most delicate white- ness, often tinged externally with red, and a great number of yellow stamens beautifully carved. The filaments are gradually dilated from the inner to the outer series, so as to pass insensibh- into petals. Flowers in July, sometimes in such profusion as to mantle t!ie surface of the water, and perfume the air with exquisitt! fragrance. Per. While Wata- Lily. 2. NUPHAR. Calyx 5 — 6 sepaled ; corolla of numerous minute petals^ inserted with the truncated stamens ou the torus; stigma SARRACENIACEJE. 31 SARRACENIA. discoid, with prominent rays ; pericarp many-celled, many- seeded. From the Arabic name which ia navfar. Sep. oblong, concave, colored, much larger than the pet. which are furrowed at the back. Fil. numerous, linear. Anth. linear, 2-celled. Stig. circular, convex, with many radiating clefts. 1. N. ADVE'NA. Mt. Nymphasa advena. Mx. Calyx G-leaved ; fetals numerous ; margin of the stigma crenate ; lohcs of the leaves divaricate. Very common in ditches, sluggish streams and muddy lakes, often covering the entire surface with its leaves. A well-looking and very curious plant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with some jus- tice, the frog lily. The stem (rhizoma) is large, creeping extensively. Leaves laro-e. dark green, shining above, and, when floating, pale and slnny beneath. Pefioies half-round. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect on a thick, rio-id stalk. Its most conspicuous partis the calyx, of which the 3 outer sepals are yellow inside, and the 3 inner entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. June, July. Per. Ydloic Pond Lily. 2. N. KaLMIA'NA. Jiit. Nymphffia Kalmiana. Mx. Leaves cordate ; lobes approximate ; calyx 5-leaved ; stigmas gashed, 8—12 rayed. A smaller species with small yellow flowers, growing in similar situa- tions with the last. The leaf is smaller, with a roundish petiole. July. Per. Kalvls Pond Lily, ORDER XI. SARRACENIACE^. C«/.— Sepals 5, persistent, with a,3-leaved involucel at base. Estivation imbricate. Cor. — Petals 5, unquiculate, hypog-ynous, concave. .5«a.— Numerous, hvpogynous. .ji««A. oblong, adnate, introrse. Om— 5-celled, placense central. ■! Sty. single. Stig. dilated, peltate, 5 -an|;led. i?r.— Capsular, S-celled, 5-valved; crowned with the broad, persi-stant stigma. Sds. — Numerous, minute. An order consisting of two genera, one inhabiting the bogs of N. America, the other in Guiana. In habit they are herbaceous, with fibrous roots and radical leaves, liaving hollow, urn-shaped petioles [ascidia, 244] with an articulated lamina. SARRACE'NIA. Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bracts at base; petals 5, deciduous ; stigma very large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and stamens; capsule 5 celled, 5-valved, many- seeded. Named for Dr. Sarrazen of Quebec, who first sent this genus to Tourefort from Canada. The genus embraces six species, of which one only is native of the N. Stales. S. purpu'rea. Leaves radical, decumbent, inflated, contracted at the mouth, winged on the inside, much shorter than the scape, with the broad, cordate, erect lamina articulated to the mouth. The Sarracenia, or Pitcher plant, as it is sometimes called, is certainly one of the most curious of all plants. It grows in wet meadows and on muddy shores, often in great abundance, where it is conspic- uous for its tall, nodding, dark purple flowers. The leaves are large, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form petiole, swelling in the middle, with a winged, wavy PAPAVERACKJB. 32 CHELIDONIUM. appendage extending lengthwise inside, and the cordate lamina as above, with inversed hairs at the mouth. Their capacity, when of ordinary size, is about a wine-glass, and they are generally full of water. The scape is a foot or more high, round, smooth, supporting a large, nodding flower, which is almost as curious in structure as the leaves. June. Per. Side-saddle Flower. ORDER XII. PAPAVERACE.E. The Poppy Tribe. Cal. — Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous, imbricated in rcstivation. Ck>r. — Petals 4, rarely 5 or 6, hypog-ynous. jSta.— Often numerous, but some multiple of 4, rarely polyadelphous. Anth. innate. Oi'o, — Solitary, style short or 0. Stig. 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ovary. Fr.— Either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placentfE, or capsular with several. Sds. — Very numerous, minute. More than two-thirds of the genera of this order, which is small, are native of Europe. Inhabit, they are herbaceous or shrubby, and hav£ a milky or turbid juice. Flowers mostly showy, but never of a blue color. Almost all the genera contain active, narcotic properties, principally resident in the turbid juices. The seeds are commonly rich in fixed oil. Thu order contains many highly ornamental, cultivated plants. Conspectus of the Genera. ( I.eaves unarmed, entirely green, cauline, . . . Chelirlonium. 2 f yellow ; ( Leaves armed with prickly'iteelli, blotclied with wliite, Argemone, 3 orange-red ; leaves radical, reniform; capsule terete, . . Sangumaria. 1 white ; leaves unarmed, caulinCj capsule globose, . . . Pn/iarcr. 4 colorless; leaves nmltifid with hnear segments ; capsule terete, ClirijseU. 5 1. SANGUINA'RIA. Calyx 2-sepaled, caducous ; corolla 8-petaIed ; stamens nu- merous; stigma 1, 2-lobed, sessile; capsule pod like, 1-celled, 2valved, many-seeded. Lat. savffuis, blood ; all parts of the plant when wounded discharge a blood- colored fluid. Sep. concave, falling as soon as the corolla expands. Petals generally 8, in two series, the 4 outer ones longer, giving the flower a quad- rangular outline. Anth. obi. yellow. Sty.O. Pod obi. ovate, acute at each end. S. Canade'nsis. Lcapes solitary, radical, reniform ; scope naked, 1 -flowered, sheathed at base; petals spreading, regular. The only species. An interesting flower of fertile woods, groves, &c. appearing in early Spring. Ilhizoma fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised, as well as every other part of the plant, exudes a blood-colored fluid. From each bud of the root-stock there springs a single, large, glaucous leaf, and a scape about G inches high, with a single flower. The whole plant is smooth. The leaf is kidney shaped, with roundish lobes separated by roundish sinuses. The flower is white, square and on a round scape. It is scentless and of very short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. April. Per. Blood Rout. 2 . C H E L I D O' N I U M . Calyx 2-sepaled, corolla 4-petalcd ; stamens numerous ; stifr- 1, small, sessile, hilid; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, 1-celled ; seeds crested. Or. %sXiS»i', the swallow; because it was thought to flower with the arri- val of that bird, and to perish with Us departure. Sep. roundish. Pet. rouodiiih, PAPAVERACEJE- 33 flat, narrowed at base. Fil. about 30, shorter than cor. Ova. long as stam. Style 0. C. MAJUS. Leaves pumate, lobed, the segments rounded; floicers in umbels. A plant found under fences, by road sides, &c. yielding a yellow juice. Stem 1 — 2 feet high with pinnate, glaucous, smooth, spreading leaves. Flowers yellow, in thin, axillary, stalked umbels. Petals elliptical, entire, and like every other part of the plant very fugacious. The juice is used to cure itch, and to destroy warts. May— Oct. Per. Celandine. 3 . A R G E M O' N E . Calyx 3-sepaled, caducous; petals 6; stamens numerous; capsules obovate, half-valved. From argema, a former name for the cataract of the eye, which was thought to be cured by this plant. A small genus of annuals. Sep. roundish, con- cave, pointed. Pet. roundish, larger than cal. Fil. as short as the cal. Stig. sessile, capitate, 4 — 7-lobed. Caps, opening at tip by valves. A. Mexica'na. Leaves pinnatifid, gashed, spiny; fiowcrs a.iillary ; capsules 6-valved. A weedy plant in cultivated fields, &c. about 2 feet high, with prickly stems and leaves. It abounds in a milky juice which changes in the air to a fine, briglit, gamboge yellow, and is said to be an active medicine, used for cutane- ous eruptions, jaundice, sore eyes, fluxes, &c. Flowersyellow. Jl. Horn Pojjpij. 4. PAPA'VER. Calyx 2-sepaled, caducous; corolla 4-petaled ; stamens numerous ; capsule 1-celled, opening by pores under the broad, persistent stigma. Celtic, papa, pap, that is, a soft food given to children, in which the seeds of the poppy were boiled to induce sleep. The species are all exotics. 1. P. somni'ferum. Calyx and capsules smooth, /ear C5 clasping, gashed, glaucous. This and other species of the Poppy is of a fine appearance, with large brilliant flowers, often cultivated among the ornamental plants of the garden. Every part of it, but more especially the capsule, abounds with a white milky juice, powerfully narcotic, and which, vi'hen hardened inthe air, forms the opium of the shops. The juice is obtained by incisions made in the capsule. For this purpose it is extensively cultivated in Europe, Persia, Turkey and India. Opium acts as a pov.'erful stimulus, followed by narcotic and sedative effects When taken into the stomach it operates directly upon the nervous system, destroying irri- tability and pain in the most distant parts of the body. In large doses, it immediately induces stupor, followed by delirium, convulsions, apoplexy and death. The use of opium as a stimulant cannot be too much reprobated. It soon becomes an inveterate iiabit, impairing the digestive organs and consequent- ly weakening the whole body. Tlie memory and all other intellectual powers of its victims soon fail, they become prematurely old, and soon sink into the grave, objects of loathing and pity. June, July. Ann. Opium Poppy. 2. P. Rh.eas, Capsules smooth, nearly round ; stem many flowered, hairy; leaves cut- pinnatifid. Naturalized and cultivated. About 2 feet high. Flowers very F0MARIACE5;. 34 large and showy, of a deep scarlet red. Varieties are produced with various shades of red and particolored flowers, more or less double. June, July. Ann. Common Red Poppy. 3. P. Orienta'le. Capsules smooth ; stems 1-flowered, rough ; haves scabrous, pinnate, serrate. Native of Levant. Stem 3 feet high. Flowers very large and of a rich scarlet color, too brilliant to be looked upon m the sun. June. Per. This, as well as all other species, is of the easiest culture. Oriental Poppij. 5. CHRYSE'IS. Calyx of 2 sepals, coherincj by their edges, caducous; pe- tals 4 ; stamens numerous, adhering to the claws of the petals ; stigmas 4 — 7, sessile, 2 — 3 of them abortive; capsule pod- shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many seeded. Gr. XigviTHoi, golden, gilt; in reference to its large golden yellow flowers. Annual herbs with glaucous, pinnatifid leaves. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the odor of muriatic acid. 1. C. CaliFo'rNICA. Lind. Eschscholtzia Californica. Cham. Stem branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; calyx ovoid with a very short, abrupt acumination ; petals\ix\g\\i yellow, with an orange spot at base. A very showy annual, common in our gardens. Native of California, Oregon, »fcc. The foliao-e is smooth, abundant and rich, divided in a twice or thrice pinnatifid manner into linear segments. Flowers 2 inches broad. 2. C, CRO'CEA. Lind. Eschscholtzia crocea. Cham. Stem branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a much dilated limb; cahjz obconic, with a long acumination ; flowers orange yellow. From California. Leaves and flowers as in the preceding, except the latter are more of a reddish hue. Cultivated. ORDER XIH. FUMARIACE^. The Fumitory Tribe. Fls. — Irregular. Sep. 2. deriduous. . . Cor.— Hvpoa;. 4-pctaled,' parallel, one or both of the outer, saccate, 2 inner cohering at apex. Sta.--(i. cliadelphous ; Jil. dilated ; ant/i. adnata, extrorse, 2 outer, 1-celIed, middle, 2-ceUea. Ona.— Superior, 1 -celled; sty. filiform; stig. with two or more points. Fr.— Either an mdehiscent nut, 1— 2-seeded, or a pod-shaped capsule, msny-speded. Sds. — Shinina:, ariled. , • , ■ u . A small order, containing: several beautiful herbs, inhabiting thickets in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. They have generally dehcate, bnttle stems, with flowers arranged in racemes or cymes, purple, wliite or yellow. They possess no r^njart- able action upon the animal economy. Conspectus of the Genera. { fr. a pod-shaped caps. Conjdalis. 3 ( only 1 of the outer, sacc. or spurred, ( fr. a subglobose nut, Fiimaria. 4 ( distinct, I 'J outer equally saccate or spurred, .... Dielytra 2 Petals 1 united, base bigibbousj apex '1-lobed; climbing herbs, . *. . Adlurnm. I 1 . A D L U' M I A . Calyx of 2 small sepals; petals 4, united in a fungous mo- nopetalous corolla, persistent, bigibboys at base and 4-lobed FUMARIACE.'E. 35 at apex; stamens united in 2 equal sets; pod 2-valved, many- seeded. Etymology unknown. A tall climbing annual. A. CIRRHO'SA. Raf. Fumaria fungosa. JV. Corydalis fungosa. Perj. SZcw climbing; leaves cirrhose ; cj/jncs nodding, axillary. A delicate climb- er, native of rocky hills, known in our gardens by the name of Mountain Fringe. Stem striate, many feet in length. Leaves decompound, divided in a pimiate manner, ultimate divisions 3-lobed, smooth, their foot-stalks serving for tendrils Flowers very numerous, in axillary, pendulous cymose clusters, pale pink. Calyx minute. Corolla slightly cordate at base, of 4 petals united into a spongy mass, cylindric, compressed, tapering upwards. 2-lipped. This plant is of very rapid growth, of the easiest culture, and well adapted to the arbour by its abundance of delicate foliage, and its profuse flowering, which continues all summer. Per. Mountain Fringe. 2. DIELY'TRA. Calyx of 2 small sepals; corolla of 4 petals, the two outer equally spurred or gibbous at the base: stamens united in 2 sets of 3 in each ; pod 2-valved, many-seeded^ Handsome perennia;! herbs, of small stature. 1. D. CUCULLA'RIA. Dec Corydalis cticullaria. Pers. Scape naked; raceme simple, 1-sided; spurs 2, divaricate, as long as the corolla; style, included; root tuborcled. A smooth, handsome plant, pretty com- mon in the woods of N. II. The root consists of a number of tubercles about the size of peas, and of a briglit yellow color, collected togetlior in a scaly sack. Leaves radical, a little glaucous", decompound, the last divisions linear oblong, obtuse. The scape bears at top a short raceme of odd- looking flo\yers, white, tipped with yellow. Calyx minute. Corolla distinguished at sight by the 2 obtuse, diverging spurs. Stam. 3 on each lip. May , Jn. Dutchman's breeches. 2. D. CaNADE'NSIS. T.SfG. Corydalis formosa. P. Ptacemc naked, nodding, many-flowered ; spvrs 2, short, incurved ; style ex- serted; root tuberous. This plant resembles the last, but is rather larger and much more beautiful, both in lespect to its nodding cluster of rose colored flowers and numerously divided leaves, which are decompound and very glau- cous beneath. Flowers larger than in the last, with shorter spurrs. July. Rose-colored Dlelytra. 3 . C O R Y' A L 1 S . Calyx of 2 small leaves; corolla of 4 petals, one of which is spurred at base; stamens 6, diadclphous ; pod 2-valved, compressed, many-seeded. The Greek name for the Fumitory, from which genus this, as well as the two preceding, was taken. Filaments 6, united inio 2 equal sets by their broad membranous bases, which sheath the ovary. Small herbs. 1. C. GLAUCA. Stem erect, branched; haves glaucous, decompound, segments cuneate, 3- cleft; bracts linear, minute; spur one; jiods linear, as long as the pedicel. CRUCIFER^^E. 36 Found on rocky hills. A smooth, delicate, glaucous plant, about 1 foot high. Root fusiform. The leaves both from the root and stem are variously subdi- vided, mostly bitornate, with smooth leaflets about ;}-cleft, and together with the whole plant, covered with a fine glaucous dust. The stem divides above into an irrea'ular panicle, with very curious and delicate flowers. The cilyx consists of 2 ovate acuminate leaflets, between which, placed crosswise, is balanced the tul>ular, ringent corolla with closed mouth, and behind, a single, rounded spur, the whole beautifully colored with alternating shades of light red and yellow, and about iialf an inch long. On dry rocks, with little soil, the plant is sometimes found with a simple :5tem,and a single terminal flower. May — Aug. Bicnn. Glaucous Corydalis. 2. C. au'rea. Stem branching, diff'use ; leaves bipinnated ; Irafle.ts linear-lanceolate, lobed, acute at each end; racemes one-sided, opposite tlie leaves and terminal; bracts lanceolate, 'S times as long as the peduncle. About a foot high, with, finely divided leaves. Flowers yellow, about half as long as the slender, terete, torulose pods which succeed them. May, Aug. Ann. Golden CorijUalis. 4. FUMA'RIA. Calyx 2-sepalecl ; corolla 4-petaled, one of the petals spur- red at base; tilaments in 2 sets each, with 3 anthers; nut ovate or globose, 1 -seeded and valveless. Lat. fumus, smoke, from its disagreeable smell The species are handsome annual weeds. Cal. caducous, inf Cor. irregular, tubular, spreading at the apex. Fil. as in Corydalis. F. officina'lis. Sfcm branching, spreading. Leaflets crenate . lanceolate; caj'sulc a globose- retuse nut. A small erect plant, common in sandy fields and about gardens. Leaves supra-decomi)ound, the last divisions linear-lobed, dilated upwards. Flowers purple, in rather loose racemes. Pedicels in fruit erect, twice as long as the bracts. July— Aug. Ann. Fumilurij. ORDER XIV. CRUClFERiE. The Cruciferous Trlhc. frt?.— Sepols 4, ilecidiimis. [ing in die form of a cross. Car. (_)f 4 rff;ul;ir petals, Oieir claws inserted into the receptacle, and tlieir limbs spread- Sirt.— 0, 2 of llieiii upon op))o.site sides shorter than the other 4. Ora.— Composed of two united carpels witli two parietal plaeentce, united by a meinbran- Fr.—A siliquc or siliele u.sually two-celled. [ous false disscpimeiil,— Ji«ig-»ias two. S,/,<._Allnchi;d in a single row to each side of the plaeentic;— «/6H?ne« 0. Embryo, with the two cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. A very natural order, largor than any of the prccedinpr, of an herbaceous habit, witli alternate leaves :uid yellow'or while flowers; occasionally a species is found with purple flowers. Of llie iidn sp.iifs included in this order, only Ui are peculiar to this conthieiii. The greater pari -.wi- {••uui\ \u the Temperate Zones. Pmpntks. The Cruciicrx as a class are of much importance to man. They furnish sev- eral alimenlary articles which are 'very nutrieious, as the turnip, cabbage, cauliflower; several others are used as amrliments : as mustiird. radish, eoehleana, &c. They all possess !i peculiar acrid, volatile principle dispersed tlirouph every pan, often aceompanied by an etlierial oil abounding: in sulphur. They are ahso remarkable for eontaining- more nitrujri'n than other vegetables, for wiiich reason ammonia is generally evolved in their pulrifaetion. In medicine they are eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. None are really poisonous, although very acrid. The root of Isalis tiiicluria allurds a blue coloring matter. CRDCIFERJE. 37 CARDAMI^-E. Conspectus of the Genera. * Cotyledons accumbent (0=;). Seeds generally oompressed. f silique terete ; calyx bisaccate, . . Cheimnthtts. 10 «;i:^„«-o- * ' * ■ ,;i;„ „,:,\. 1 one nerved. . . . Arabis. 4 ?.nM^?nJ U'^'-T ', i funicu. Slender. Cnrdaviine. 2 *;;i;;^"^'," i ^''^ ^'^^'^*' ^ nerveless ; | f„„ie„i„s dilated, De„taria. 5 ' I Sds in tAvo «erie-- ' ^''^l^'^* convex; Ivs. pinnately divided, Nasturtium. H I'' ' " "' \ valves flat ; leaves toothed and entire, Turrith. S f valves seiniglob.:stam, toothless: fls. white, Coclilearia. 9 f Septum broad ; j , stamens some of them toothed, Alyssum. 11 ( valves flat, { , „ ..11 ( cal. bisaccate, Ltmftrin. 1'2 Siliculose- ^^'^«"^'°°^Wess;|^.^ly^,q^^,^'^,„,„. 3 ' ''eotum linear- i cells many-seeded; valves winged on the back. ThinspL 1 \ '' 'I cells one-seeded, Pteris. 14 I Septum transverse: silicle tomeutose. 2-jointed. 2-seeded, C'ahile. 13 " * Cotyledons incumbent (ojj ). Seeds ovate. <,jjjjgjg . I Silique 4-cornered ; eal)-x closed, ..... Erysimum. 15 '1 SiUoue rouniUsh- 1 '''^'>'^ bisaccate ; stig. 2, seeds sub-3-angled, Hesperis. 20 ' ' ( calyx reg^ular, Sysimbnum. 16 |- ( valves flat ; silicle 1-celled, 1-seeded, . Ji:atis. 22 ! Septum elliptic ;<,. f caulescent, . . Camdina. 17 Siliculose:^ r=^'*=^ ^'^''""="*«! i ^'emless, aquatic, . Subularia. 19 i Sep. ven,- narrow i^'['^'e'"^?u'«'"-''^cordate, . . 0,p>,;eUa. 18 I sil. ovate or subcor.,[cotyl. sometimes ace.,] Ltpidtum. 21 *** Cotyledons conduplicate (o»). Seeds globose. ''iliauose • J ^'''' '•■'^Jisversely manv-celled; sds. in a single series; Ivs. lyrate, Enphanus. 3.3 'I Silique 2-celled : -j *'^'5->^ spreading, style acute, . . . ^m,ph. 2:3 /* ( calyx closed, style obtuse, . . . Brn).-c//rtto is from S. Europe. Stem a foot high. Flowers purple, terminal, in simple umbels, and like the rest of tlie genus, remarkable for having the two outer petals larger than the two inner ones. June, July. Purple Caiuhj-tvft. 2. I. ama'ra. Herbaceous ; leaves lanceolate, acute, somewhat toothed ; flotpers corymhed, becoming racemed ; .?«7/c.'e obcordate, narrowly emarginate. Native of Eng- land. Stem a foot high. Fowers while. June, July. Bitter Candy-tuft. 3. I. pinna'ta. Herbaceous, smooth; /rnce^ pinnatifid ; racemes corymhose, but little elon- gated after flowering. From S. Europe. A foot high. Flowers white. Jxi. August. fVing-lmVid Candy-tuft. 4. I. saxa'tilis. Shrubby ; leaves linear, entire; somewhat fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate ; flowers in corymbs. From S. Europe. Near a foot high. Flowers wliite. April, June. Rock Candy-tuft. Twenty-four species of the Iberis have been described, others of which are equally ornamental with those above mentioned. CRUCIFERjE, .44 CAMELINA. Tribe 2, NOTORHIZE.E. Cotyledons incumbent ( o|| ). Railidc dorsal. Seeds ovate, never margined. 15. ERl'SYMUM. Silique columnar, 4 cornered 5 stigma capitate; seeds in a single row ; cotyledons oblong, calyx closed. Gr. £gv4», to cure ; on account of its salutary effects in medicine. E. CHEIRANTHOI'DF.S. Pubescence minute, appressed ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate or entire; sili- que erect, twice as long as the pedicels ; stioina small. By streams and in wet grounds. Stem often branched, 1 or '2 feet liigh. Flowers small, yellow. Siliques an mch in length. July, Aug. Ann. 1 G . S Y S 1' M B R I U M . Siliques cylindrical ; cotyledons incumbent, sometimes ob- lique, flat; calyx mostly spreading, equal at the base. The ancient Greek name of some unknown plant. Stigmas 2, somewhat distinct or connate. 1. S. OFFICINA'LE. Erysimum. L. Siliques close pressed to the rachis of the spike. Leaves runcinate. In cultivated fields, among rubbish, »fcc. Stem 18 inches high, round, branched, more or less hairy. Leaves lyrate, toothed, the lower segments lanceolate, and placed at right angles to the petiole or pointing backwards; upper leaves in 3 narrow segments, placed at right angles. Flowers small, yellow, termi- nating the spike, which becomes long and environed with the appressed, sessile pods. June,— Oct. Ann. Medicinal. Hedge Mustard. 2. S. Sophi'a. Leaves bipinnate; segments oblong-linear, incised ; petals shorter than ca- lyx ; calijx half as long as pedicel. In sandy fields. Stem 2 feet high. Flow- ers yellow. April. Ann. Flax-icecd. 3. S. THALIA'NA. Gray. Arabis thaliana. L. Leaucs hairy, subdentate ; radical ones petiolate, oblong; stein branched, hairy at the base ; siliques ascending, twice as long as the pedicels ; calyx much shorter than the pedicels. Rocks and dry hills. Stem G inches high, erect, with slender branches. Flowers very small. Siliques slender, | incii in length. April, May. Ann. Mouse-car Wall Cress. 17. CAM EL I'M A. Silicle obovate, or suhglobose, with vcntricose valves and many-seeded cells; style filiform; cotyledons incumbent. A conU-action Cot chajnne-l ilium, dwarf flax. Style rather long. Stamens not toothed. Seeds oblong, striate, not membrane-winged. C. SATi'VA. S«7tc/e obovate, pyriform, margined, tipped with the pointed style; leaves subentire, lanceolate, sagittate. Grows in fields. Stem straight, erect, Id CRUCrFERJE. 45 HESPERIS. inches high, branching. Leaves clasping the stem, with their arrow-shaped bases, the margin nearly entire, tapering to a point. This plant is cultivated in Europe for "the seeds, from which an oil is expressed. Flowers yellow. June. Ann. Madwort. False-jiax. 18. CAPSE'LLA. Silicle triangular, cuneiform; valves boat-shaped, wingless, coriaceous; cells small, many-seeded ; cotyledons incumbent. Name, a diminutive of cajisuh, on account of the little, inversely-heart- shaped silicles. A genus removed from Thlaspi on account of its incumbent cotyledons. C. BURS.\-PASTo'ris. Dc. Thlaspi bursa-pastoris. L. Plant hairy; silicle triangular, obcordate, wingless; cells many-seeded; radical leaves pinnatifid. The Shepherd's Purse is found every where in pastures and by road sides, flowering from INIarch toOct. Stem round, branch- ing, from a few inches to a foot high. Root leaves rosulate, hairy, more or le^s pinnatifid and toothed. Stem leaves much smaller, auriculate at base, sessile. Flowers small, white, in racemes which continue to ascend and put forth new blossoms until the late frosts of Autumn. Silicles smooth, triangu- lar, emarginate at the end, and tipped with the style. Ann. Shepherd's Purse. 19. SUBULA'RIA. Silicle oval; valves turgid ; cells many-seeded; stigma ses- sile; cotyledons linear, curved. Named in reference to the linear-subulate leaves. A small aquatic plant. S. aqua'tica. The only species. . Grows on the muddy shores of ponds, in Maine. Autt. Leaves all radical, an inch in length, awl-sliaped. Scape two or three mches high, racemose, with a few minute, white flowers, on slender pedicels one or two lines in length. Jiwlwort. 20. HE'SPERIS. Calyx closed, furrowed at base, shorter than the claws of the petals; petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate ; silique 4- sided, 2-edged or subterete ; seeds not margined ; sligm.as forked, with the apices converging. Gr. io-TTiQvi, the eyening; the flower is more fragrant towards evening. 1. H. matriona'lis. Stnn simple, erect ; leaves lanceolate, ovate, denticulate ; petals emarginate, mucronate; pedicels as long as the calyx. A fine garden perennial, said to be found native about Lake Huron. Stem 3 or 4 feet high. Flowers purple; often double and white in /3, hortensis. Roclf-ct. 2. H. apri'ca. Stem simple, erect, pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, ciliate-hispid ; pedicels as long as calvx. From Siberia. Stem a fpot high. Flowefs pur- ple. Mav, June. Per. Siberian Rocket. CRUCIFERJE. 46 21. LEPl'DIUM. Silicic ovale, emarginate ; valves carinale, dehiscent; cells 1-seeded; cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. Gr. >.£7rt«, a scale ; the form of the silicles is that of a little scale. Petals obovate. Sepals ovate. Silicle 2 celled, the partition very narrow, crossing the greater diameter. Seeds ovate. 1. L. VlRGl'NlCUM. Leaves linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate, smooth; stamens 2—4, silicle orbicular, emarginate ; cott/l edmis accnmhent; s/c?)i branched above. In san- dy fields, flowering from June to Oct. Stem rigid, round, smooth, a foot high. Flowers and capsules very numerous, in a panicle of racemes. Flower very small, white, diandrous. Radical leaves pinnatifid, the cauline ones narrow, with a few long teeth. Silicles ions-shaped, with a notch at tlie end. It has a pungent taste lilce the garden peppergrass. Ann. JVild Peppergrass. 2. L. SATi'VUM. Silicles orbicular, winged ; haves variously divided and cut ; branches with- out spines. A well known, annual, garden salad, flowering in July. Common Peppergrass or Cress. 22. ISA'TIS. Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with carinate, na- vicular valves, which are scarcely dehiscent. Gr. iirci^M, to make equalj; the plant is believed to remove roughness from the skin. Dissepiment obliterated. I. tincto'ria. Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat spathulate at the end, very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. The Woad is native of England. It is oc- casionally cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that may be substituted for Indigo. The plant grows about four feet high, with large leaves clasping the stem with tiieir broad bases. Flowers yellow, large, in terminal racemes. May — July. Bien. Woad. Tribe 3, ORTHOPLOCEvE. Cotyledons conduplicate, or folded together lengthwise on the radicle (o» ). Seeds globose, never margined, 2 3. S I N A' P I S . Calyx spreading; corolla with straight claws; silique sub- terete; valves nerved ; partition extending beyond the valves and ensiform; seeds in a single row, subglobose; cotyledons conduplicate (folded together.) Name from the Greek, a-ivuTrt, mustard. Flower always yellow. 1. S. NIGRA. Silique smootii, 4-corncred, appresscd to the rachis of the raceme; upper leavr.s linear, lanceolate, entire, smooth. In cultivated grounds and waste places. Stem 3 — IJ feet high, branching, smooth, round, striate. Leaves variously lobed and tootlied, the upper ones deiiexed and entire. Flowers CRUCIFERjE. 47 raphanus. numerous, yellow. Pods very numerous, 2 inches in length. Seeds well known as a condiment. June, July. Ann. Black Mustard. 2. S. arve'nsis. Silique smooth, many-angled, torose, about 3 times the length of the slen- der ancipital style ; 5/c«j and ier/t^es hairy. In N. York, introduced. Lower leaves large sublyrate-pinnatifid, upper ones oblong-ovate, ail repand toothed. Silinue smnewhat spreading, 1^ inches long. Seeds large and black. Jn. —Aug. Ann. Charlock. 3. S. ALBA. Silique bristly, torose, shorter than the 2-edged beak; leaves pinnatifid, up- per ones sublyrate, all irregularly dentate ; seeds large, pale yellow. Native of Europe. The seeds are iiscd for the same purposes as the S. nigra. Both are much esteemed for various medicinal pui poses. White Mustard. 24. BRA'SSICA. Silique roundish; st3le small, short, obtuse; seeds in one row; calyx closed; seeds globose ; cotyledons conduplicate. From the Celtic hrcsic, a cabbage. 1. B. olera'cia. Leaves with a glaucous dust, somewhat fleshy, repand or lobed, even in their youngest state, and quite smooth. The original plant grows native in Eng- land "on rocky shores and cliffs, with no appearance of a head, forming a sur- prising contrast with the cultivated varieties. The excellence of the Cabbage as a pot-herb needs no encomium. Common Cabbage. 2. B. campe'stris. Leaves fleshy, with glaucous bloom, the lower when young, somewhat his- ped or ciliate, lyrate dentate, the upper cordate, amplexicaul, acuminate. Root between fusiform and napiform. Native of Sweden. It is cultivated like the common turnip, but, after a thorough experiment, is considered by farmers inferior in value to that root, although it grows to an enormous size. Flow- ers yellow. June. Bien. Rutabaga. 3. B. RAPA. Radical leaves lyrate, without a glaucous bloom, rough; caidine leaves cnt; upper ones entire. Root napiform depressed. Bien. Turnip. 4. B. NAPUS. Leaves smooth, upper ones cordate-lanceolate, amplexicaul; lower ones lyrate-toothed. This species is said by Nuttall to grow native on ledges of rocks in Arkansas. Flowers yellow. May. Bien. Rape. 25. RA'PHANUS. Calyx closed, setose ; silique torose, terete, not opening by valves, 1 or 2 celled ; glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx ; cotyle- dons conduplicate. Gr. Qcij quickly, and (^uivu), to appear; on account of the rapidity of its growth. CAPPARIDACE^. 48 POLASISIA. 1. R. RAPHANI'STRUM. Leaves \yvaie; siHque terete, jointed, smooth, 1-celled, becoming at length 2-celled and not jointed. Naturalized in cultivated fields and by road-sides. Stem glaucous, branching, 1 or 2 feet high. The upper leaves are ovate-ob- lonir, toothed. Flowers yellow or light blue, blanching as they grow old. August. Wild Radish. 2. R. SATI^VA. Leaves \yraXe ; silique round, torose, acuminate, scarcely longer than the stalk. A well known salad root from China. It is well grown in gardens with a deep sandy soil. There are many varieties, both with spindle-shaped and turnip-shaped roots, arranged as the spring, summer, turnip, autumn and winter radishes. Garden Radish. 2G. CRAMBE. Silicic with 2 joints, of which the lower is abortive, the upper globose, 1-seeded. One of the ancient Greek names of the cabbage. C. MARI'TIMA. The Ion (T filaments forked; fnd bhint ; leaves roundish, sinuate, wavy, toothed, glaucous, and with the stem, quite smooth. Native of England. Cul- tivated 'for its early shoots, which are used as a substitute for asparagus. Flowers white. Per. '^'fi" ^'"'e. ORDER XV. CAPPARlDACEiE. The Caper Tribe. Coi.— Sepals 4. (^;o,-._Petals 4, cruciate, unquiculate, liypogj-nous, more or less unequal. ,Srto._6— 12, or some liish multiple of 4, almost perigynous. To^-.—Sinall. "Itcii (■lllll^al.■ll, hrtiriu};- a single gland. 0^.(l. Ollrii siipiinir. i.t -i iiiiili'il rarpcls. Styles united into one. Stigma di.seoid. jr,-._F,jth(M- p,ul-sli:iiii-d ;uui dclnsccnt, or fleshy and indehiscent. Placenta; usually two. 6ys.— Many, renitbrm. A small order of tropical plants. Six genera have been found in N. Aiuerica. Their properties resemble those of the Crucifira;. One species ol Polamsia, which is the only northern genus, is used as a vermifuge. P O L A N I' S I A . Sepals distinct, spreading; petals 4; stannens 8-^32 ; fila- ments tiiiform, or dilated at the summit; torus minute; pod linear. Annual herbs with a strong odor. p. GRAVE'OLENS. Raf. Clcoine dodecandra. Mt. Viscid pubescent; /era-es ternate ; Zcr/^c^s elliptical-oblong; /yiocrs axillary, solitary; stammsB — 12; siZif/iic^ oblong, attenuate at base. A strong-scented plant, found on sandy shores. Stem a foot high, branching. Flowers reddish while, in terminal racemes, with a variable number of stamens. Pods one- celled, 2-valved, hairy and viscid hJce every other part ot the plant. Jl. Ann. POLYGALACE^. 49 POLYGAJLA. ORDER XVI. RESEDACE^. The Mignionette Tribe. Oii.— Sepals somewhat united at base, unequal, green. Ci»-.— Petals lacerated, unequal. Sta.—S — 2(1, inserted on the disk. Torus hypog-j'nous, one sided, glandular. Oi-a.— Sessile, 3-lobed, 1-celled, many-seeded. Placenta; n, parietal. Fr. — A capsule, 1-celled, opening between the stigmas before maturity. A small order inhabiting the countries around the Mediterranean sea, having no veiT- remarkable properties. Reseda luteola contains a yellow coloring matter, and other spe- cies ai-e very fragrant. This genus is nearly naturalized in the western part of N. \ . RESE'DA. Caljx leaves many, petals of the same number, each bearing one or more stamens-, torus large, fieshv, bearing the ovary, with several stamens and styles. Lat. rescdo, to calm, to appease; in allusion to the supposed efficacy of the plant in relievinff pain. 1. R. lute'ola. Leaves lanceolate, entire, with a tooth on each side at base; cabjx 4-clen:. This useful exotic (nearly naturalized in Western N. Y.), atfords a most use- ful yellow dye for cotton, wollen, silk and linen. The yellow color of the paint called Dutch-pink is from this plant. For th«se purposes the entire plant, when about flowering, is pulled up, and employed both fresh and dried. It is annual, about 2 feet Fiigh. The fto\Vers are without petals, arranged in a long spike, which, as Linnreus observes, follows the course of the sun, inclining cast, south and west by day, and north by night. Dyer's Weed. 2. R. odora'ta. Leaves entire, 3-lobed ; sepals shorter than petals. A well known and uni- versal favorite of the garden, native of Egypt. The flowers are higiily fragrant, and no boquet should be considered'couiplete witliout it. The v&xi€iy Jrates- cens is by a peculiar training, raised to the height of 2 feet with the form of a tree. The spcclvs jjlujieuma, native of Palestine, has a caly.x longer than the petals. Migiiioitetie. ORDER XVII. POLYGAL.ACE/E. The mk-wort Tribe. C/il. Sepals .5, very irregular, 3 exterior: '2 interior, lar:j-pr and petiuloid. Cor. — Petals 3. hypogynous, one larger and anli-ii^.r, keci-slia])(Tl. S^^.—Hyposfyiiotis- 0— S; filaments cnmhined in a tul)i- whirli is split on the upperside, and coherent to some extent with the claws of the petals. Oya.— Superior, compressed, 2-celled, one often abortive. Sty. curved and often cucullate. Pr. — Loculicidal or indebi^cent. Seeds pendulous. A small order of shrubby or herbaceous plants, very equally distributed, each division of the globe having two or" three genera peculiar to it. The properties of the Poiygalacein have not been well determined. Some of the genera possess a biUer matter and a milky juice which is emetic, expectorant and diuretic. Polygala is the only Northern genus. P O L Y' G A L A . Calj^x 5-leaved, persistent, 2 of the sepals vving-shapefl and colored; vexillum cylindric; capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2- valved. Gr. TtoXv, much, yaXa. milk. It was said to promote the lacteal secretions E POLYGALACEiE. 50 POLTGALA. of animals. Cal. inferior, 3 outer leaves smaller, ovate ; petals united to the fil. by their claws. The limb of tlie upper partly divided, liie lower keel- shaped, generally crowned with a crested appendage. Fil. united at the base, divided above into 2 sets. Seeds 1 in each cell. 1. P. paucifo'lia. Stem simple, erect, naked below ; haves ovate, acute, smooth ; terminal flowers laro-e, crested, radical, apterous. A small handsome plant, with a few ratlierlarn-e i)uri)le iiowers. Native of woods and swamps. Stem ',i or 4 inches hioh,wTtli its acute leaves mostly near the top, 2 — 4 flowers above them. Calyx of 5 leaves, the upper one gibbous at base. Corolla mostly purple ; with a purple crest on its middle lobe. The radical flowers are either close to the ground, or subterraneous, smaller, greenish, wanting the wings of the calyx. "May. Per. Fringed Poly gala. 2. P. POLY'GAMA. IVr. P. rubella. Mk. Stems simple, numerous ; leaves linear, oblong, mucronate, alternate below; racemes terminal and lateral; flowers sessile, those of the stem winged, those of the root apterous. A plant of a bitter taste, used in niedicme as a tonic, found in fields and pastures. Steins crowded, many from the same root, angular, smooth. Leaves smooth, lower obovate, upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers crested, purple, smaller than the last. Wings of the calyx obtuse. Anthers 8, in 2 equal parcels. Bracts small, subulate, cadu- cous. Terminal racemes with perfect flowers, radical racemes prostrate, or subterraneous, wincrless and nearly apetaious. Jn., Jl. Per. Bitter Pohjgala. 3. P. PURPU'rEA. .v. p. sanguinea. Mx. 6Ye7?i branching at the top; leaves linear, alternate ; powers beardless, in alternate, oblong^spikes; calycine wings obovate. An erect plant C— 12 inch- es hich, found in meadows and wet grounds, and known at once by its short, reddish' cylindric spikes of flowers. Stem angular, with fastigiate branches, each ending in a smaller spike than that of the main stem, but rising above it in hitrht. Flowers purple, caducous. Jl.— Oct. Ann. Caducous Folijgala. 4. P. se'nega wards medicine, saiu lu niivc uccu cmj^.i/jrv-u ^j ^.^ .^^..^ — .. — - — to the bite of the rattle-snake. The root is woody, branched, contorted, about half an inch thick, covered with ash colored bark. Stems about a foot high, with numerous, scattered, subsessile, lanceolate leaves. Flowers while, in a lontr, filiform spike. Calyx larger than the corolla, 5-leaved, colored. The roor'has at fiist'a sweetish and nauseous taste, which soon becomes pungent and hot, producing a peculiar tingling sensation. Jl. Per. Seneca Siialu- Rout. 5. P. verticilla'ta. Stem branched, erect; leaves linear, verticillate; spikes linear, stalked; floirers alternate, crested ; calycine wings roundish. Found on dry hills. Stem very slender, square, G— 8 inches high. Leaves in whorls of 5 or C. Flowers small, greenish white, in very slender spikes, which are higher upon the branches than upon the main stem. Jl.— Oct. Ann. Wlwrlcd-leaved Pohjgala. 6. p. crucia'ta. Stem erect, somewhat fastigiate, winged at the angles ; leaves in 4s, linear- lanceolate ; hds. of flowers spiked, sessile. Sphagnous swamps and other low VIOLACE.'E, 51 grounds. Stem about a foot high, with 'I, winged angles and opposite branch- es. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth, with obscure resinous dots. Cal- ycine wings cordate, acute, purple. Corolla beardless, greenish purple. Jl. Aug. Ann. Cross-leaved Polygala. ORDER XVI il. VIOL ACE.E. The vhut Tribe. Cal— Sepals 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the two lateral interior. Cor.— Petals 5, commonly unequal, the inferior usually spurred at base. Sta.—5. inserted on the hyposry-nous disk. Fil. dilated, prolonsred beyond the anthers. Ova.— be 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal placentae. Stij. 1, declinate. Stig. cucuUate. Ft.— A 3-valved capsule. S'Js. many, with a crustaceous testa and distnict chalaza. A small order of shrubs and herbs, mostly inhabitants of the Northern Temperate Zone. The roots of almost all the Violaceae possess emetic properties, and some are valiied m medicine. The Ipecac of the shops is partly the product of certain Brazilian species ot lonidium. Several species of the violet are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. Of die 4 genera found in N. America only 2 are found in the Northern States. Genera. Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base, Viola. 1 Sepals nearly equal, not auricied, Solea. i 1 . V I' O L A . Sepals 5, unequal, auricular at base; corolla of 5 petals, ir- regular, the upper one spurred at base; anther connate, the lobes diverging at base; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. The Greek name of this beautiful genus is io», from lai, the name of a cer- tain cow, which according to a ridiculous iable fed upon the Violet. Cal. of 5 oblong, acute, equal, erect sepals, produced downwards beyond their inser- tion, 2 of them under the uppermost petal, one under each lateral petal, and one under the two lower. Cor. irregular, the upper petal broadest, slightly cleft, eeding at base in a curved spur projecting between the leaves of the calyx ; tvvolateral petal's opposite, equal, obtuse. Seeds several in each cell, attached to the valves. Low, herbaceous, perennial plants, with a short sub- terraneous stem or rhizoina, or caulescent. Peduncles angular, solitary, 1- flowered, recurved at the summit, so as to bear the flower in a resupinate position. * Acaulescent. Flowers blue. 1. V. .SeLKI'RKII. Goldie. Leaves cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hirsute above, smooth beneath, the sinus deep and nearly closed ; stigma triangular, margined, distinctly beaked; spur nearly as long as the lamina, thick, very obtuse. Grows on woody hills and mountains. A small stemless violet, with small pale blue flowers conspicuously spurred. The radical heart-shaped leaves are rather numerous and longer than the peduncles. Tlje lateral petals bearded, and with the upper one striate with deep blue. Selkirk's Violet. 2. V. cuculla'ta. Very smooth; leaves cordate, cucullate at base, crenate; stipules linear; inferior and lateral petals bearded. This is one of the more common kinds of violet, found in low, grassy g;rounds. Leaves on long petioles heart-shaped, remarkably rolled at the base into a hooded form. The late leaves are crenate- yepiforra. Flowers light blue or purple, with scapes somewhat 4-sided, longer \'10I^ACE.f;. 52 VIOLA. than the leaves. Petals twisted, veiny, entire, vi'hite at the base, the lateral and upper ones marked with a few blue sliite, very variable in respect to pube- scence. May. Per. Huud-Lcavtd Violet. 3. V. palma'ta. Pubescent; leaves cordate, Inbed in a hastate or palmate manner, the lobes crenafe and toothed, the middle one much the largest, lateral petals bearded. In upland pastures; 3 — 6 inches hiirh. Root-stalk scaly. Petioles hairy. The early leaves are ovate, entire. The later and perfect are pubescent, often purple beneath, variously lobed and cleft ; the middle lobe always the largest and longest, with 2 or 3 lateral ones each side. Peduncle sub-4-angled, longer than tlie leaves. Stipules lanceolate. Petals purple, entire, veiny, white at the base, upper ones smaller, lateral ones densely bearded, and marked with blue strics. May. Per. I'almatcd Violet. 4. V. peda'ta. l. Leaves pedatc, 5 — 9-parted ; .•!Cff7//C7?75 linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous. A species very distinct from all others, with large blue flowers, pedate leaves and a premose root, found in dr}' woods and pastures. Root-stalk fleshy, end- ing abruptly as if cut or bitten off. Leaves a fine example of the pedate form, being divided into about 7 obtuse segments. Petioles furnished with long, ciliate stipules at base. Peduncles sub-4-angled, much longer than the leaves. Petals pale blue, white at base, all of them beardless and entire. Calyx seg- ments long, linear, entire. Stigma large, obliquely truncate and perforate at the apex. May. Per. Pcdale Violet. 5. V. ova'ta. js'-. Leaves ovate, crenate, pubescent, often cut-toothed at the base ; petiole margined. Found on dry hills, Apr. — May, with numerous pale purple flow- ers. The leaves are hairy on both sides, subcordate, upper ones lacerately toothed at the base, and on shortish petioles. Calyx segments ovate, ciliate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, white at base, the lateral ones bearded. Stigma recurved, beaked. Spur broad, usually lengthened. Per. Ooate-lcaxcd Violet. G. V, asarifo'lia. p. Villose; Icavr.s very large, subovate-reniform, crenate, dentate, decurrent into the petioles, always entire; peduncle somewhat 4-sided, short, (rarely an inch and a half;) divisions of the calyx ovate, ciliate, entire or emajginate behind; -petals all very entire, veiny, white at the base; upper one smooth, naked; lateral ones densely bearded ; and with the upper one, marked with a few blue lines. Lc Cjute. Woods, Lebanon, N. 11. May. Per. Kidnetj-lcuved Violet. 7. V. SAGITTA'TA. ,cs sub-acute, linear-lanceolate, ciliate at base; petals twice as long as the caly.x ; capsule scarcely exceeding the calyx. Stems numerous, about a foot high, covered with fine, deflected hairs. Leaves hairy. Flowers few, large, white, appearing all summer. Grows in dry fields. Per. 4. C. OBLONGIFO'HU.-W. Torr. C. villosum. ML Siems villous, erector declined; leaves mos,i\y obtuse, oblonsr-lanceolate ; jloiccrs numerous, with viscid peduncles; petals twice as long as the sepals; ciip.iulc as long as the petals. Flowers in forked cymes, rather large, white. Grows in rocky places. Stem 6-^10 inches high, thick. Apr. — Jn. Per. HAtry Chkkweed, CARyOPHYLLACEjE. 65 SILENE. Tribe 2, SILENE7E. Sepals united into a. cylindrical tube. Petals clawed, inserted icilh the stamens upon the stipe of the ovary. 7 . S I L E' N E . Caljx tubular, swelHri^^j, williout scales at the base, 5-tootl)- ed ; petals 5, ungiiiculate, often crowned with scales at the month, 2-cleft; stamens 10; stylesS; capsule 3-celled, many- seeded. Named after the god Silenus of the Latins, whom their poets represent as always drunk, and covered with slaver, as the species of this genus usually are with a viscid secretion. Five alternate stamens are attached to the petals, and later than the rest. 1. S. Pennsylva'nica. Viscid-pubescent; stems numerous; leaves from the root spathulate or cu- ■neate,of the stem lanceolate: ciimc few-flowered; j^etv/s slightly emarginate, suh-crenate. Grows in dry, sandy soils. Stem decumbent at base, nearly a foot high, witli long, lanceolate leaves, and terminal, upriuht bunches of flow- ers. Caly.x long, lubular, very glutinous and hairy. Petals wedge-shaped, red or purplish. Jn. Fur. Cu'c'i-Jhj. li'iidFin/c. 2. S. Antirrhi'na. Nearly smooth ; stem, erect ; leaves lanceolate, acute, aub-ciliate ; peduvcJes trifid, 3-flowered ; pe?a/s emarginate ; calijx o\&\.e. Stem sleijder, branching, with opposite leaves and about a foot in height. Leaves ai)Out 2 inches long, the upper ones very narrow, all sessile, and scabrous on the margin. A few •of the upper internodes are vtsf'idly pubescent above their middle. Flowers small, red, in loose, erect cymes. Road sides and dry soils. Jl. Per. Snap-drugon Caich-Jli/. 3. S. Virgi'nica. Viscid-pubescent; slcin procumbent or erect, branching; fmcers large, cymose ; calyx large, clavate; petals bifid, broad, crowned. From 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves oblong, a little rougli at the margin. Cymes dichoto- mous. Stamens and pistils exsert. Petals red, large. Jn. Per. Virginian Catch-ftj. 4. S. NOCTIFLO'UA. Viscid-pubescent; stem erect, branching; low-er leaves s]iathulate, upper leaves linear ; cali/x C3'lindrical, ventricose, the alternate stria; vined; tcetk subulate, very long; petals 2-parled. From Europe, introduced into our cul- tivated erouuds. Flowers rather large, white, e.xpanding only in the evening and in cloudy weather. jXighi-Jlowcring Cuich-jiij. 5. S. STELLA'TA. ^it. Cucubalus stcllatus. L. Erect, pubescent ; leaves in whorls of 4s, oval-lanceolate, acuminate. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with paniculate cymes of white flowers. At each of the dis- tant, tumid nodes, is a whorl of sessile, spreading, long-pointed leaves. Petals wanting the crown of scales. Calyx not reticulated, the segments tapering loamucronate point. Woods, JL Per. ' Star-like Cainpion. F* CARYOPHYLLACEjE. 66 6. S. INFLA'tA. .Sm. Cucubalus Bchen. L. Calyx nearly globular, smooth, reticulated with veins; leaves ovate-lance- olate, glaucous, smooth ; foiorrs in c3'niose panicles, drooping. Stem erect, about 2 feet high. Petals white, cleft half way down. The calyx remarkably inflated, and finely reticulated with pale purple veins. In pastures, about fences, &c. The young slioots and leaves wlien boiled, may be used as a substitute for asparagus or peas, which they resemble in taste. Jl. Per. Bladder Campion. 7. S. Arme'ria. Very smooth, glaucous, viscid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; floicers in panicu- late cymes ; petals obcordate, crowned. Native of Europe. Introduced. A popular garden flower. Stem a foot and a half high, with numerous pink- colored flowers. Jl. — Sept. Ann. Garden Caich-ft/. 8. S. VISCO'SA. Pubescent, very viscid ; stem simple, thick, leafy ; leaves large, linear-lan- ceolate, wav}' ; floicfrr large, nodding; pet/ds red. Native of Levant. Culti- vated in gardens. About 2 feet high. Bien. Clammy Catch-jUj. 8 . LYCHNIS. Calyx tubular, 5-tooth, oblong; petals 5, clawed; limb slightly cleft ; stamens 10; pistils 5; capsule 1 — 5-cleft, with a 5-toothed opening. Gr. "Kvyj/oi, a lamp; because the cottony leaves of some species have been used as wicks to lamps. Cal. inferior, membranous. Pet. claws length of cal., sometimes crowned. Fil. longer than cal., fixed to the claws. 1. L. Gl THAGQ. Lavi. Agrostemma Githago. i. Hairy ; stetn dichotomous ; floicers on long stalks ; leavesVinevir ; calyx much longer than the corolla; 'petals eniue, without n crown. A well known, hand- some weed, growing in corn-fields, or wheat-fields, of a pale green color, with large, pink-like and very ornamental flowers. Corolla of a dull puri^le. In- troduced from Europe. JL Corn Cockle. 2. L. Chalcedo'nica. Smoothish; floicers fascicled; calyx cylindric, clavate. ribbed; petals two- lobed. A fine garden flower, native of Europe. Stem 2 feet high, with point- ed, opposite, dark green leaves, and a large, terminal, convex, dense fascicle of flowers, remarkable for their deep scarlet hue Jn. Jl. Scarlet Lychnis. /3. Flowers white. y. Flowers double. This is chiefly valued in cultivation. 3. L. Floscu'culi. Smoothish; stnns asccndintr ; _^*7?rcr5 dichotomous, fascicled; calyx ram- panulate, ID-ribbed. Petals in 4 deep, linear segments. Leaves lanceolate, smooth. Fruit roundish, 1-celled. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, with rough ani/les, viscid above. Flowers pink, very delicate, with a brown, antrubir, smooth calyx. Native in Britain. Jl. — Sept. Ragged Robin. 4. L. corona'ria. Smooth ; flowers terminal and axillary, 1 — 3 ; calyx rounded, clavate, ribbed : petals torn. Native of Cliina. Remarkable for the large size of the flower.---. Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Petals of a lively red. Citinese Lyclmis. caryophvllace^. 67 dianthus. 9. SAPONA'RIA. Calyx tubular, naked ; petals 5, clawed ; stamens 10 ; styles 2; capsule oblong, 1-celled. Lat. sapo, soap ; the mucillacrinous juice is said to make soap. Cal. inferior, 5-toothed. Claws long as caF. Limb dilated toward the end. Fil. long as •cal. and styles. Stig. acute, downy. Caps, concealed in the calyx. S. officina'lis. Cahjx cylindrical ; hates lanceolate, Inclining to elliptical. A hardy, smooth and suculent plant, with handsome flowers resembling the pink, (Dianthus.) Steins 1 or 2 teet high, with opposite leaves, and a terminal panicle of erect, flesh-colored flowersT The taste is bitter, and the juice in water will raise a lather like soap, and will take out spots of grease. Road-sides. Jl. Aug. Per. Introduced and naturalized. Flowers frequently double. Common Soap-icort. 10. D I A' N T H U S . Calyx cylindrical, tubular, with scales at base ; petals 5, with long claws; stamens 10; styles 2; capsule cylindric, 1-celled. Gr. Aio« civ^oi, Jupiter's flower, or the divine flower; so named on ac- count of Its preeminent beauty and fragrance. Cal. inferior, striate, 5-toothed, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, imbricate scales at base. Claws as long as cal. Limb flat, dilated outwards, unequally notched. Fil. as long as calyx. Ova. oval. Sty. longer than stam., with revolute, tapering stig. 1. D. Arme'ria. Florcers aggregate, fascicled; scales of the calyx villose, lanceolate, as long as the tube. ° Our only native species of the pink. In fields and pine woods. Stem a foot high, leafy, pubescent, corymbose above. Leaves opposite, pu- bescent, linear'lanceolate, the lower ones broader, clasping at base. Flowers terminal, small, without fragrance. Petals pink, sprinkled with white, crenate on the margin. Aug. Ann. "'*'''^ Fink. 2. D. barba'tus. Flowers aggregate, fascicled ; scales ovate, subulate, as long as the tube; leaves lanceolate. Long known and valued as an ornamental flower, and is still esteemed, as in the times of old Gerarde, " for its beauty to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful, and garlands and crowns for pleasure." It has many varieties. Flowers in J n., Jl. Per. Sweet William. 3. D. Chine'nsis. Stem branched ; flower solitary ; scales linear, leafy, spreading, as long as the tube ; leaves linear-lanceolate. An elegant species, well characterized by its leafy, spreading scales, and its large, toothed or crenate, red petals. The foliage, like the oUier species, is evergreen, being as abundant and vivid in winter as in summer. Native of China. JL— Sept. Bien. China P ink. 4. D. pluma'rius. Glaucous; s«e7ns 2— 3-flowered ;*jffoz«r5 solitary ; teetlihluni; bracts ov^le, very pointed; leaves linear, rough at the edge; corolla many-cleft, throat PORTOLACACE^. 68 PORTOLACA. hairy. Native of Europe. From this species probably originated those beau- tiful pinks called pheasants' eyes, of which there are enumerated in Scotland, no less than 3UU varieties. Flowers white and purple. Jn. — Aug. Per. aingle Pink. Phtasants'-cycs. 5. D. caryophy'llus. Floicers solitary; scales very short, ovate; petals very broad, beardless; leaves linear-subulate, channeled, glaucous. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched. Flowers wliite and crimson ; petals crenate. This species is supposed to be the parent of all the varieties of the splendid Carnation. Over 400 sorts are now enumerated by florists, distinguished mostly by some peculiarity in col- ors, which are crimson, white, red, purple, scarlet, yellow, and arranged in every possible order of stripes, dots, flakes, angles, &c. Carnations are pro- pagated by layers, cuttings and seeds. They thrive best in ricli loam, rather sandy, and should be protected from all extremes of heat or cold, dryness or moisture. Cumutiun Pink. 6. D. SUPE'RBUS. Flowers fastigiate ; scales short, ovate, mucronate ; petals pinnate. A singu- larly beautiful pink, native of Europe. Stem 2 t'eet high, paniculate, branch- ing, with many flowers. Petals white, gashed in a pinnate manner beyond the middle, and hairy at tlie mouth of the tube. Jl. — Sept. Per. Superb Pink. The species of this admirable genus are quite numerous, exceeding a hun- dred, nearly all of them valued as well for tlieir fragrance as their beauty, displaying the gentler attributes of their Creator. ORDER XXy. PORTULACACEtE. The Purslane Tribe. Cal. — Sepals 2, united at the base. Cor. — Petals 5, somelimes more or less, imbricated in rostivation, Sta. — Variable in number. Filaments distinct. Anthers versatile or introrse. Ova. — Superior, l-t-elled. Styles several stigmatose along the inner suriace. i'V. — A pyxis, dehiscing by a lid, or capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as stigmas. A small order of succrjent plants, inhabiting dry places in every quarter of the world. They possess no remarkable properties. Genera. Stamens 8^90, Porhii/ira. 1 Slanretis 5, Claytonia. 2 1. PORTULA'CA. Sepals 2, the upper portions deciduous; petals 5, equal; style 3 — 6-cIeft; pyxis subglobose, dehiscing near the middle, many-seeded. An ancient name, of unknown origin. Low, herbaceoits weeds. Flowers expanding only in sunshine. P. olera'cea. Leaves cuneate ; foicrrs sessile. A prostrate, fleshy weed, more common in our gardens than seems desirable. Stem thick and succulent, much branched and spreading, smooth. Leaves fleshy, sessile, rounded at tlie end. Flowers 3'ellaw. The herbage of tlie plant is of ft reddish green color. Sometimes used -ds a. pot-herb. Jn.— Aug. Ann. Purslane. ELATINACE^. 69 ELATINE. 2. CLAYTO'NIA. Calyx of 2 sepals ; corolla of 5, emarginate, obcordate pe- tals; stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals; stigma 3-cleft; capsule 3-valved, 2 — Sseeded. In memory of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia. Small, fleshy, delicate, early-iowering plants. 1. C. Carolinia'na. Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; sepals and petals obtuse ; root tuberous. A pretty little plant, flowering in April, common among the rocky hills of N. England. Root a compressed, brown tubercle, buried at a depth in the ground equal to the heioht of the plant. Root-leaves very few if any, spathulale. Stem weak, 2—3 inches higli, with a pair of opposite leaves half-way up, which are ob- long-ovate, entire, obtuse, tapering at base into the petiole. Flowers in a terminal cluster, white, with a slight tinge of red, and beautifully penciled with purple lines. Apr. May. Per. Spring beauty. 2. C. Virgi'nica. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; petals obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse ; sepals rather acute ; pedicels slender, nodding. Habits similar to the last, but less common in the Northern States. Tubercle or cormus as large as a hazel-nut, deep in the ground. Stem a few inches high, weak, with a pair of opposite, very narrow leaves. Flowers 5 — 10, rose-colored, with deeper colored veins, in a terminal raceme. Apr. May. Per. Virginian Spring Beautij. ORDER XXVI. ELATINACE^. The Water-pepper Tribe. Cal. — Sepals 2 — 5, distinct or slightly coherent at the base, persistent. Cor. — Petals hypog^nons, as many as the sepals. Sta. — Equal m number to, or twice as many as the petals. Anthers introrse. Ova. — i — 5-celled. Styles '2 — 5. Stigmas capitate ; placentce in the axis. Fr. — Capsular. Seeds numerous. A very small order of annual marsh plants, found in every part of tlie globe, and having no known peculiar properties. The only known Northern genus is the Elatine of Linnaeus, the Crj'pta of Nuttall or the Peplis of Pursh. ELA'TINE. Stigmas sessile, minute. Gr iXarr), fir; the fine, slender leaves of some of the species have been compared to those of the fir-tree. E. AmeRICA'NA. L. Cypta minima. JV. Peplys Americana. P. Stevi diffuse, procumbent, striate, rooting from the joints, with assurgent branches; leaves cuneate-oval or obovate, obtuse, entire; stales 0; sepals, petals, stamens and stigmas 2 or 3, as well as the cells and valves of the cap- sule ; stipules very minute. A small mud plant, on the borders of ponds and rivers. Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary. Corolla minute, closed. Jl. — Sept. Mud Purslane. GERANlACEJi;. 70 GERANIDM. ORDER XXVII. LlNACEiE. The Flax Tribe. Oil— Sepals 3, 4 or 5, distinct, or more or less united ; aestivation stron-jly imbricated. Cor. — Petals equal in number to sepals, hypogynous, uiig-uieulate ; ajestivation twisted. fSta — :3. 4 or 5, united at base into a hypogj-nous'ring-, which is often toothed, opposite the p3t. Oca.— Of as many cells as sepals or styles. Stigma capitate. Sds. — Solitary in each cell, compressed. An order containing only a very few herbaceous plants or small .shrubs, yet a very im- portant one in the arts. The Linum has a very tenacious fibre in its bark, which is wrought into thread and clutli, forming the ^/ne?! of commerce. Some species arc cathartic, and yield from their seeds a fine mucilage. Only one genus need be mentioned here, \-iz : LINUM. Sepal.s, petals and slarnens 5; styles 5, rarely 3 ; capsule 5- celled, cells nearly divided by a false dissepiment. Gr. Xivov, flax, which is from Uin in Celtic, signifying a thread. 1. L. Virginia'n'jm. Calyx leaves acute ; pa7iicles coryn)bose, terminal ; Jloicers remoie , alternate ; leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, those of the root ovate. Woods, &c. Stem slender, leafy, 1 — 3 feet high, ascending, bearing at top a thin panicle of small, yellow flowers on short pedicels. Jl. Ann. yirginiaii or Wild Flax. 2. L. USITATl'SSIMUM. CaZi/z Zcrtzjcs ovate, acute, 3-nerved; petals ere n?ite; Zcarcs lanceolate, alter- nate ; stevi nearly solitary. This important plant has been cultivated from the earliest antiquity, for the fibres of its bark, which when separated from its woody stalk by the hrahe, and cleared from the tow by the hatchcl, is spun into thread and woven into linen cloth. So ancient is ihe manufacture of linen, that it appears to have been carried to great perfection in Egypt, in the times of the Pharaohs, (Gen. 41: 42;) and mummies are there found at this da}', enveloped in linen fabrics of great fineness and beauty, which can bo no less than 3000 yeais old. The seeds yield the linseed oil, so extensively used in mixing paint, printer's ink, ^-c. Native country unknown; perhaps it is in- digenous to many. Stern 1 or 2 feet high, branching above, with 3-nerved leaves, and bearing at top niany handsome blue flowers, Jn. Jl. Ann. Flax. ORDER XXVIII. GERANIACEiB. The Geranium Tribe. Col. — Sepals 5, persistent, ribbed, one sometimes saccate or spurred at base. Cor. — Petals 5, hypog>'nous or perigj-nous, unguiculate : aestivation twisted. Sta. — Usually monadelphous. hypogynous, twice or thrice as many as the petals. Ova. — 1 Of 3 united carpels, 2 ovuled, alternate wjtjj sepals, upon an elongated axis, from Fr.—i \ which tliey separate in fruit, curving upwards on the persistent style. A small order of herbaceous plants or shrubs, with tumid and separable joints. The Cape of Good Hope is the favorite habitation of some of the most important genera. Most species of the beautiful Pelargonia are native oj','that region alone. Conspectus of-M Genera. fall perfect, . . .'.'*; Garaniuvi. 1 < .5 perfect, witli 5 shorter and imperfect, .... Erodium. 2 Stamens 10. ( 7 perl'eet ; corolla irregular, Pelargonium. 3 1. GERA'NIUM. Sepals and petals 5, regular; glands 5, nectariferous, uni- ted to the base of the longer stamens; stamens 10, all perfect ; GKRANIACEiE. 71 GEfiANlUM. fruit rostrate, at length separating into 5, long-styled, 1-seed- ed carpels; styles smooth inside. Gr. yipd'joi, a crane ; the capsule and beak resembling the head of that bird, fcityles erect, longer than the stamens, permanent. Stig. 5, oblong, re- flexed. Carpels 5, aggregate, globose, each tipped with the long, linear, erect pointed, rigid style, smooth, naked, at length recurved and adhering by its point to the summit of the axis. This is the original genus of Linnaeus, for- merly including all those ornamental species popularly called Geraniums, since divided by L'Heritier into the three genera, Erodium, Pelargonium and Geranium. 1. G. macula'tum. Leaves 3 — 5-parted, cut, radical ones on Very long stalks ; peduncles 2-flo\v- ered ; stem somewhat angular, dichotomous, erect, retorsely pubescent. This' species is very common in moist woods, about streams, &c., and is not inferi- or in beauty to many that are cultivated in the parlor and green-house. Stem 1 or 2 feet high. Leaves large, hairy, deeply lobed and variously cut, upper ones nearly sessile. Flowers large, purple, 2 together on a long, hairy pedun- cle. The leaves in late summer and autumn are said to become marked with pallid spots, as the name .indicates. Root astringent, medicinal, perennial. May, June. Spotted Geranium, 2. G. Robertia'num. Leaves 3 — 5-parted, the segments pinnatifidly 3-cleft ; peduncles 2-flowered ; cali/x 10-angled, awned, much shorter than the entire petals. A smaller and less interesting plant than the preceding, but no less common. Found in dry, rocky places. It has a reddish stem, with long, diffuse, weak branches. Leaves stalked, somewhat hairy, ternate or quinate, with pinnatifid leaflets. Flowers small, pale pur])le. Capsules small, rugose, keeled. Seeds smooth. Tiie plant has a strong, disagreeable smell. Flowers from May to Sept. Per. Herb Rohtrt. Stinking Cranes' -hill, 3. G. pusi'llum. Leaves 5-parted, the lobes 3-cleft,, linear; prduncles2-Q.0V7ereA, long; petals emarginate, as long as the awned calj^v. A delicate annual species, growing in waste grounds, pastures, «fcc. Stem weak, a foot high, branching, covered with short deflected hairs. Leaves ppposite, divided almost to the base into 5 or 7 lobes, these again variously cut. Peduncles axillary, forked, bearing' 2 purplish red flowers in Jn. and Jl. 4. G. Carolinia'num. Leaves b-\oheA, lobes trifid, cut; peduncles 2-flowered, clustered at the end of tlie branches; petals emarginate, as long as the awned calyx. A diffuse, pubescent plant, 8 — 15 inches high. Leaves on long stalks, beautifully and deeply divided, and of a S-sided figure. Flowers rose-colored. Jl. Bien. Carolinian Geranium. 5. G. sangui'neum. Stem erect, diffuse, branched ; peduncle longer than petioles ; leaves opposite, 5-parted, lobes trifid, with linear segments. A beautiful species, native of Europe, deemed worthy of culture by many a florist. Grows about afoot high. Leaves orbicular, deeply divided into 5 or 7, 3-fid lobes. Flowers large, round, of a deep red or blood color. Bloodij Geranium, GERANIACEJC. 7ii PELARGONIUM. 6. G. anemo'nifo'lium. Stem shrubby; leaves smooth, palmate, 5-cut, the seg. bipinnatifid; pedun- cles opposite, erect, hairy, 2-flo\vered. An extremely beautiful species, from the Cape. Stem 3 feet high, with large, fern-like leaves of the most delicate, glossy green. Flowers large, red. Jlneinonc-kavtd Geranium. 2. ERO'DIUM. Calyx 5-leaved ; petals 5 ; scales 5, alternate with the fila- ments and nectariferous glands at the base of the stamens; filaments 10, the 5 alternate ones abortive; fruit rostrate, of b aggregate capsules, each tipped with tlie long spiral style, bearded inside. Gr. i^ai2ioi, a heron, because the fruit resembles the beak of that bird. 1. E. cicuta'rium. Stem, prostrate or diffuse, hairy ; leaves pinnate, with cut-pinnatifid segments; peduncles double, many-flowered; petals unequal. A small species in waste places, with prostrate or diffuse branches, and many finely divided leaves, which somewhat resemble those of the cicuta or poison hemlock. Flowers small, purple, irregular. The whole plant is fetid. Apr. Ann. Hemlock Geranium. /3. bipinnatum has a caulescent stem, diffuse branches, segments of leaves pinnatifid, with linear lobes. 2. E. moscha'tum. Siew procumbent ; leaves pinnated with stalked, ovate, unequally serrated segments; peduncles downy, glandular; petals equalling the calyx. Native of England. Sometimes cultivated for the strong musky scent of its herbage. A foot high. Leaves large, flowers small, purple. May — Jl. Ann. Musk Geranium. 3. PELARGO'NIUM. Calyx of 5 sepals, the upper one ending in a nectariferous tube, extending down the peduncle with which it is connect- ed; petals 5, irregular, longer than the sepals ; tilaments 10, 3 of them barren. Gr. TTiXu-Qyoi, a stork, in allusion to the beak of the fruit, which resembles the bill of tliat bird, as well as to preserve an analogy with Geranium, (Crane's-bill) from which genus this was taken. An immense genus from the Cape of Good Hope, embracing more than 200 species and several hun- dred varieties, with endless differences of form, size and color. No genus seems to be regarded with such universal favor for green-house plants as this. The species are cultivated witii assiduous attention, by nearly every family, which makes the least pretensions to taste, throughout the civilized world. * Stem very short. Root tuberous. 1. P. FLAVUM. Leayes decompound, lasciniate, hairy; srrrments linear ; tnnh el ma.ny -low- ered; 5icm very simple. Flowers brownish yellow. From the Cape of Good Hope, as well as all the other species. Carrot-leaved Geranium. GERANIACKJE. 73 PELARGONIUM. 2. P. TRISTI. Leape.9 hairy, pinnate ; Ze^/^cfs bipinnatifid ; divisions linear, acute. Afoot hifjii. Flov^ers dark green, in simple umbels. Mourning Geranium. **Stem elongated, herbaceous or sufFruticose. 3. P. ODORATI'SSIMUM. Leaves roundish, cordate, very soft ; stem short, fleshy ; Iranches herbaceous, long-diffuse. Chiefly valued for the powerful, aromatic smell of the leaves, the flowers being small, whitish. JVutmeg-sceuted Geranium. 4. P. alchemilloi'des. Slem villous; leaves cordate, villous, 5-lobed, palmate; peduncles few-flow- ered; stigma sessile. Stein G inches high, diffuse, very hairy, with deflt-xed bristles. Flowers pink-colored. Ladif s-vtaatlc Geranium. 5. P. TRICOLOR. Stem sufFruticose, erect; /c«»es lanceolate, villous, cut-dentate, trifid ; xipper petals glandular at base. Stem Ig feet high. This species is distinguished for its beautifully variegated flowers. Petals roundish and nearly uniform in shape, but very different in color. Tlie 3 lower ones are white, slightly veined ; the 2 upper, of a rich purple, almost black at base. Tkree-colorcd Geranium. 6. coriandrifo'lium. Stem herbaceous, biennial, somewhat downy; leaves bipinnate, smooth; lobes linear, subpinnalifid. Stem diffase, a foot high. Distinguished by the finely divided leaves and large flowers. The 2 upper petals much the largest, obovate, veined with purple ; the 3 lower, of which the middle one is often wanting, are narrow and of a pure white. Coriander-leaved Geranium. *"'* Leaves neither divided nor angular; stem fruticose. 7. P. GLAUCUM. Veri/ smooth and glaucous; leaves lanceolate, entire, acuminate; peduncles 1 or 2-flowered. Stem 3 feet high, shrubby and branched. The plant is re- markably distinguished by its leaves. Peduncles axillary, with 1 or 2 elegant flowers. Petals obovate, of a delicate blush-color, with red veins. Glaucous-leaved Geranium. 8. P. BETULINU.M. Leaves ovate, unequally serrate, smoothish ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; pe- duncles 2 — 4-flowered. Stem shrubby, 3 feet high. The plant is well named for its leaves. Flowers pale pink, with deep-red veins. Blrck-leavcd Geranium. 9. P. ACETO'SUM. Leaves ■very smooth, obovate, crenate, somewhat fleshy; peduncles few- flowered ; pdals linear. Slem shrubby, 3 feel high. Named for the acid fla- vor of the leaves. Flowers pink. Sorrel-leaved Geranium. **** Leaves either angular, lobed or palmate ; stem fruticose. 10. p. zona'le. Leaves cordate-orbicniar, obsoletely lobed, toothed, marked v;!th a concen- tric zone. Stem thick, shrubbv, 2 or 3 feet high. One of the most popular G GERANIACE^. 74 PELARGONIUM. of all the species. Leaves always marked with a dark concentric stripe of various shades. The flowers are of a bright scarlet, urnbelled, on long pedun- cles. It has many varieties, of wliich the most remarkable is p. mar (finale, silver-edged, the leaves of which are bordered with white. Horseshoe, Geranium. 11. P. i'nquinans. Leaves round, renifornr, scarcely divided, crenate, viscid; jirnhcJs many- flowered; petals obovate, cuneate. Justly admired for the vivid scarlet of its- numerous flowers. The name alludes to the reddish, clammy moisture which stains the fingers in liandling the soft downy branches. Scarlet Geranium. 12. P. PELTATUM. Leaves 5-lobed, entire, fleshy, smooth, more or less peltate; umbels few- flowered. Stem climbing, several feet in length. Whole plant very smooth. A beautiful species with umbels of very handsome purplish flowers. Ivy-leaved Geranium. 13. P. tetrago'num. Sr«7?,c/(C5 4-cornered, fleshy; leiives cordate, bluntly lobed, somewhat toothed. Petals 4; the 2 upper ones pale pi»k, with crimson veins; the 2 lower, small, white. Leaves small, rounded, notched, with scattered hairs. Square-stalked Geranium. 14. P. grandiflCrum. Smooth, glaucous ; leaves 5-lobed, palmated, cordate at base, the lobes den- tate towards the end ; petals three times as long as calyx. Distinguished for the size and beauty of tiie flowers, which are white, the 2 upper ones elegantly veined and tinged with red, larger than the rest. Large-jlowercd G&ranium. 15. P. grave'olens. Leaves palmately 7-lobed ; lobes oblong, bluntly toothed, revolute and very rough at the edge ; umbels many-flowered, capitate. Nectary about half as lon^as caly.x. Leaves very fragrant. Flower purple. Ruse-scented Geranium. 16. P. ra'dula. Leaves palmate, rough; lobes narrow, pinnatifid, revolute at edge, with linear segments. Umbels few-flowered. Nectary nearly as long as calyx. Flower purple. Distinguished for its large, rough leaves, deeply divided into linear segments, and with a rich, mint-like fragrance. Rasp-leaved Geranium. 17. P. quercifo'lium. LcftBCA' cordate, pinnatifid, with rounded recesses ; /o&C5 obtusely crenate; iranc/ics and petioles hispid. Leaves rough, often spotted. Flowers purplish. Oak-leaved. Geranium . The above are among the more distinct and popular species ofthis vast and favorite genus. Innumcrabk' varieties, produced from seeds and propagated by cuttings, are equally conunon in collections, and often of superior beauty. Many splendid works on this order have been published, among which the " Geraniaceaj' of Mr. Sweet is the most extensive, in which " are figured and described, not only all the known species, but the multitudes of hybrid erea- ttuns oroduccd bv the assistance of modern ingenuity." B41.S4MINACE.?;. 75 IMPATIENS. ORDER XXIX. BALSAMINACEiE. The Balsam Tribe. Fls. — Very irregular. Oii.^Sepals 5, deciduous, the 2 upper connate, the lowest spurred or gibbous. Cor. — Petals 4, hypogynous, united by pairs, or rarely .'3, distinct. Sla. — 5, hypogynous. Filaiiii nis su\m\ii\e. Xnt/iers ij-celled. 0va.—5-ce]iell, compound. ,V/i,»(,/x sessile. . ,/■■"?■'", ' J^r.— Capsular, 5-eelled,burstnigelastically by 5 valves, Sds. several m each cell. J^mbr. Annual herbs with succulent stems and simple leaves. This order embracj-s but lew genera, of which one onlv is represented in the U. Stales. With regard to its properties *ud uses it is ol'uo iniporiancc. Some of its species are highly oruanienial. ■1. IMPA'TIENS. Sepals apparently but 4, the 2 upper being united : petals apparently 2, each of the lower being united to each of the lateral ones; anthers cohering at the apex; capsule often 1- celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments., 5-valved, burst- ing elastically. A Lat. term applied to these plants on account of the capsules, which, when ripe, burst at the slightest touch. 1. I. pa'lida. Peduncles solitary, 2— 4-flowered ; lower sepal obtusely conical, dilated, shorter than the petals ; spur recurved, very short ; floicers sparing-ly punctate ; leaves rhomb-ovate, mucronote-toothed ; seeds elliptical. A curious annual plant, found about wet, shady ])laces. Stem 2 feet high, succulent and brit- tle, with alternate leaves. Flowers yellow, on branching, axillary stalks, resembling ear-drops in form, whence the plant is often called Jewel-weed. The capsules when mature, burst at the slightest touch and scatter the seed ; whence its more common English name, Touch-me-not, and the French, Ke- me-touchez-jms. Aug. Touch-me-not. 2. I. FULVA. Peduncles solitary, 2— 4-flowered ; lower sepal acutely conic, longer than the petals; spur resupinate, emarginate, nearly as long as the upper sepals (cralea) ; flowers with crowded spots ; leaves rhomb-ovate, obtuse, mucronate- toothed ; seeds prismatic. Common in wet, shady places. Nearly resembles the foregoing in habit, aspect, and in the irritability of the capsules. Stern covered^'witli a glaucous powder, succulent, diaphanous, swelling at the joints. Flowers yellow, spotted with red within. Hight 2—3 feet. A'^ug. Ann. J eic el-weed. 3. I. Balsami'na. Floiccr stalks clustered; Zeacw lanceolate, the upper ones alternate; spur shorter than the flower. From the F- [ndies. It is one of the most beautiful of garden annuals, forming a showy pyramid of finely variegated carnation- like flowers. The prevailing colors of the petals are red and while, but the former varies in every possible shade of crimson, scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color. The flowers are often double. Garden Balsamine. Suborder, TROP.EOLACE^. Flowers irregular. Calyx of 5, colored, united sepals, the lowest one spurred ; coroHa of 5 petals, the 3 lower ones stalked ; stamens 8, distinct, unequal ; ovary of 3 united car- pels ; style 1 1 stigmas 3; fruit indeiiiscent, separating into 3 1-seeded nuts; seeds large, .without albumen. Trailing or twining herbs, with a pungent, watery juice. OXALIDACE.^. 76 FL(ERREA. 2. TROPiE'OLUM. Characters essentially the same as of the suborder. Lat. trojxriim^ a trophy; because tlie leaf resembles a shield, and the flower a helmet stained with blood, both ancient weapons of war, of wliich trophies were formed. Well known annual, trailinjr plants, both ornamental and cul- inary. Their properties are antiscorbutic, t&c. T. MAJUS. Leaves peltate, repand ; petals obtuse, some of them fringed. Native of Peru. Tlie flowers are large and showy, orange colored, with spots of deep- er shade, the calyx unequally 5-cleft, protracted into a long spur or nectary behind. Leaves a fine example of the form called peltate, the petiole being inserted near the middle. The flowers are eaten for salad, and esteemed very grateful. The fruit is pickled as a substitue for capers. In the evening, the flowers emit, at certain intervals, faint flashes of electrical light, a curious fact first observed by the daughter of Linnajus. Aa^lurtion. Jiidiin Cress. ORDER XXX. LIMNANTITACEiE. CaJ.. — Sepals 3—5, united at base, persistent, valvate in sestivation. Cor. — Petals 3 — 5, marescent, inserted upon an hypogynous disk. Sta. — Tw-ice as many as petals and inserted with them. Filavients opposite the sepals, with Ova. — Ot:2 — .5 distinct carpels. Sly.xyniXeA iSi/g-. simple, [a small process outside the base. Fr. — An achenium, rather fleshy. Seeds solitary. A very small order of small hercaceous plants, mostly natives of the temperate parts of North America. They have no very remarkable properties. Flccrkea is the only northern genus. F L GE' R K E A . Sepals 3, lonj^er tlian the 3 petals; stamens G; ovaries 3, tuberculate; stjie S-cleft. Named in honor of Flcerke, a German botanist. Small, aquatic plants, with leaves pinnatel}' divided. F. PROSERPINACOi'deS. Lind. F. uliginosa. Mh. Lravcx alternate, those above the water pinnate, those submerged ternate, all on slender stalks. Stem decumbeitt, less than a foot in length, weak and slender. Petals small, white. Achenia large, two or solitary. Grows in marshes, and on the shores of rivers and lakes. Apr. May. False Mermaid.. ORDER XXXI. OXALIDACE.^. Cal. — Sepals .5, persistent, equal, sometimes slightly roliering at the liase. Cor. — Petals 5, hypogynous, equal, iniguiculate, deciduous, twisted in a;stivation. Stn. — 10, hypogynous, more or less monodelphous, those opposite the petals longest. Ova. — Carpels .5, united, opposite the petals. Ft. — Cap.sular, usually mendiranous, 5-lobed and 5-celled. A small order of hcrlinccous plants, inhabiting hot and temperate regions. The stem and leaves generally contain free oxalic acid. This order is represented in the Northern Slates by the following genus only. ZANTHOXYLACE^. 77 OXA'LIS. Sepals 5, distinct or united at base ; petals much larger than calyx; styles 5, capitate ; capsule oblong or subglobose. Gr. o|t/j, sour; the leaves of many species are of an acid taste. * Acquiescent. 1. O. acetoce'lla. Stemless; sco^e longer than the leaves, 1-flowcred ; /cnre.? ternate ; leaflets broad-obcordate, with rounded lobes ; styles as long as the inner stamens ; root dentate, sealy. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, on long-, weak stalks, purplish beneath. Peduncles longer than the leaves, each with a nodding, scentless flower, whose petals are white, j'ellowish at the base, delicately veined with purple. The whole plant has an agreeable acid taste. Woods and shady places. Flowers in June. Per. Common IVoud-surrd. 2. 0. VIOL.V'CEA. Stemless; scape umbelifepous; pedicels sub-pubescent; jlovers noddincr; leaves ternate, smooth; tips of the nuhjx fleshy; styles shorter than the outer stamens. An elegant species, with purple flowers. Scape rather taller than the leaves, bearing an umbel of 3 — 9 drooping flowers. Leaves palmately 3- foliate. Leaflets very broadly obeordate. Petals recurved, striate, of a deli- cate light purple. May. Per. I'iolet-colured icood-sorrel. ** Caulescent. 3. 0. STRICTA. Peduncles umbeliferous ; stem branching, erect ; leaves ternate ; leaflets obeordate ; styles as long as the inner stamens. This plant varies in hjght from (i to 12 inches or more, according to the soil. Stem leafy, round, smooth, succulent. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, numerous, scattered, on long stalks. Umbels on long, axillary stalks, about the length of the petioles. Flowers small, yellow, appearing all summer. Per. Yelloui Wood-surrcl. 4. 0. cornicula'ta. Pubescent; sdcjn. branching, creeping, diff'use ; /*^«rcs ternate ; ?//7!Zi^/5 short- ' er than the petioles, few-flowered; 'petals wedge-form, erose at the apex; styles long as the inner stamens. Grows in Woods. Sometimes called Ladies Wond-sorrel. Distintruished readily by its long, creeping stems. Floweis yellow, appearing in May and after. ORDER XXXIII. ZANTHOXYLACE^E. PrickiyAsh Tribe. Flowers clioBciou,s. Sepals 3 — 9, small, rohering at the base. Cnr. — Petals longer than the sepals, of the same number or 0. 6Vo.— Alternate with petals, nf the same numl)er, seldom twice as many; in the pistillate flowers either wanting or imperfeet. Ant/irrs introrse. Ova. — Usually of the same number as sepals, stipitate, distinet or united. Fr. — Baccate, membranaceous or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. An order consisting of trees and shrubs, chiefly of Tropical America, only two genera being found in tlie United States. Properties, Bitter, aromatic and .siimulant : properties residing chiefly in the bark. G* ANACAKDIACEJK. 78 BHUS. ZANTHOXYLUM. Perfect JI. Calyx inferior, 5-parted ; corolla 0; stamens 3 — 6; pistils 3 — 5; carpels 3—5, l-seeded. Pislillnlcjl. Wke the perfect, but wanting tlie sfannens. Slaminatejl. like the perfect, but wanting the pistils. Gr. ^avSoi, yellow, |yXov, wood; from the color of the wood. Z. America'num. Prickiy ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate, sub-entire, sessile, equal at the base ; nmhfils axillary. Tlie prickly ash is a shrub 10 or 12 feet liiffh, growing in woods in most parts of the U. S. The branches aie armed with strong, coni- cal, brown prickles with a broad base. Leaflets about 5 pairs, with an odd one, smooth above, downy beneath ; common petioles, with or without prick- les. Flowers in sn)all, dense umbels, axillary, greenish, appearing before the leaves. The perfect and staminate ones grow upon the same, and the pistilate, uoon a separate tree. The bark is bitter, aromatic and stimulant, used for rheumatism and to alleviate the tooth-ache. Apr. May. Pricldy Jlsh. Tooth-achc-tree. ORDER XXXIV. ANACARDJACE/E. The Cusheio Tribe. Flowers perfect, sometimes polygamous or tliccciuus, reg:ular, small. Cal. — Sepals 3 — 5, united at base, persistent. Cor. — Petals same number as sepals, sometimes 0, imbricate in ajstivatinn, Sta.—As many as petals, alternate willi tliera, distinct, on the base ol'tUe calyx. Ova. — 1-celled, free. Ovule onp. Styles 3 or 0. Stigy/mso. . Fr. — A beny or drupe, usually the latter and one-seeded. An order of trees and shrubs, chiefly natives of tropical regions, represented in the United States by the genus Rhus only. Propertus. These plants abound in a resinous juice, which is often poisonous, but is used as an indelible ink in marking linen, and as an ingredient in varnish. Even the exhalations, from some of the species are deeinecl poisonous. The Cashew nut is the product of a small tree of both Indies. When fresli the kernel is full of a milky juice, and has a most deli- cious taste, but the coats are filled with a caustic oil which blisters the skin, and kills warts. RHUS. Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base; petals and stamens 5; fruit a small, l-sceded, subglobose drupe. Said to be from Qtoj^ to flow ; because it is u.seful in stopping hcemorrhage- * Leaves pinnate. 1. R. GLABRA. Leaflets smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish beneath ; fruit downy. A common Sumach, growing in thickets and waste grounds, 6 — 12 feet liigh. The shri>b consists of many straggling branches, and is smooth in all its parts. Leaves pinnate, with a dozen or more pairs of leaflets. Flowers in terminal clusters, numerous, dense, greenish-red, succeeded in Autumn by crimson colored drupes. These are at length covered with a whitish crust, extremely acid. The drupes dye red. The bark of this, as welJ ANACARDIACEiE. 79 as the other species, is used in tanning. Lands long neglected are sometimes overrun by this shrub. A variety has dioecious flowers. Jn. Jl. Smoolli Sumach. 2. R. TYPHl'NA, Branches and petioles very villous; lenfcts oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath, in many pairs. A larger Suniacli than tlie former, attaining tlie height of 20 feet. It grows in low grounds, hedges, &c. The younger slioots and leaf-stalks, are thickly covered with stiff hairs. Leaves pinnate, of many pairs of leaflets. Panicle terminal, dense, oblong. Drupes compact, purple, downy, very acid. The wood is of a sulphur yellow- color, and aromatic odor, dying yellow. Jn. SUig-horn Sumach. 3. R. Copalli'na. Leaves pinnate, the petiole winged ; Icnflets oval-lanceolate, entire ; flowers dioecious. A smaller species, not half the height of the last, in hilly woods, «&:c. Leaves dark green and shining on the upper surface. The stalk be- tween each pair of leaflets, expands into a leafy margin. Panicle of flowers sessile, greenish. Drupes red. Jl. A variety has the leaflets coarse!}' serrate. Mountain Sumach. 4. R. VENENA'TA. Dc. R. vernix. L. Very smooth; lenflcts oval, abruptly acuminate, entire, in many pairs; vanicle loose; flowers dicccioua. A shrub or small tree, of fine appearance, growing in swamps. The trunk is several inches in diameter, with diff'use, spreading branches at top. The leaf-stalks are very smooth, wingless, of a fine red color. Leaves pinnate, of about 5 pairs of sessile leaflets, and an odd one stalked. Panicles axillary ; those of the barren tree larger and more dif- fuse. Flowers very small, green. Drupes smooth, whitisli. The whole plant is very poisonous to the taste or touch, and even taints the air to some distance around, with its effluvium, rendering it pernicious to breath. In 48 hours after exposure, inflammation appears on the skin, particularly on the extremi- ties, in large blotches, with burning and itching, terminating in watery pus- tules and eruptions. On some constitutions, it has little or no effect. The varnish called Japan, is a product of this shrub, exuding from incisions made in the bark. Jn. Poison Sumach. Dog-Wood. * " Leaves ternate. 5. R. toxicode'ndron. Erect ; leaflets ternate, entire or sinuate-lobed, broad oval : flowers dioecious. A small shrub, 1 — 3 feet high, smooth in all its parts. Grows in woods. Leaves large, shining on tlie upper side. Flowers green, small, in axillary panicles. Poisonous, but in a less degree than the last, Jn. — Jl. Poison Oak. 6. R. RA'DICANS. Stem climbing and rooting. A well known climber, ascending trees to great bights, supported by lateral roots. Leaves ternate, on long stalks, smooth and shining on both sides. Flowers in axillary panicles, small, greenish. Drupes whitish. Connnon in woods and hedges. Poisonous. The juice is useful for marking linen. Jn. Poison Ivy. 7. R. aroma'tica. Leaves ternate ; leafl.ets sessile, incisely crenate, pubescent beneath ; the lateral ones ovate, the terminal ones rhomboid. Flowers in close aments. AURANTIACE^. 80 A small shrub, 2 — 6 feet high, in hedges and thickets, with yellowish flowers, and red fruit. May. Siceet Sumach. * ** Leaves simple. 8. R. COTI'NA. Leaves simple, obovate : panicle racemed, plumose. A small tree, G feet high, from S. Kurope. It is reared in shrubberies, chiefly remarkable for the very singular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse, feathery, fruit stalks, showing in the distance, as if the plant were involved in a cloud of smoke. Flowers small, in terminal, compound panicles. Leaves smooth, entire, much rounded at the end. In Italy the plant is used for tanning. Venetian Sumach. Smoke-plant. ORDER XXXVi. AURANTIACEiE. The Orange Tribe. Cal. — Sepals 3 — 5, united into a short, urceolale or campanulate cup. Cor.— Petals 3—5. Sta, — As many as the petals or .some multiple of their number, in a single row, hypogynous. Oua.— Compounded of several united carpels. Style 1. JV. — A berry (orange), many-celled, pulpy, covered with a thick rind. ^rfs.^^Atlaehed to the inner'angle of each carpel. Albumen 0. The genera are nearly all natives of Tropical Asia, and are naturalized throughout all Tropical regions, and cultivated iu all civilized countries for their beauty and fragrance, both of flowers and fruit. Properties. These fruits contain free Citric and Malic Acid, and their pulp is grateful to the taste. The rind contains an aromatic volatile oil which is tonic and stomachic. The rind of the Lime yields the Oilof Burgamot, and the flower of the Orange the Oilof Neroli. CITRUS. Calyx and petals as above. Anthers 20; (ilaments in sev- eral sets; berrj 9 — iS-celled. Gt. KiTgict, the Citron, the fruit of one of the species. An ancient and noble trenus, combining in its species many e-xcellencies, beauty of form, with shining, evergreen foliage, most odoriferous flowers, and fragrant and delicious fruits. The golden apples of the Heathen, and the forbidden fruit of the Jews, are supposed to refer to these plants. In a splendid work entitled " The Natural History of the Oranges,'" written in French, by Risso of Nice, in 1818, there are described 1G9 sorts, and 105 of them figured. They are arranged as sweet oranges, of which are described A'i sorts ; bitter and sour oranges, 32 sorts ; bergamots, 5 sorts ; limes, 8 sorts ; shaddocks, 6 sorts ; lumes, 12 sorts ; lemons, 4U sorts ; citrons, 17 sorts. The most successful methods of cultiva- tion are by cuttings. \. C. LiMO'NUM. Petioles somewhat wincred ; leaves oblong, acute, dentate : flowers with 35 stamens ; friiiL oblong, with a thin rind and very acid pulp. A tree about 15 feet in hicht, which, when loaded with its golden fruit suspended among its dark o-reen, siiining leaves, makes a most beautiful appearance. It is a native of Tropical regions, and is easily cultivated in our climate, if protected during winter. The petioles are articulated with the lamina. Lemon Tree. 2. C, Lime'ta. Petioles naked; /eares ovate, rounded, senate ; flowers with 30 stamens; fniit globose, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top. This, like niost MALVACKjE. 81 ABOTILON. other spocies. is a native of Asia. Hight about 8 feet, with a crooked trunk, diffuse branches, with prickles. Berry Ig inches in diameter, of a greenish yellow, shining surface. Lime Tree. 3. C. Aura'ntium. Petals winged ; leaves elliptical, acute, crenulate ; flowers with 20 stamens ; fruit globose, with a thin skin and sweet pulp. A middle sized evergreen tree, with a greenish brown bark. When filled with its large, round, golden fruit, it is one of the most beautiful objects in nature. It is easily cultivated in the green-house. Hweet- Orange Tree. 4. C. Me'dica. Petioles naked ; leaves oblong, acute ; flowers with 40 stamens ; fruit oblong, rugose, with an acid pulp. Commonly about 8 feet high. Fruit (J inches in length, very fragrant. Citron Tree. 5. C. Decuma'na. Petioles winged ; leaves obtuse, emarginate ; fruit very large, with thick skin. A tree 15 feet in hight. The wings of the petioles as broad as the leaves. Fruit grows to the diameter of 7 or 8 inches, weighs 14 pounds, and is of a greenish yellow. Skadduck. ORDER XXXVllI. MALVACEAE. • The Mallow Tribe. Col. — Sepals generally 5, more or less united at their base, bearing an involucel. valvate Cor. — Petals equal in number to sepals, hypog>'nous. [in ffislivalion. .uy,r), soft, altered by the Latins to Malva, in allusion to the soft mu- cilagenous properties of some of the species. 1. M. rotundifo'lia. Stem prostrate ; leaves roundish, cordate, obtusely .'5-lobed ; frnit-stalks bent downwards; corolla twice as long as the calyx. It is a well known plant, common in cultivated grounds and waste places. Root fusiform ; stems nu- merous, lying flat on the ground. The leaves are of a fine, delicate texture, roundish, somewhat renlform, crenate, with 5 or 7 shallow lobes and on long, hairy stalks. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink, deeply notched. fVuit ro^nd and flat, composed of the numerous capsules, arranged circularly. MALVACEA. 83 HIBISCUS. The child sportively calls them cheeses, a name which their form very natu- rally suggests. Jn. — Oct. Per. Low Mallow. 2. M. silve'stris. 6Yfm erect; leaves^ — 7-lobed, sub-acute ; pedvncles ^ndpetiolcsheLiry. Na- tive of England. A popular garden flower of the easiest culture, often spring- ing up spontaneously. Hight 3 feet. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. The whole plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage. Jn. — Oct. Per. High Mallow. 3. M. Mauritia NA. Stem erect ; haves .5-lobed, blunt; pedicels and petioles smoothish, or downy on the upper side. From S. Europe. A tall species, 4 — 6 feet high. Stem smooth. Flowers purple, with deeper colored veins. Ann. Ivij'lcaved Mallow. 4. M. Moscha'ta. Stem erect; radical /fares reniform, cut ; cauline ones many- parted ; seg- ments \mQa.T ; steins a.nd Old ijxes hairy. Native of Britain. i5tems2 feet high, branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored. The whole herb gives out a musk-like odor in favorable weather. Jl. Musk Mallow. 4. HIBI'SCUS. Calyx surrounded by a many-leaved involucel ; stignnas 5 ; capsules 5-celled ; cells many-seeded. One of the Greek names of the Mallow. 1. H. MoSCHEU'tOS. L. H. palustris. S'fem herbaceous, sunple, erect ; leaves ovate, dentate, subtrilobate, hoary- tomentose beneath; peduncles long, axillary, or connected with the petiole. A tall, showy plant, found on the borders of salt marshes, salt springs, river banks^ &c. 1 gathered a flowering specimen at Salina, N. Y., in August. The stem is without a branch, round, downy, 4 feet high. Leaves 3 or 4 inches lonff, 2 or 3 broad, often with two small, lateral lobes, green above, downy white beneath. Flowers larger than those of the Hollyhock, rose-col- ored. Peduncles distinct from the petiole, although in some specimens it ia found articulated to it, and geniculated above the middle. Outer calyx in many segments > inner in .5. The bark yields a strong, hemp-like fibre, which might make good cordage. Aug. Per. Marsh Hibiscus. 2. H. VlRGl'iMCUS. Leaves acuminate, unequally dentate, lower ones cordate, undivided, upper ones oblong-cordate, 3-lobed ; peduncles axillary and in terminal racemes; flowers nodding; pistils dcclinate. The whole plant downy, rough, about 3 feet high. Found on Long Island and in the Middle States, as well as the Southern, growing near the coasts. Flowers red. Aug. Per. Virginian Hibiscus. 3. H. SPECIo'riUS. Very smooth; /t'wres palmate, 5-parted ; /o6c5 lanceolate, acuminate, subser- rate at the end ; capsules ovate, smooth. A splendid, showy plant, abundant in moist soils in Carolina, is raised from see4s in our gardens, but hardly en- dures the N. England climate. Root perennial, stem herbaceous, 5 — y feet MALVACEJE. 84 LAVATERA. high. Each branch terminates in about 3 large flowers, of a rich, shininT, carmine red. Aug. — Oct. Scarlet MaUoio. 4. H. Syria'cus. Leaves cuneiform, ovate, 3-lobed, dentate; ■pedicels scarcely longer than the petiole; involucel about 8-leaved. A beautiful, haidy, free flowering shrub, from Syria, 5 — 10 feet high. Flowers purple. There are varieties with white, red and striped flowers, both single and double. Sijrian Malloic. 5. H. Phojni'ceus. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate and crenate, lower cordate and tricuspi- date; peduncles jointed; seeds woolly. From E. Indies. Flowers purple. Jn. Per. Phanician Malloir. 6. H. escule'ntis. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, obtuse, dentate; petiole longer than the flower; involucel about 5-leaved, caducous. From W Indies, where its pods are used as food. They are pickled, or served up with butter, and being full of mu- cilage, make a rich dish. Okro. 7. H. Trio'nu.m. Le«re5 dentate, lower undivided, upper 3-parted; /oie.t lanceolate, middle one very long; calyx inflated, membranaceous, nerved. From Italy. An exceedingly beautiful flowerer, branching, 2 feet high. Flowers large, soon withering but numerous. Petals of a rich, chlorine yellow, the base of a deep brown. Ann. Flower of an Huur. 5 . M A' L O P E . Calyx surrounded by a 3-leavcd involucel ; carpels irregu- larly aggregated, l-?eeded. A name given by the Greeks to the Tree Mallow. 1. M. grandiflo'rum. Leaves nearly smooth, broad, ovate, obtusely o-lobed, crenate ; bracts lance- olate ; flmccrs solitary, axillary. Stein very branching, red, procumbent, 1 — 2 feet long. Flower-stalks as long as the leaf, smooth. Calyx of 3 leaves, very cordate at base, ciliate. Inner caly.Y of 5 deeply cleft, lanceolate segments. Petals large, of a rich purple, veiny. A beautiful garden plant. Jl. — Oct. ■Ann. Large-fioiccring Malope. 6. LAVATE'RA. Calyx surrounded by a three-cleft involucel ; carpels many, 1-seeded. Named in honor of two Lavaters, physicians of Zurich. 1. L. areo'rea. Leaves 7-anglod, downy, plicate; prdirels axillary, l-flowered, clustered, much shorter than tiie petiole. A splendid plant for borders or slirubberies, from Europe. It is biennial; hight about 6 feet. Flowers purple. Sept. t>ct. jVcc Mullmc. TILIACEjE. 85 2. L. Thuringia'ca. Leaves somewhat downy ; lower, angled, upper, 3-lobed, the middle lobe longest. From Germany. Hight 4 feet. Flowers light blue. Sept. Per. Gay Mallow. 7. GOSSY'PIUM. Calyx surrounded by an involucel of 3 cordate leaves; cap- sule 3 — 5-celled ; seeds involved in wool. A word said to be of Arabic origin, from goz, a silky substance. 1, G. HERBACEUM. Leaves 5-lobed, mucronate, one gland beneath; involucre serrate; stem smooth. This is the species commonly cultivated in the Southern States. It is an herbaceous plant, about 5 feet high. The flowers, like those of all the other species, are yellow. Leaves cut half-way down into 3 large, and 2 small, lateral, rounded, pointed lobes. Gland on the mid-rib at its back, halt an inch from the base. Jl. Ann. Common CoUoii. 2. G. Barbade'nse. > Upper leaves 3-lobed, lower, S-lobed with 3 glands beneath ; stem smoothish. Native, and cultivated in the W. Indies. A larger plant than the foregoing. Sown in Sept. and Oct. An acre yields an average product of 270 pounds of this cotton. Bien. Barhadoes Cotton. ORDER XXXIX. TILIACE/E. The Linden Tribe. Cal. — Se.pals 4 — .5, deciduous, valvate in aistivation. C'„r.— Petals 4—5, hypog-ynous ; glands 4 — 5, a1 tiu-ir base. fita, — Indefinite, distinct, hypogr^^nous, Antlifrs \ersatite. Oca.— Carpels 2— ]0, united. Style 1, compound. Stigma as many as carp«ls. jTr. Capsular, 2— 5-cellcd, with numerous seeds. Cotyledons leafy. A family of trees, willi a few shrubs, native in all regions, but especially within tlie Properties. These plants abound in a wholesome, mucilaginous juice. The inner bark is remarkable for touglmess, and is useful for various purposes, as fishing lines, nets, rice- Jjags, &c. TI'LIA. Calyx of 5 united sepals, deciduous; petals 5; capsules superior, globose, 5-celled, 5-seeded, opening at the base. Lat. tllia, the Lfnden-lree, Lime-tree, Bitss-wood. Cal. inferior, colored. Cor. of 5 oblong, obtuse petals, crenate at the summit, as large as the caly.x. Fil. numerous, large as the cor. Anth. 2-lobed. Ova. superior. Seeds soli- tary, roundish. T. America'na. Leaves cordate, abruptly acuminate, finely serrate, coriaceous, smooth ; petals truncate at the top ; fruit ovate. This is a common forest tree in the Nortliern and Middle Slates. It frequently grows to the hight of 80 feet, with a straight and even trunk, more than half this length, and 2 or 3 feet diameter. The leaves are large, nearly round, heart-shaped at the base. The H VITACEJE, 86 VITIS. leaves of the shoots which arise from the stump and roots, are remarkable for their large size. The flowers are distinguished for their peculiar inflort'scence. They are in little clusters on a foot-stalk, proceeding obliquely from the cen- tre of a long, narrow, floral leaf. Color green and yellow. The inner bark is very strong, and manufactured into ropes. The wood is white, soft and clear, much used in cabinet-work, and the panneling of carriages. Jl. Buss-wood. Lyme- Tree. ORDER XLII. VITACE^. The vine Tribe. Cal. — Minute, nearly entire or 5-toothed. [often cohering above, and caducous. Cor.— Petals 4 — 5, inserted on the outside of the disk, valvule and inflexed in aestivation, Sta. — 4 — 5, oiiposite the petals, inserted upon the disk. Ova. — Superior, d-celled. Style 1, very short. Fruit a berry, globose, pulpy. Seeds bony. Shrubs climbing by tendrils. Lower leaves opposite, upper ones alternate. Flowers raeemed. Native of the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The Grape fruit is the only important production of this order. The acid of the grape is tartaric. It contains a sugar, which dilfers from the common sugar in containing a smaller quantity of carbon. Genera. Torus elevated into a ring surrounding the ovary. Leaves cordate, &c., Vitis. 1 Torus without a ring. Leaves digitately 5-foUate, Ampelopsis. 2 1. VITIS. Petals deciduous, cohering at the top, or distinct and spread- ing; ovary partly enclosed within the torus, 2-celled; cells 2-ovuled ; stigma sessile, capitate; berry 1-celled, 1 — 4- seeded. Celtic gwyd, a tree or shrub, 1. V. Labru'sca. Leaves broad cordate, angular lobed, tomentose beneath. This vine is na- tive through the U. S., growing in woods and groves. Like most of the N. American species, the flowers are dicecicms. Stem woody, rough-barked, ascending trees often to a great bight, and hanging like cables suspended from the branches. Leaves very large, somewhat 3-lobed, at first white-downy beneath. Flowers small, green, in panicles with a leaf opposite. Fruit large, purple, often green or red. It is valued in cultivation for its deep shade in summer arbors, and its fruit which is pleasatit in taste. The Isabella, and other sorts known in gardens, are varieties of this species. 2. V. CORDIFO'LIA. Mx. V, vulpina. L. Leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally toothed, smooth on both sides ; racemes loose, many-flowered; berries small. Grows in thickets, by rivers, &c., ascending shrubs and trees to the higlit of JO — 20 feet. Leaves large, membranous, often 3-lobed, witii pubescent veins when young, and with a few mucronate teeth. Berries nearly black, rather small, late, acid, but well flavored after frosts of November. Jn. Frost Graj)e. Winlcr Grape. 3. V. ^stiva'lis. Leaves broadly cordate, 3 — 5-lobed or palmate-sinnate, coarsely dentate, with scattered ferruginous iiairs beneath; fertile racemes long, j)Enicled ; //er- rtes small. Grows in woods, by rivers, &c. Stein very long, slender, climb- ing, with very large leaves, whicli are sometimes witii deep, rounded sinuses, ACEBACE.E. 87 ACER. clothed beneath when young, with arachnoid, rust-colored pubescence. Ten- drils from the peduncles, which are dense flowered, and with a leai opposite. Petals cohering at summit. Berries deep blue, well flavored, but small, ripe in September. Flowers in June. Summer Grape. 4. V. vini'fer.\. Lenves cordate, 5-lobed, sinuate, naked. Naturalized in almost all temper- ate climates, but supposed not to be indigenous in this country. INo plant in the vegetable kingdom possesses more interestinp; attributes, is cultivated with greater care, or, let me add, has been worse perverted or abused by mankind, than the common vine. By cultivation it sports into endless varieties, differ- ing in the form, color, size, and flavor of the fruit, and in respect to the hardiness of its constitution. In N. England its cultivation is chiefly confined to the garden, and is a dessert fruit; but there are extensive vineyards in the Middle and Western States, for the production of wine. The vine is propa- gated by cuttings. Varieties without end may be raised from the seed, wliich will bear fruit the fourth or fifth year. A vineyard, it is said, will continue to produce fruit for 200 years. C'Gmmun Wiiia Grape. 2. AMPELO'PSIS. Calyx entire; petals 5, distinct, spreading; ovary 2-celled, cells Sovuled; style very short; berry 2-celled, cells 1 — 2- seeded. Gr. afA,7riXoi, a vine, "4^15, appearance ; the genus resembles the vine in habits, leaves, and flowers. Woody vines, with digitate leaves. A. quinquefo'lia. Leaves quinate, digitate ; leaflets oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth. A vigorous climber, found wild in the woods and thickets. It has lono- been cultivated as a covering for walls, aud is best known by the name of Woodbine. By means of its radicating tendrils, it supports itself firmly upon trees, ascending to the bight of 50 feet. In the same manner it ascends and overspreads walls and buildings. The large quinate leaves constitute a luxuriant foliage of dark, glossy green. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, in dichotoraous clusters. Berries dark blue, smaller than peas, acid. Jl. Virg'uuaii Creeper. Woodbine. ORDER XLIIl. ACERACE/E. The Maple Tribe. Cai. Sepals 5, rarely 4 — 9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in sestivalion. Cor.— Petals 5, rarely 4— 9, hyposj^'nous ; sometimes 0. &'(a.^yposynuu3, 3 — 12, usually 3. Anth. introrse or versatile. OBa.— 2-lobed, componnded ot"2 united carpels. JF>. — A double samara, with opposite wings, thickened at the lower edges. An order of trees and shrubs, with opposite leaves without stipules. Flowers often di- oscious or polygamous. Thesapof several species of the Maple yields sugar by evaporation. Genera. Flowers mostly polygamous. Leaves simple, Acer. 1 Flowers dioscious. Leaves compound, pinnate, ISegundo. 2 1. ACER. Flowers mostly polygamous; calyx 5 cleft; corolla 5 pe- taled orO; stamens 8; styles 2; samarse 2, winged, united at base, byabortion 1-seeded. — Leaves simple. ACERACEJE. 88 ACER. Lat. acer, sharp, vigorous. The wood of the Maple, was anciently manu- factured into the heads of pikes and other sharp weapons. * Trees. Flowers corymbose, &c. 1. A. RUB RUM. Leaves palmate, 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally and incisely tootlied, the sinuses acute, jrlaucous beneatJi ; foicers aggregate, about 5 togellier, on rather loner pedicels; oxaries smooih. The red luaple is a common tenant of low M'oods and swamps tliroughout the Atlantic states. It is a tree somewhat above tlie middle size. The trunk is covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, white spots, becoming dark with age. In spring, the appearance of the tree is remarkable for the deep crimson flowers, with which it is thickly clothed. Each bud gives birth to a fascicle of about 5 flowers. Stamens much cxscrt- ed. The fertile flowers are succeeded by a red fruit, furnished with a pair of winfs resemblinff those of some insect. The wood is hard and compact, and is much used in cabinet-work, particularly that well known and hand- some variety called curled maple. Red Maple. Swamp Muplc. 2. A. dasyca'rpum. Leaves palmate, 5-lobed, truncated at base, unequally and incisely toothed, with obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath ; //ojiw.'rs in crowded, simple umbels, v.'ith short pedicels and downj' vvarics. This species much resembles the last, but its leaves are larger, and the winged fruit is also larger than that of the red maple or of any of the following species. It is a tall tree 50 feet in hight, not uncommon in the N. England forests. The flowers are of a yellow- ish green color, as also the fruit. The wood is white, softer and less esteemed than that of other species. The sap yields sugar in smaller proportion than the sugar maple. While Maple. 3. A. sacchari'num. Leaves palmate, 5-lobed, subcordate at base, acuminate, remotely toothed, with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneath ; jloicers pedunculate, corymbose, nodding. This fine tree is most abundant in the primitive soils of N. England, constituting the greater part of some of its forests. It is a tree of lofly proportions, 70 teet in hight, with a trunk 3 feet in diameter. The bark is of a light gray color, rough and scaly. The branciies become nume- rous and finely ramified in open situations, and in summer aie clothed with a foliage of uncommon luxuriance and beauty, on which account it is more ex- tensively cultivated as a sliade tree than any other, not even excepting the majestic and favorite elm. Maple sugar, perhaps the most delicious of all sweets, is almost wholly the product of this species. An ordinary tree will 3''ield 20 — 30 gallons of sap in a season, some, twice or three times as much. It is obtained by inserting spouts in holes bored in the trunk. When collect- ed, it is concentrated by evaporation until it crystallizes or grains, yielding sugar in the proportion of about a pound to four gallons. The wood of the rock maple is very strong and compact, and makes the best of fuel. It is sometimes curled like the red maple, but oftener presents that beautiful ar- rangement of fibre, called bird's cycmaple, which is highly esteemed in cabinet- work. Apr. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. * * Shrul)s. Flowers in racemes. 4. A. PeNNSYLVA'NICUM. L. A. Striatum. Lam. Leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth ; racemes simple, pendulous. A small tree or shrub, 10 — 15 feet high. Found HIPPOCASTANACE^. 89 in our northern woods. The bark is smooth, and beautifully striped length- wise with green and black. Flowers large, yellowish green, succeeded by long clusters of fruit, with pale-gieeu wings. The smaller brandies are straight and smootli, easily separated from the bark in spring, and are often manufac- tured by the boys into certain wind instruments. Hence it is called whistle- wood. In Europe it is highly prized in ornamental gardening. May. Striped Maple. Whistle- wood. 5. A. SPICA'tUM. Lam. A. montanum. Jlit. Leaves ahout 5-lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath; racemes erect, compound. A shrub of smaller stature than tlie last, found in mountain or hilly woods throughout the country. The bark is a light gray. Leaves small, rough, divided into 3 or 5 lobes, which are somewhat pointed with large, sharj) teeth, and more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and minute, in cylindric, oblong, close, branched clusters, becoming pendulous with the winged fruit. Jn. Mountain Maple Bush. 2. NEGU'NDO. Flowers dioecious; Corolla 0; fertile flowers racemed; staminate flowers fascicled ; leaves compound, of 3 — 5 leaflets. A fine, ornamental tree, distinguished from the genus Acer chiefly by its pumate leaves. Calyx, stamens, styles and fruit as in the last genus. N. ACEROI'dES. Mwuck. Acer Negundo, L. Leaves ternate and 5-pinnate; Icnjlets ovate, acuminate, remotely and une- qually dentate; fertile flowers in long, pendulous racemes; barren flowers corymbose ; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upwards. A handsome tree, 20 — ?>0 feet in hight, with irregular, spreading branches, growing in woods. The trunk is a foot or more in diameter, and when young, covered with a smooth, yellowish-green bark. Leaflets serrated above the middle, petiolale. the terminal one largest, all slightly pubescent. Wings of the sama- ra approximate, broadest towards the end. Apr. Ash-leaved Maple. Box-Elder. ORDER XLIV. HIPPOCASTANACE^. Horse- chestnut Tribe. Ca/.— Campanulate, of .5 united sepals. Cor.— Petals o (one of them sometimes abortive), unequal, liypog}'nous. Sta. — 6 — 8, distinct, unequal, inserted upon a disli with the petals. Oi-a.— Roundish, ^-cornered, 3-celled, crowned with a single, filiform, conical style. Pr.— Roundish, coriaceous, with 1— 3'larjje, roundish, smooth seeds. Native of N. America and Northern India. The species are generally ornamental trees, with astringent properties residing in the bark. The seeds contain much starch, and are nutritive, but bitter. Only the following genus is found iii the Northern States, and even this is not indigenous. ^'SCULUS. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed ; corolla irregular, 4 — 5-petaled; stamens, ovary and fruit as expressed in the order. « M. HiPPOCA'STANUM. Leaves digitate in 7s; petals 5, spreading; capsule prickly. A noble tree, justly admired for its majestic proportions, and for the beauty of its foliage celastrace-?:. 90 celastru?. and flowers. It is a native of the north of Asia, but is now known throughout Europe and in tliis country, and is a frequent ornament of courts and avenues. It is of rapid growth, and attains the hight of 40 or 50 feet. In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or tliyrses of flowers, of pinlv and while, finely contrasting- with the dark green of its mnssy foliage. The leaves are digitate, with seven obovate, acute, serrate leaflets. Th'e fruit is large, ma- hogany-colored, and eaten only by deer. Horse- C/iestnut. ORDER XLVI. CELASTRACE^. The staff-mc Tribe. Ca/.— Sepals 4 — 5, united at l>ase, imbricated. [paneled disk whicli surrounds the ovar\-. Co;-.— Petals as many as sepals, inserted by a broad base under tlie margin of the flat, ex- 6'to.— As many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on the margin of the disk. Ova. — Superior, immersed in, and adliering to the disk. Fr. — A capsule or berrj'. Seeds either with or without an arillus. Chiefly native of the Temperate Zone of both hemispheres. The species of N. America are chiefly slirulis. the leaves opposite or alternate. They possess acrid and bitter proper- ties, sometimes emetic and stinuilant. Genera. i compound (ternate), .... Stnphylm. 1 ( opposite, ( simple, Euuiiijmus. ;f Shrubs with leaves ( alternate, simple, Celustnii. 2 Tkibe ], STAPHYLE.E. Leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds not arilled. Cotyledons thick. 1. STAPHYLE'A. Flowers perfect ; calyx of 5, colored, persistent sepals ; pe- tals and stamens 5; styles 3; capsules 2 — 3, membranous and inflated. A Greek word, meaning a buncli; from the form of tlie fructification. Shrubs, Leaflets involute in vernation. Flowers white. S. trifo'lia. Leaves ternate; racemes pendulous; petals ciliafe below ; /'?•^^^i ovate. A handsome shrub, 6 — 8 feet high, in moist woods and thickets. Leaflets oval- acuminate, serrate, pale beneath, with scattered hairs. Flowers white, in a short, drooping raceme. The most remarkable feature of the plant is its large, inflated capsules, which are 3-sided, 3-parted at top, 3-celled, containing sev- eral hard, small nuts or seeds, with a bony, smooth and polished testa. May. BLudder-nut, Tribe 2, EUONYMEiE. Leaves simple. Seeds usually arilled. Cotyledons leafy. 2. CELA'STRUS. Flowers sometimes polygamous; calyx flat, of 5 united se- pals ; corolla spreading, of 5 sessile petals ; capsule subglobose, or 3-angled, 3-celled ; seeds with an arillus, 1 — 2 in each cell. A Greek name, given to a certain evergreen tree, of which pails and other vessels were made. Climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves and minute decid- uous stipules. RHAMNACE^. 91 RHAMNUS. C. sca'ndens. Unarmed ; stem woody, twining ; haves oblong, acuminate, serrate ; racemes terminal. Flowers dioecious. A climbing shrub in woods and thickets, the stems twining about other trees or each other, ascending to a great hight. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petiolate, smooth. Flowers in small racemes, greenish white. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, and contained in a 3-valved capsule, continuing upon the stem through the winter. Jn. Stuff-tree. 3. EUO'NYMUS. Calyx flat, of 5, (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals; corolla flat, inserted on the outer margin of a glaudular disk; stamens 5, with short filaments; capsule colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved; seeds ariled. Euonymus, was the name of a certain deity in Grecian mythology, but its application to this plant is unexplained. E. atropurpu'rea. Peduncles compressed, many-flowered; s;(o-7?ias square, truncated; leaves oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneatli. A shrub, 5 feet high; with opposite branches and deciduous leaves. Flowers purple, in axil- lary clusters. Corolla and other parts of the flower, usually in 4s. Capsules crimson, smooth. Seeds covered with a briglit red aril. Jn. Spindle-tree. Burning Bush. E. America'na. Peduncles round, 3-flowered ; leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acute, serrate, smooth ; branches 4-angle(i ; corolla and other parts of the flower mostly in 5s. A handsome siirub, of smaller size than the preceding, with opposite, square, slender, green branches and smooth evergreen foliage. Leaves thick and leathery, varying from ovate-lanceolate through oval to ob- lanceolate. Flowers pink and yellow, 1 — 3 together, axillary. Capsules dark red, warty. Seeds with a bright red aril. Burning Bush. ORDER XLVII. RHAMNACEiE. The Buck-Tlwrn Tribe. Col. — Sepals 4 or 5, united at base, valvate in estivation. [sometimes I). Cr.^Petals 4 or 5, distinct, cucullate or convolute, inserted into the orifice ol" the calyx, Sta. — Opposite the petals, 4 or 5. Ova — Superior, or hall'superior, with an erect ovule in each cell. Fr. — A capsule, drupe or berr)'. Trees or shrubs, often armed with spines. Leaves generally alternate and simple. This family of plants is distributed throughout all countries, except those in the Frigid Zones. Many are native of the U. States. Ceanothus is peculiar to North America. Properties. The berries of many species of Rhamnus are violent purgatives. The Ziz- yplius Jujuba, yields the weW )ino\vn jujube paste of the shops. The leaves of Ceanothus have been used as a substitute for tea. Genera. Calyx free from the ovary ; petals plane ; flowers minute, . . . Rhmnmts. 1 Calyx adherent to the ovary at base ; petals unguiculale, .... Ceanothus. 2 1. RHAMNUS. Calyx urceolate, 4 — 5-cleft; petals 4 — 5, emarginate, in- serted upon the calyx; ovary free, 2 — 4-celled; styles 2 — 4, more or less united ; fruit drupaceous, 3 — 4-seeded. 92 CEANOTHUS. The Greek name for a thorn bush. Small trees or shrubs, with alternate Ivs. 1. R. catiia'rticus. Flmorrs totrandrous ; slinih erect, with thorny IraJiches ; leaves ovate, doub- ly serrate ; flowers polygamous and dioecious, fascicled ; fruit sub-globose, 4-seeded. A shrub, 10 — 15 feet high, in mountains and woods. Leaves near- ly smooth, in crowded clusters at the ends of the hranchlets. Flowers small, numerous, green. Sepals reflexed ; petals entire. Fruit black, globose, and with the inner bark, powerfully catliartic. This shrub is sometimes used for hedges. Buck Thorn. 2. R. ALNIFO'LIUS. Viler. R. franguloides. Mx. Flowers mostly pentandrous ; shrub erect, with unarmed branches ; leaves oval, acuminate, serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath ; peduncles aggre- gate, 1-tlowered ; ca/j/z acute; styles thren, united, very short ; //-m/^ turbin- ate, black. A shrub common in rough hills and pastures. Berries about the eize of a currant, 3-seeded. May. Jn. Mdcr-lcavcd Buclakorn. CEANO'THUS. Calyx tubular, 5 cleft; corolla of 5, saccate-arched petals; berry dry, 3-celled, 3~sceded. A Greek name applied to some prickly plant. Petals with long claws, standing in the turbinate calyx. Caps, tricoccous, 3-parled, opening on the inner side. Shrubby and thornless. 1. C. Americ'ana. Leaves oblong-ovate, serrate, 3-nerved ; •panicles axillary, elongated. A small shrub, with a profusion of white blos.soms, found in woods and groves. Stems 2 — 4 feet high, slender, with reddish, round, smooth branches. Leaves alternate, thrice as long as broad, very downy with soft hairs beneath. Flow- ers minute, white, in crowded panicles from the axils of the upper leaves. Stamens enclosed in the curiously vaulted corolla. The root, which is large and red, is sometimes used for coloring. The leaves have been used as a sub- stitute for tea. Flowers in June. Jersey Tea. 2. C. ova'lis. Leaves oval-lanceolate, with glandular serratures, 3-nerved, nerves pube- scent beneath ; thyrse corymbose, abbreviated. Found on the shores of Lake Champlain. Flowers white, larger than those of the last, and in short or hemispherical panicles. May. Smooth-leaved Ccanothus. ORDER XLVIIl. ROSACE J^. The Rose Tribe. Cal. — Sepiils 5, raroly fewer, united, often reinlorced by as many bracts. [calyx. Cm. — Petals .5, re!,'ular, rarely wanting, in.sertcil on the disk which lines the orifice of the Sta. — Indefinite, usually numerous, arising from the caly.x, distinct. [each other. Ot'ct. — Superior, 1 or several, distinct, 1-celled; often coherent to the sides of the calyx and Styles — distinct or united. Fruit a drupe, pome, achenia or follicle. A large family, composed of trees, shrubs smd herbs. Fjcaves alternate, often accompa- nied with conspicuous stipules. Flowers regular, often huge and beautiful. The genera of this order are chiefly natives of temperate climates north of the equator. Prapfrties. A highly imiiortiint order, whether we regard its delicious fruit, its medicinal products, or the beauty of its flowers. None of its species (excepting those of the Almond tribe) are unwholesome. An astringent principle characterizes the family, residing chiefly ill the bark and the roots. The roots of tiie Blackberry, have been used in medicine as an ROSACEA. 93 CERASUS. aetiolate. Flowers white. Fruit dusky purple. Bristly Blackberry. p. semperv'rens ; stem trailing, several feet in length, sending up many branches, which are some 8 inches long, and with scattered prickles like the stem. Leaves alternate, obovate, and, like the above, persistent, but becom- ing somewhat discolored before spring. Berries small, black, acid. Jl. 3. R. CaNADE'NSIS. L. R. trivialis. P, Stems procumbent ; leaves ternate or quinate, oval, acute, unequally serrate ; perfice/y solitary, elongated; jicdiinrlesnnd petioles rough with recurved prick- les. Common in dry, stony fields. Stem slender, weak, prostrate, running several yards upon the ground. Flowers large, mostly solitary, on long, slen- der stalks. Petals white, obovate. Fruit large, black, agreeable. May. June, Trailing Blackberry. Dew-berry. 4. R. cuneifo'lius. Stem erect, subangular ; branches, petioles and peduncles pubescent ; leafiets cuneate-obovate, in 3s or 5s, entire at base, toothed above, subplicate, downy beneath ; racemes loose. Dry fields and thickets. A low shrub, bearing fruit of an agreeable flavor, ovate, black. Jn, Wedge-leaned Blackberry. * * Raspherries. Fruit concave beneath, separating from the dry, conical, persistent receptacle. 5. R. odora'tus. Leaves simple, palmate, with 3 — 5 lobes; stem unarmed, many-leaved, many-flowered, covered with a viscid pubescence. A fine flowering shrub, 3 — 5 feet high, common in upland woods in JN. H., Vt , &c. It is cultivated in gardens, both in this country and Europe, much admired for its numerous., large, crimson flov/ers, and its ample foliage. Leaves very large, serrate, roughish, mostly in 5 lobes, with hairy stalks. Flowers large, purple, not much unlike a rose, save its stamens are white. J'ruit broad, thin, yellowish, and agreeable to the taste. A variety has red fruit. This plant is sometimes- called Mulberry. Jn. JL Flowering llasjiberrij. 6. R. STRIGO'SUS. L^narmed, strongly hispid; Icnjlets 3 or .'>, oval, obtuse at base, marked with lines and wliitish downy beneath, the odd one often subcordate. A common, erect shrub, in hedges, neglected fields, «5s:.c. bearing a very delicate fruit. Stem without prickles, but covered with bristles instead. Leaves ternate or 5-pinnate, only the terminal one stalked, Fruit a compound berry, red, of a peculiar, rich flavor, ripe in July. Flowers white, in terminal clusters. May. Wild Red Raspbcrrif. ROSACEA. 103 POTENTILLA. 7. R. occidenta'lis. Branches and petides g]a.ucovis and prickly; leaves ternate; leajlets ovate , acuminate, sublobate, doubly serrate, downy beneatli ; petioles terete. A tall, prickly shrub, 5 feet hio-h, common in rocky fields, thickets, &c. Stem round, slender, inclining, conspicuous for its fine glaucous dust Leaflets oval, cov- ered beneath with a whitish down, only the terminal one stalked. Fruit a black, round, compound berry, of a lively, agreeable taste, ripe in July. Flow- ers white, in terminal racemes. May. Black Raspberry. Thimble-hcrry . 8. R. TRIFLO'RUS. Rich. R. saxatias. Bic. Herbaceous, pubescent; stems creeping; leaves ternate; leaflets rhombic, acute, cut-dentate, naked, the odd one stalked ; flou^crs somewhat in Ss, with elongated pedicels. Mountains. Root perennial, but the stems are annual and somewhat herbaceous. Fruit small, black. Flowers white. Jn. Three-floiccred Raspberry, 9. R. Chamjemo'rus. Herbaceous; stem decumbent at base, erect, unarmed, 1 -flowered; leaves pimple, cordate-reniform, rugose, with 5 rounded lobes, serrate ; sepals obtuse. An Alpine species of small size, but with large flowers and fruit. Petals white, obovate. Berries red, richly flavored. Flowers in June, July, ripen- ing the fruit in September. Cloud-berry. 10. R. Id.e'us. Leaves 5-pinnate and ternate ; leaflets rhomb-ovate, downy beneath ; jielioles channelled ; stem prickly-hispid ; ^o?ffer5 somewhat panicled. Native of stony woods and thickets, and successtully cultivated in our gardens. An erect, shrubby plant, about 5 feet high. Stem usually covered with bristly thorns, but sometimes quite smooth. Leaflets nearly smooth above, covered with a dense, cotton-like down beneath. Flowers in lax, terminal clusters, white. Fruit dark red, compound berries, highly and richly flavored. In the variety £mtricanus, the leaves are all ternate. Garden Raspberry. ' 1 9. POTENTI'LLA. Calyx concave, deeply 4 — 5-cieft, with an equal number of alternate, exterior segments; petals 4 — 5, obcordate ; sta- mens numerous; filaments slender; ovaries collected into a head on the small, juiceless receptacle. Lat. potentia, power ; in allusion to its supposed potency in medicine. Seeds naked, rugose, attached to a small, dry receptacle. Herbs, with pinnately or palmately compound leaves. Flowers solitary or in cymes, yellow or white. * Leaves trifoliate. 1. p. Norve'gica. Leaves 3-foliate; stem dichotomous above, erect; peduncles axillary. A hairy plant found in old fields. Stem about 8 inches high, round, forked at top Leaflets stalked, oval, cut-serrate. Stipules large, ovate. Flowers nu- merous, crowded, axillary and terminal. Petals obovate, shorter than calyx, yellow, July. Per. Norway Cinquefoil. 104 POTENTILLA. 2. p. tride'ntata. Leaves evergreen ; leaflets cuneate, 3-toothed at the end ; flowers terminal, corymbose; petalslonger than the calyx. On the White Mountains, &c. The root and lower part of the stem woody. Stems erect, round, panicled, hairy, 4 — 8 inches high. Leallets sessile, leathery, oblong, ending in :j large teeth. Flowers few, in a sort of corymb. Petals obovate, white. June. Per. Mountain PutenL'dla. * " Leaves digitate. 3. P. Canade'nsis. Villose-pubescent; sterns sarmentose, procumbent, and ascending; leaves palmately 5-foliate, the leaflets obovate, silky beneath, cut-dentate towards the apex, entire and alternate towards the base ; stipules hairv, deeply 2 or 3- cleft, or entire ; pedicels axillary, solitary ; bracteoles of the calyx longer than the segments, and nearly as long as the petals. Common in fields and thick- ets. Stems more or less procumbent at base, from a few inches to a foot or more in length. Flowers yellow, on long pedicels. Calyx segments lanceo- late or linear. Apr. May. Common CinquefoiJ . ». sarmcntosa. Very small and delicate. Stems procumbent, running a foot or more. Flowers small, low among the grass, on slender peduncles. Running Cinquefoil. fi. simplex. Stem simple, erect or ascending at base. Plant nearly smooth. Leaflets oblong-oval, coarsely serrate. 4. P. arge'ntea. Leaves quinale; leaflets cuneate, cut, revolute on the margin, white and downy beneath ; ^?em ascending. A small species frequent in fields, remarka- ble for the silvery canescence on the under side of the leaves. Stem half a foot high, white and cottony, half-erect, spreading. Flowers numerous, in cor- ymbose, terminal panicles, small, yellow, in. — Sept. Per. Silvery Cinquefoil . 5. P. FRUXrCo'SA. P. floribunda. S/em fruticose, hairy, erect, branching; leaves innnnte; leaflets ohlong-\in- ear, revolute, entire ; petals longer than the calyx. A shrubby plant. 1 — 2 feet higli, found in bogs and low grounds. Stem very branching. Leaves alternate, on slender stalks, and consisting of 5 — 7, oblong, very entire leaflets. Flowers yellow, in crowded, terminal corymbs. Jn. Per. Bushy Cinquefoil. 6. P. anseri'na. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, silky; stem slender, creeping and rooting ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. A handsome, creeping plant, with much silvery foliage and large golden flowers, in wet meadows. Stems long, hairy, reddish. Leaves composed of 7 — 19 pairs of leaflets, the alternate ones smaller, covered beneath with white, silvery hairs. Flowers 3-ellow, on long stalks. Jn. Per. Silver-weed. Goose-grass. 7. P. ARGU'tA. p. Bootia sylvestris. B. Stem erect ; radical leaves pinnate, on long petioles, hairy and pubescent ; cutdine ones few ; leaflets hToa.d\y-ova.te, cui-seTTaie ; floiccrs in small, termi- nal, nearly sessile cymes. Along streams, «?kc. Stems 2 — 3 feet liigh, large, round, striate, and witii the rest of the plant very pubescent. The upper leaves are simple and 3-foliate ; lower ones 5 — 9-foliate Peduncles dichoto- mous, with dense clusters of white flowers. Disk glandular, 5-lobed, stellate. May. June, raise ./}cc7is. 105 DALIBAROA. 10. COMA'RUM. Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with bracteoles alternating with the segments; petals 5, very small; stamens numerous, in- serted into the disU; achenia smooth, crowded upon the en- larged, ovate, spongy, persistent receptacle. Gr. ico^a-Qoi, the strawberry tree, which this plant resembles.— A perennial herb, creeping at base. C. palus'tre. Leaves pinnate, of 3, 5 and 7 leaflets; sli-pnUs sheathing, adhering to the petiole : fioirers somewhat panicled, every part permanent. A plant in some respects similar to the strawberry, about 1^ feet high, growing in bogs and ponds. Root creeping. Stem round, smooth, leafy, decumbent at base. Leaves on long stalks" lenflels on short ones, oblong, senate, hoary beneath. Flower dark purple in all its parts. Fruit permanent. Jn. Marsh Cinqnefoil. 11. FRAGA'RIA. Calyx 10-cleft, 5 alternate segments or bracteoles external; achenia smooth, naked, affixed to a large, pulpy, deciduous receptacle. Stamens numerous. hd.t. frnarnns, fragrant ; on account of its perfumed fruit.— Perennial herbs. Stems stoloniferous. 1. F. ViRGINIA'NA. Eh. F. Canadensis. Mx. Leaves trifoliate ; leaflets broad-oval, smoothish above ; calyx of the ^uit erect, spreading; achenia imbedded in pits in the globose receptacle. The fruit of the strawberry is universally grateful and salutary either alone, or with cream, sugar, or preserved. In sunny situations, the fruit is inferior to none in sweetness, but when grown in the" shade it degenerates, becoming msipid and even sour. May. Ripe in Jn.— Aug. Common loild Strawberry. 2. F. VESCA. Leaves trifoliate ; calyx of the fruit reflexed or much spreading; receptacle conical in fruit, without pits ; pcduiicUs longer than leaf-stalks. Native of our woods and meadows, and well known in our gardens, where the fruit is some- times an ounce or more in wciffht. Flowers white, appearing in early spring. Garden Strawberry. English Strawberry. 3. F. GRANDIFLO'RA. Calyx of fruit erect ; pubescence of petioles and peduncles erect ; leaves cori- aceous, smoothish above. From Surinam, S. A. Flowers large, in early spring. Fruit very large, globose. In cultivation, the strawberry requires an open situation, and°a rich, loamy soil; and the lu.xuriance of its foliage and flowers requires also copious supplies of water. Pine-apple Strawberry. 12. DALIBA'RDA. Calyx inferior, deeply 5 — 6-parted, spreading, 3 of the seg- ments larger; petals 5; stamens numerous ; styles 5 — S, long, deciduous; fruit achenia, dry or somewhat drupaceous. Named for Dalibaid, a French botanist. — Small, perennial herbs. EOSACEiC. 106 GEUM. D. REPENS. D. violajoides. M. Pubescent, bearing creeping shoots; lenves simple, roundish-cordate, cre- nate; pcdtiiicles 1-flowered. A little, creeping, diffuse plant, found in woods and mountains. Leaves obtuse, on fnig, slender petioles. Peduncles as long, bearing a single white flower. Jn. False Violet. 13. WALDSTEl'iNIA. Caljx o-cleft, widi 5 alternate bracteoles; petals 5, decid- uous; stamens numerous, inserted into the caljx; stales 2-- 5; achenia (ew, dry, on a dry receptacle. Named by Wildenow, in honor of Franz de Waldstein, a distinguished Ger- man botanist. Acaulescent perennial herbs, with radical, lobed or divided leaves and yellow flowers. W. fragarioi'des. Leaves trifoliate, on long, radical petioles ; leaflets cuneate, incisely crenate- dentate, ciliate; scapes bracted, many-flowered; tube of caly.x obconic. A liandsome plant, found in hilly woods, N. H., bearing some resemblance to tiie strawberry', a few inclies to half a foot high. Leaflets roundish, cut into lobes and teeth, sessile, in 3s, of a dark, shining green. Scape divided at lop in- to a panicle of yellow flowers, on pedicels bracted at base. Jn. Dry Straicbary. 14. GEUM. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft, with 5 alternate segments or brac- teoles smaller and exterior; petals 5 ; achenia tipped with the permanent style, which is mostly jointed, bearded and geniculate. Gr. yivcij^ to taste well ; in allusion to the quality of the root. Cal. segments deep, acute, the 5 alternate ones smaller. Pet. rounded, cleft or entire, as long as the cal. and longer than the fil. Ova. numerous as the styles, fiat, ovate, in a roundish head. Recep. columnar. — Perennial herbs. 1. G. stric'tum. Hairy, radical ; leaves interruptedly^ pinnate, cauline ones 3 — .5-foliatc ; leaf- lets ovute, dentate, the terminal one larger; stipules erect; cahjx with the o alternate bracteoles short, linear; -petals roundisli, a little longer than the ca- lyx; aions naked, hooked. Habit various. Stem about 2 feet high, with a cluster of large, jellow flowers at top, on short pedicels. Petals about the length of the long calyx segments. 31. Aug. Ydloic .'ivcns. 2. G. riva'le. Pubescent; stem simple; radical leaves l3'-rate; stiptdcs ovate, acute, cut; flowers nodding; petals as long as the calyx; awns plumose, nearly naked at top, hooked. A fine plant, conspicuous above ijie grass in wet meadows, for its dttrk colored, nodding flowers. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, from a creeping, woody rhiy.oma. Root leaves interruptedly pinnate, inclining to lyrate, tiie terminal leaflets large, roundish, lobate and crenate ; stem leaves ternate or tri- lobate, sessile. The stem divides at top into several drooping flower-stalks, forming a sort of panicle. Calyx ])urplish brown, closed. Petals cbcordate, erect, yellowish brown, veined. The root is aromatic and astringent. June. Per. iVuter Acens. 107 SANCIUISORBA. 3. G. Virginia'num. Pubescent; radical leaves pinfiate, cauline ones 3 — 5- foliate or lobed, all unequally serrate, cut ; flowers erect ; petals not exceeding the calyx. About 2 feet high in hedges and thickets. Stem erect, branching. The lower leaves are Sometimes ter'nate, or even simple, with appendaged petioles. Stipules large, cut into lobes and teeth. Flowers small, whitish. Styles bent and hairy at t1ie summit. July. White jivens. 4. G. triflo'rum. Hairy ; stem erect, about 3-flowered ; leaves mostly radical, interruptedly pinnate, of numerous, cuneate leaflets, cut-dentate; &roc?co/fs linear, longer than the segments; stifles plumose, very long. On the White Mts; in N.Y., &c. Stems scarcely a foot high, with a pair of opposite leaves in the middle, and several bracts at the bases of the long, slender pedicels. At the top it di- vides into about 3 flower-stalks, each bearing a single, large, purplish flower. June. Three-flowered Geum. 5. G. Peck'ii. Scape nearly naked, paniculate above, many- flowered; radical leaves ]yrSLle- pinnate, the terminal leaflet very large, roundish, somewhat lobed, cut-den- tale or crenate, tlie lateral ones minute; petals much longer than the calyx. White Mts. A species remarkable for its large root-leaves, which are on long, appendaged petioles, roundish-reniform, somewhat truncate at base, and with radiate v°eins. Petals yellow, rather large. Jl. Peck's Geum. 6. G. urba'num. Flowers erect; awns hooked, naked; cauline leaves ternate ; radical ones lyrate-pinnate, in 5s; upper leaves ovate; stipules large, roundish. From Europe. The root is mildly astringent, aromatic like cloves. They are chewed to correct a foul breath. — Flowers yellow. Jn — Aug. Per. Common JJzens. 15. SANGUISO'RBA. Calyx tubular, 4-si(led, limb 4-partecl, 2 — 3-bractecl at base ; petals 0; stamens 4, opposite tiie calyx segments; filaments dilated upwards; style 1, filiform; achenium dry, included in the calyx. Lat. sanguis, sorhere, q. d. to absorb blood. The plant has the reputation of an excellent vulnerary. — Perennial herbs. S. Canade'nsis. Spiles very long, cylindric ; stamens many times longer than the calyx. Stem herbaceous, 2 — 3 feet high, smooth, striate. Leaves unequally pinnate. Leaflets oblong, obtuse, serrate. Flowers reddish-white, in long, terminal spikes, appearing in July, ^'ative in wet grounds, and cultivated. Canada Burnet. IG. AGRIMO'NIA. Calyx 5-toothed, contracted at the throat, and with hooked bristles above; petals 5; stamens 12 — 15; achenia 2, in the bottom of the calyx tube. Gr. ayqoi, field, and ittovoj, alone; a name of dignity, on account of its reputed excellence in medicine, Cal. inferior, tubular. jPet. flat, emarginate. KOSACEiE. 108 SPIRiBA. Fil. shorter tlian cor., inserted in the throat of cal. Ova. ovate, flattened, in the bottom of the cal. Styles lateral, as long as the stamens. A. eupato'ria. Stem-leaves pinnate, the odd one petiolate ; fniit hispid. This plant is com- mon bv road-sides, margins of fields, &c. Stem angular, hairy, 2 feet higii. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets ovate, acutely toothed, smoothisii, sessile, the terminal one stalked. Flowers yellow, scattered in along, slender spike. Calyx half as long as the petals, persistent, hispid, with hooked bris- tles. The plant is bitter, aromatic, astringent and tonic. In June and July, when in flower, it dyes wool a nankeen color; in September, a darker hue. Per. Jigriiiiony. p. parviflora. Stem-leaves pinnate, the odd one sessile ; fruit hispid. Fields. Stem 2 feet high. Leaflets mostly linear-lanceolate, serrate. Petals once and a half the length of the calyx. Flowers small, yellow. Jl. Per. 17. POTE'RIUM. Flowers monoecious. S/en'/e, — calyx of 4 leaves; corolla 4-parted ; stamens 30 — 40. Fertile^ — calyx of 4 leaves ; cor- olla 4-parted; ovaries 2; fruit 2-celled, invested with the calyx. Literally a drinking vessel, and hence a beverage; the plant is used as inirredient in some medicinal drinks. P. sanguiso'rba. Unarmed; siem subangular; stamens much longer than the calyx. From Europe. The Burnet is less valued in medicine than formerly. The leaves, when bruised, smell like cucumbers, and are used as a salad. Jn. Per. Burnet. 18. S P I R iE' A . Calyx inferior, 5-cleft; petals 5; stamens 10 — 50, exsert; carpels distinct, follicular, 1-celled, 2-valved, 1 — 3-seeded. Gr. ffTfUgov, a coil or wreath ; in allusion to the spire-like form of the clus- ters. Cal. spreading. Pet. roundish. Fil. numerous, nearly as long as cor. Caps, as many as the stig. — Unarmed shrubs or perennial iierbs. 1. S. TOMENTO'SA. Leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, tomcntose beneath; floipers doubly racemed. A shrubby plant about 3 feet high, very common in pastures and low grounds. The stem is woody, hard, brittle, and consequently very trouble- some to the scythe of the mower. Leaves leathery, dark green above, whitish and downy beneath. Flowers small, purplish, with numerous and conspicu- ous stamens, forming dense, conical and terminal clusters, of some beauty. The fruit which succeeds, remains upon the dead stalks during winter, furnish- ing food for the snow-bird. July. Aug. Hard-hack. 2. S. SALICIFo'lIA. L. S. alba. Mx. XeaTJCs elliptical-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; _^f)7ccrs panicled. A slender shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, in meadows, «fec., distinguished from the foregoing by smooth leaves and whiter, larger, thinner clusters of flowers. Stem reddish, LEGUMINOS^. 109 GILLENIA. woody. Leaves acutely serrate, thin, smooth on both sides. Flowers white, small, in large, cylindric panicles, terminal and axillary. Jl. Aug. Meadow-sweet. 3. S. aru'ncus. Leaves 3-pinnate, membranaceous ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, tlie terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, doubly and sharply serrate; flmm-s very numerous, small, white. A tall, branching herb, on the Cattskill Mts., &c. Tor. <^ Gray. 4. S. hypericifo'lia. Leaves obovate, entire or toothed at the apex ; mnhels sessile. A handsome shrub, 4 or 5 feet high, cultivated in shrubberies. Leaves an inch long. Flow- ers abundant, white, in smooth, lateral umbels, appearing in May. In Eu- rope, where it is common, it is called the Jtalian St. Jokus-wort. Hard-hack. 5. S. opulifo'lia. Leaves ovate, 3-lobpd, serrate; eorijinls stalked. River banks throughout the Northern and Middle States. A shrub 4 feet high, sometimes seen in our shrubberies. Leaves like those of the viburnum opulus. Flowers white, in crowded, terminal corymbs. Capsules inflated, smooth, of a shining brown. Styles 3. June. 19. GILLE'NIA. Calyx infundibuliform, 5-toothed ; petals 5; stamens 10 — 15, very short; styles 5; carpels 5, connate at base, each 2- seeded. Gr. yiXuco, to laugh ; on account of its exhilarating qualities. Cal. tubular, with an expanding, 5-toothed border. Cor. partly unequal. Pet. lanceolate, tapering at the claws. Stem included. Capsule opening within. — Perennial herbs, with trifoliate leaves. G. trifoi.ia'ta. Leaves trifoliate, lanceolate, serrate, nearly equal ; stipules linear, entire ; floicers in loose, terminal panicles; crt/(/2- tubular-canipanulate ; styles 5. A handsome herbaceous plant, 2 feet high, with ternate or trilobate leaves, and white flowers appearing in June. Indian Phi/sic. ORDER XLIX. LEGUxMINOSiE. Leguminous or Bean Tribe. fa/.— Sepals generally -3. more or less united, often unequal. (k)r. — Petals 5, eitlier papilionaceous or regular, peri^n,-uous. Sta. — Diadelphous, nionadclphous or distinct. Anthers versatile. Oca. — Superior, single and simple. Sh/le and stigma simple. Fr. — A legume, either continuous (1-celled), or (a lament) jointed into 1-seeded cells. Sds. — Solitarj' or several, destitute of albumen. An immense family, consisting of herbs, shrubs and trees, with alternate, usually com- pound leaves. Stipules 2. at the swelling base of the petiole. Stipelles connnonly S, at the base of each leaflet. The Order is divided into two principal Suborders, whose char- acters are indicated further on; viz. Suborder I, Papilionace.e, and Subnrder'J, MimosE-E. Geography. The Leguminosffi are distributed throughout all lands, with the exception of a few unimportant Islands, from the Equator to either of the frigid zones. Of its 3300 Epecies known, about 290 are natives of the United States, ]6U2 (according to De Caudolle) inhabit the Torrid Zone. 1302, north of that Zone, and 424, south of it. K leguminos;e, 110 lathyrus. Properties. No family of the vegetable kino:doni possesses a higher claim to the attention of the naturalist tliau the LesjuminosaRj whether we regard them as ohjecis of ornament or utility. Of the former we miglit mention the splendid varieties of Cercis, with their purple flowers, the Acacias, with their airy foliage and silky stamens, the pride of India, Collulea and Caesalpiua, with a host of.olhers, wiiich, like the Sweet Pea, are redolent willi per- fume. Of the latter, the Beans, Peas, Lentils, Clover and Lucerne, are too well known to require particular conmieudation. Among timber trees the Rosewood (a Brazilian species of Mimosa), the Laburnum, whose wood is durable and of an olive-green color, and the Locust (Robinia) of our own country, are pre-eminent. The following are a few of tlie important officinal products of this order. In medicine : liquorice is the product of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra of S. Europe. The purgative senna consists o( tlic leaves of Cassia semia, C. aeutifolia, C, iEthiopiea and oilirr species of Egypt and Arabia. C. Marylandica is also acatliartic, but more mild than llie iumier. The sweet pulp tamarind, is the product of a large and beautiful tree (Tamarindus Indica) of the E. aiui W. Indies. Resins and balsams : Gwm Senegal is yielded by Acacia Verek of the river Senegal ; Gum Arabic, by several species of Acacia of central Africa; Chim Tra- gacynth, by Astragalus verus. &c. of Persia. Baham Copaiva is the product of several spe- cies of Copaifera, natives of Brazil and AV. India ; Balsam Tolu of Myospennum toluife- rum, of Peru, and balsam Peru of AI. peruiferum of the same country. Dyes, &c. Indigo, the most valuable of all, (but a violent poison,) is the product of several southern species of Indigolera, as I. anil of the W. Indies, and I. argentea of Egypt. Brazil-wood, from Caes- alpiua Braziiieusis. Log-icood from Haematoxylon Campeachianum, of Campeachy, and Red-saiidal-wood Irom Plerocarpus santalinus of Egypt, &.e. &.c. Conifpcctus of the Genera. * Corolla papilionaceous. ( Calyx 5-tootlied, Melilotus. 6 (1 — 2-seeded; I Calyx 4-toothed, Anipliicarpaa. 7 Legumes 'j many-seeded ; calyx 5-toothed, Pluvteolus. 5 i( l-.jointed,.l-seeded; diadelphous, Lespedeza. 8 \ 2-jointed, 1-seeded ; monadel. Htylosantites. 12 pinnately ; 1 Lonient (many-jointed, . . . Desniodiitm. 11 ( I/cgume falcate or spiral, Medirago. i) I Legu. short, few-seeded, Trifuliuin. 1(1 ( Sta. diadelphous; ( Legu. square, 4-winged, Tciragonolobus.VS palmately; ( Stamens distinct, equal, . . . Baptisia. 17 ( outside, . Lnt/iijrus. 1 ( and produced ( Style villous | inside, . Vicia, Pisum. 2, '-i \ into tendrils ; ) Style glabrous, . . Ervum. 4 (■ abruptly, ( not cirrhose; .^tam. monadelphous; leaflets 4, Arachis. 16 I linear, many-seeded. iV/j/ifo.vi'rt. 14 ( Leg. flat ( oblong, 1 — 4-seeded, Glycyrrhiza. 15 Leafl. ] ( 1-celled, grooved, P/ioca. 18 9—3:1 ; ( Leg. turgid ) sub-2-celled, Astragalus. 19 ] ( Herbs; ( Leaflets 5 — 7 ; stem twining, - . Apios. 21 I 1 inflated, , . CoUutea. 22 i ( Legume \ terete, arcuate, . Indigo/era. 20 uneq- | Slirubs unarmed ; j Loment jointed, . . Coronilla. 24 pinnate [ ually ;[ Trees, &c. armed with spiny stipules, . . Robinia. 23 I Herbs ; stamens 10, monadelphous, .... Crotularia. 2.5 J ( Calyx 2-leaved, with two bracteoles, . . Vlex. 2(i "] Shrubs ;( Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed, . . . Genista. 27 simple. I. Trees ; stamens di.stinct ; legume flat, .... Cercis. 23 ** Corolla not papilionaceous. ( Loment lor more joint. Mi)nosa. 32 ( Fls. polygamous ; i Legume not jointed, Acaeia. 33 ( Shrubs; I Flowers perfect ; stamens 10, . . . (hesalpina. 31 V I 1 unarmed, Gymnocladus. 34 g fbipinnate, &c. ( Trees, (spiny, Gleditschia. 35 g ] palmately .5 — 15-lbliate ; stamens monadelphous. Herbs. . . I.upinus. 29 ,j ( unequally pinnate, without tendrils ; sta. 10 distinct. Herbs. . Cassia. 30 Tribe 1, PAPILIONACEiE. Corolla papilionacenns, rnreJy somcirliat regular, imbriciite or verillanj in asfivdtion. Stamens 10, dludelplwus, rarely monaddplwus or distinct, inserted ■with the petals into the base cj the calij.c. LEGCMINOS*. Ill I.ATHTP.US. 1. LA'THYRUS. Caljxcampanulatc, the two upper'segments shortest; stjle flat, dilated above, pubescent or villous along the inside, next the free stamen. The ancient Greek name of the Sweet Pea. Cor. 5-petaled, vex. largest, obcordate ; aire oblonji, obtuse, curved upwards, approximate ; keel of 2 uni- ted petals with separate claws. Style ascending, bent at a right angle with the ovar}'. — Herbaceous, mostly climbinp;. Leailets from one pair to several. Petioles produced into tendrils. Peduncles axillary. 1. L. VENO'SUS. Muk. Siem 4-coraered, naked; stipules semi- sagittate, lanceolate, very small; peduncles 8 — 16-flowered, shorter than the leaves; hujlets h — 7 pairs, some- what alternate, obtusish, mucronate. Stexii erect, 2 — 3 feet higli. Flowers purple. In shady grounds. Jn. Jl. 2. L. OCHROLEU'CUS. Hook. Stem slender; peduncles 7 — 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves; upper segments of the calyx truncate, angular ; leijlrts about 3 pairs, broadly ovate; stipules senii-cordale. A small, delicate species, in shady places and river banks. June. July. 3. L. PALU'STRIS. S/f?rt winged; stipules semi-sagittate, large, ovate, mncronate ; Icajlcts in 3 pairs, oblong-ovate, mucronate ; peduncles 3 — 5-flowered, rather larger than the leaves. A slender climber, found in wet meadows and thickets. Leaves pinnate-cirrhose, broad or narrow-ovate. Flowers variegated with purple and blue, drooping. Stems square, broadly winged at the angles, slender, sup- ported by the tendrils. Jn, Jl. Per. Marsh Latliyrus. 4. L. M.4Rr'TIMUS. Bio. Pisum maiitimum. P. Stem quadrangular, compressed ; petioles flat above ; si/pi/Zfs sagittate ; leaf- lets numerous, subalternate, ovate ; ■peduncUs many-flowered. A pale green, creeping plant, resembling the common pea, found on sandy shores. Stem rigid, 1 — 2 feet in length. Stipules connate. Leaves ending in a branching tendril, the lower pairs of leaflets largest. Flowers large, blue. Pod hairy. .May — July. Per. Beach Pea. 5. L. MYRTIFO'LIUS. Muh. Stem quadrangular, winged, weak and flexuous; stipules semi-sagittate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; leaflets 2 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucro- nate, vei[iless ; peduncles longer tlian the leaves, 4 — 5-flowered. A little climb- ber, growing on river banks. Stem about 3 feet long. Flowers red. Jl. Per. 6. L. LATIFO'L[US. Peduncles m^ny-{[oweTed; tendrils 2-]cs.veA, the leaflets hnceo]a.te ; joints membranous-winged. A very showy plant for gardens and arbors, native of England. Stem G feet long, climbing, wiijged between the joints. Flowers pinli. Jl. — Sept. Per. Everlasting- Pea. 7. L, odor.\'tus. Peduncles 2-flowered; tendrils 2Ieaved, the leaflets ovate-oblong; legumes I-EGUMINOSiE. 112 liirsute. A well known garden flower, native of Sicily. The flowers appear in June, are large, variegated with red and white. Very fragrant. Ann. Sweel Pea. 8. L. SATi'VUS. Peduncles l-Roweied; tendrils 2 — 4-leaved ; ;?oJs ovate, compiessed, with two edoes at the back. Native of S. Europe, where it has been sometimes cultivated for food ; but it proved to be a slow poison, both to man and beast, producing ultimately entire helplessness, by rendering the limbs rigid, but without pain. Ann. Cluck Pea. 9. L. Cly'imenum. Pednncles 2-flowered ; tendrils many-leaved ; leaflets lanceolate ; stipules toothed. Native of Levant. Ann. Various-floieered Pea. 2. V I' C I A . Calyx with 3 inferior segments, straight, and longer than the 2 above; vexillum emarginate; style transversely beard- ed beneath the stigma. Celtic gicig, whence, Gr. /Stx-ioy. Lat. vicia, Fr. Tcsce., Eng. vetch. Cor. of 5 petals, vex. largest, oval, ascending, alee oblong, approx., carina flattened, of 2 united petals with separate claws. Fil. 10, 4 united into a compressed tube, open at the upper edge, the others hair-like, separate. Stig. obtuse, with a tuft of hairs in front, below the summit.— Mostly climbing herbs. Leaf- lets several pairs. Petioles produced into branching tendrils. Peduncles axillary. 1. V. AmERICA'NA. Muh. Smooth; peduncles 4— S-flowered, shorter than the leaves; stipules semi- sagittate, deeply dentate; lenflets 10—14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, mucro- nale, veined, somewhat alternate ; legumes oblong-linear, compressed, reticu- lated. Stems slender, 1 — 3 feet long. Flowers blue or purple. Lower calyx teeth broad-lanceolate, much longer than the 2 upper. Style very hairy at the summit. May. jimerican Vetch. 2. V. Carolinia'na. IValt. Pednncles many-flowered ; flotcers distant ; teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube, the two upper very short; style hairy at the summit; letifcts 8^2, linear-oblong, smootliish ; legumes not reticulated, oblong. Woods and river banks. A slender climber, "4 — G feet long. Flowers pale blue, the banner tipped with deep purple. May. Per. Carolinian Vetch. 3. V. TETRASPF/RMA. Loisel. V. pusilla. Mh. Peduncles about 2-flowered ; calyx teeth lanceolate, shorter than the tube ; legume smooth, 4-sceded ; lenflcls 4— (i, small, linear ; stipules lanceolate, semi sagittate. Slender and delicate plants, growing on banks of streams, Slc. Flowers very small, bluish white. Legumes about 5-seeded. Jl. Ann. Slender Vetch. 4. V. sati'va. Flowers 2, subsessile ; stipules toothed, dotted ; leaflets oblong-ovate, refuse, mucronate ; legumes erect, roundish, smooth. A slender, climbing plant. LEGUMINOS^. 113 found in cultivated fields, probably introduced. Stem square. Leaflet^ in 5_G pairs, lanceolate, the lower ones abrupt. Flowers axillary, purple. Stip- ules marked with a dark spot. J a. Ann. Cumvion Vetch. 5. V. Cracca. Flowers in imbricated spikes; lenjlds lanceolate, pubescent ; stipnhs semi- sagittate, linear-subulate, entire. A slender climber, 2—3 ieet long, about fences, hedges, thickets, <^-c. Stem square, downy. Leaves of many pairs of downy, iTuicronate leaflets, with a branched tendril at the end of the prin- cipal stalk. Flowers blue and purple, arranged in a long, dense, one-sided raceme. July. Per. Toficd Vetch. 6, V. Faba. S:em many-flowered, rigidly erect; legumes subsessile, torulose; leaflets oval, entire, acute ; sg, on sandy shores. Pod becomes black when ripe, 5 — 7-seeded. Corolla purplish, Aug. — Oct. Ann. 2. P. helve'olus. Slevi slender, twining ; leaflets between oblong-ovate and linear, entire ; peduncles slender, several times longer than the leaves, lew-flowered ; legume straight, cylindric, 8 — 10-seeded. Grows in sandy fields. Aug. Sept. 3. P. pere'nnis. Twining, pubescent; racemes paniculate, mostly in pairs, axillary ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved; legumes pendulous, falcate, broad-mucronate. A slender, twining vine, several feet long, in dry woods. Panicles of flowers C — 12 inches long, exceeding the leaf, 1 — 3 together. Corolla red and pur- ple. July. Per. Bean Vine. 4. P. vulga'ris. Raceme solitary, shorter than the leaves; peduncles in pairs; Icgujnes pen- dulous, long-mucronate. Native of E. Indies. Universally cultivated in the garden, not only for the sake of its matured fruit, but for its young pods, which constitute that favorite dish called string-hcans. Varieties are produced by cultivation, in respect botii to the hight of the stem and the color of the fruit. Leaves ternate, leaflets nearly smooth, broad ovate-, acuminate. Stipules oblong. Flowers 4 or G, in each cluster, their pedicels opposite, pale-bluish white. July. Ann. Common Pole Bean. 5. P. multiflo'rus. Raceme solitary , as long as the leaves ; peduncles opposite ; pods pendulous ; bracts appressed, a little shorter than the calyx. Native of S. America. Stem twininof, many feet in length, with numerous clusters of brilliant scarlet flow- ers. Fruit considered less valuable for the table than the last. Jl. Ann. Scarlet Kidney Bean, 6. P. luna'tus. Legumes scimetar-shaped ; racemes shorter than the leaves; peduncles in pairs; secrf.s compressed, purplish-white. NativeofE. Indies. Stem twining, of great length. Flowers of a greenish white. Jl. Ann. Lima Beau. 7. P. NANUS. Stein smooth ; bracts larger than the calyx ; pods pendulous, compressed,, rugose. From India. Stem erect, a foot high. Flowers white. June. Ann. Common dwarf Kidney-Bean. Buck Bean, LEGUMIKOS^. 115 LESPEDEZA. 6. MELILO'TUS. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed; keel simple, shorter than the ate and vexillum; legume rugose, longer than the calyx; flowers racemose. Lat. md, honey, and lotus. In drying it exhales a sweet scent. Tliis genus was taken from Trifoliinn, from wliich genus it technically differs in the pods, they being longer than the calyx, and in the inflorescence being racemose, not in heads. M. OFFICINA'LIS. P. Trifolium officinalis. L. Slemevect; /flffl/Zcfs ovate-oblong, dentate ; legumes naked, 2-seeded, rugose, in racemes. This kind of trefoil is about 3 feet high, growing in meadows, indigenous according to Eaton. Stem furrowed, branching. Leaves ternate, leaflets oblong, narrow, obtuse, smooth, with minute, mucronated teeth. Flow- ers yellow, in long, one sided, axillary, erect racemes. Pods oval, pendulous. The whole plant is sweet-scented. Jn. Ann. McLilot Trefoil. /3 alba, sometimes made a distinct species, is the common Sweet-scented clo- ver of tlie gardens. The stem is robust, very blanching, 4 — G feet high. Flowers small, very numerous, white. Leaves ternate, oval, more obtuse at tlie summit tlian at the base, sharply serrate. The whole plant sweet-scent- ed. June — Aug. Naturalized. Sweet-scented Clover. 7. AMPHICARPJE'A. Calyx tubular, campanulate, 4-toothed, (or 5-toothed, the upper 2 united) with nearly equal segments; petals oblong ; vexillum with the sides oppressed; stigma capitate; ovary oa a sheathed stipe; legume flat, 2 — 4-seeded. Gr. au,(pi, around, icaQTroi, fruit ; in reference to the ovary sheathed at base. Only the upper flowers are complete, but usually barren; those upon the low- er prostrate branches, apetalous and fertile. — Slender, twining annuals. A. MONOl'CA. JN'""- Glycine monoica. L. Leaves ternate, ovate, acute, smooth ; stcvi hairy ; racemes of the stem with pendulous, petaliferous, barren flowers ; radical peduncles with apetalous, fer- tile flowers. A very slender vine, in woods and thickets. Stem twining, rough backwards. Leaves very thin. Racemes axillary, few-flowered. Flowers pale-purple. Jl. Aug. Per. Pea Fine. 8. LESPEDE'ZA. Calyx 5-parted, complete, bibracieoiate at base, segments nearly equal; keel ot' the corolla obtuse; loment lenticular, unarmed, one-seeded. Named by iVlichaux, in honor of Lespedez, a governor of Florida, who pro- tected tiiat botanist during his researches. A genus taken from Hedysarum, from wliich it diflTers in the loment, which is lens-shaped, smooth, with one seed only. Perennial herbs. 1. L. CAPITA'ta. Mx. L. frutescens. Ell. Liaves ternate ; leaflets elliptical, obtuse, silky-pubescent ; stipules subulate ; fascicles of flowers ovate, sub-capitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary ; lo LECiUMlNOS-E. 116 MEDICAGO. merits hairy, shorter than the villous calyx. A slender, hairy, shrubby plant, 2 — 4 feet high, found in dry woods. Leaves very numerous, on sliort petioles, each consisting of 3 mucronated leaflets, covered with silken down beneath, smooth above. Flowers white and red. Sept. Buih Clover. 2. L. HIRTA. Leaves ternate ; leaflets roundish-elliptic ; racemes capitate, axillary, oblong, longer than the leaves ; corolla and lomeitt about as long as the calyx. A plant, 2 — 4 feet high, found in dry woods, erect, branching and very hairy. Leaves leas numerous than the last, on very short stalks, consisting of 3 oval leaflets, hairy beneath. Peduncle hairy, much longer than the raceme. Flow- ers reddish white, crowded. Aug. — Sept. Hairy Lespedcza. 3. L. VIOLA'CEA. Pers. Leaflets oval -elliptic, obtuse; racemes umbellate, longer than the petioles; floiccrs inpa'irs; /omertL^rhomboidal, reticulate, smooth. Dry woods. Stems long and slender, nearly erect, smoothish. Leaves consisting of 3 small, mucronated leaflets, nearly smooth. Flowers violet-colored, rather numerous, pedicelled, arranged by pairs in slender racemes, which are disposed in the form of an umbel. Pods I -seeded. Jl. Aug. Violet Lespedeza. /3. sessiUflora ; leaflets ohlong-ovvA, obtuse ; /risfzc/cs of flowers subsessile, axillary and terminal; lument naked, acute; calyx minute. In dry woods. Stem slender, erect, branching, 2 feet high. Leaves pubescent beneath, on long stalks. consisting of 3mucronated leaflets varying much in size. Bunches of small, violet-colored flowers numerous, tiie axillary ones nearly sessile. Aug. y. reticulata; leaflets oblong-linear, hairy beneath ; fascicles oHiowers sub- sessile, axillary and terminal ; lament ovate, reticulate with prominent lines, acute. Dry woods. Stem simple or branched, nearly smooth. Leaflets very narrow. Flowers violet-colored. 2- diver sens ; leaflets oblong, obtuse ; racemes longer than the petiole ; floW' «•*• in pairs ; leguvies ova.ie, reticulate, suiooth. Dry woods. Plant diffuse, branching, erect, smoothish, 1 or 2 feet high. Leaflets appressed, hairv be- neath, narrow, blunt at each end. Flowers violet, in long, slender, axillary racemes. Aug. 4. L. procu'mbens. Leaflets oval, upper surface smooth ; racemes short, on very long, setaceous peduncles; /o/ni?«^s roundish, pubescent ; .•-■ilcvns procumbent. Dry woods and sandy fields. Plant pubescent in all its parts. Stems several Iro.m the same root, slender, 2 — 3 feet long. Leaves consisting of 3 oblong or roundish leaf- lets, on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in short, raceme-like heads, axillary, the lower ones apetalous, and on short, the upper on very long, thread-like filaments. Aug. Procuriibent Lespedeza. 5. L. angustifo'lia. Leaves ternate; leaflets oblong, oval and lanceolate, hoary- pubescent be- neath ; rarenies capitate, longer than the leaves ; cnrolla longer than the calyx. A tall, shiubby species, congener of L. cupitata, found in dry woods. Stem 3 — 4 feet high, slender. Flowers white or i eddish. Sept. JVarroic-leaved Lespedeza. 9. MEDICA'GO. Keel of corolla deflexed from the vexilliim, bj the falcate or spiral, compressed legume. Name derived from Medcs, its native country. Cal. inferior, straight, cyl- indric, in 5 nearly equal segments. Vex. ovate, entire, inflexed at the edges, LEGU.MINOSJG. 117 TRIFOLIUM. the whole reflexed. Wings oblong-ovate, affixed to the appendages of the keel, cohering by their edges within it.— Herbaceous, with palmately trifoli- ate leaves. 1. M. lupuh'na. Spikes ovate ; legumes reniform, 1-seeded, veiny, rugose ; stems procumbent. Pretty common in fields and road-sides. Stems angular, leafy. Leaves ter- nate, resemblino- those of clover. Leaflets obovate, serrulate, mucronate. Spikes small, of'yellow flowers. Pods somewhat spiral, a form which char- acterizes the genus. May— Oct. Ann. J^one-sucfi. 2. M. SATi'VA. Peduncles racemed; Zeo'?/7nc5 smooth, spirally twisted; stipules enlhe ; leaf- lets oblong, toothed. A deep-rooting, perennial plant, sending up numerous, tall and sFender clover-like shoots, with spikes of blue or violet flowers. Na- tive of Europe, where it is highly valued as a forage plant. It has been nat- uralized and cultivated to some extent with us, but has hitherto proved of less value than clover. July. Per. Luceni Medick. 3. M. interte'xta. Peduncles about 2-flowered; legumes cochleate, oval, with downy, seta- ceous, pubescent, reflexed, appressed prickles ; leaflets ThomholAaX, toothed. Native of S. Europe. Cultivated as a garden flower for the curiosity of its pods. About a foot in hight. Flowers yellow. Jn.— Aug. Ann. Hedge-hog. 4. M. scutella'ta. Peduncles 2-flowered ; legumes unarmed, cochleate, orbicular, convex at the base, flat above, with concentric, spiral folds. Native of S. Europe. Culti- vated among flowers for tiie cuiiosily of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July. Ann. Snail. Several other species are equally curious with the above, and are sometimes found in our gardens. 10. TRIE O' LIU M. Legume covered by the caljx, falling off entire, 2 — 4-seed- ed; flowers subcapitatc. Gr. r(i:(pv>.>.ov. Fr. trifle, Eng. trefoil. As the name indicates, these plants are trifoliate. Cal. inferior, 5-toothed, perennial. Cor. 4-petaled, allmore or less united by their long claws, withering. Vex. reflexed. Wings all oblong, shorter than the vex. Keel 1-petaled, sliorter tlian the wings. Fil. 9 in one set, 1 in the other. Legumes short, membranous, without valves, hardly longer than the calyx. Seeds roundish. — Herbs. Leaflets with straiglat veins, scarcely reticulated. Flowers in dense heads or spikes. 1. T. prate'nse. Spikes dense ; stems ascending ; coroVas unequal ; loicer tooth of the calyx longer than the four others, which are equal; leaflets ova\, entire. This is the^'common Red Clover, so extensively cultivated in grass lands, with herds grass {Phleum pratense) and other grasses, and often alone. Stems several from tiie same root, hairy. Leaves ternate, the leaflets ovate, lighter colored in the centre, entire and nearly smooth. Stipules ovate, mucronate. Flow- ers red, in short, ovate spikes or heads, sweet-scented. Corollas monopeta- lous. Flowers all summer. Per. -Rcii Clover, LEGDMINOS^. 118 DESMODIUM. 2. T. REPENS. Heads umhelhle : legumes 4-seeded; stems crcepinfr. A common pnsture plant, much valued by farmers. Steins several from the same root, sjjreading, extendinsj (j — 12 inches, rooting at the joints, smooth. Leaves ternate, on long stalks, leaflets roundish, lighter colored in tlie centre. Flowers white, in a dense liead resembling an umbel, the stalk much longer than the leaves, solitary, axillary, angular. Pods included within the calyx. The White Clo- ver grows in all soils, mountainous, meadovv' or rocky, and soon springs up in newly cleared lands. May — Sept. Per. White Ciover. 8. T. PROCu'mbens. L. T. procumbens and agrarium. L. Spikes ovo.], imbricate; vcxilium furrowed, reflexed, persistent; siem pro- cumbent; leaflets obovate. An annual species, v/ith bright yellow heads of llowers, found in dry pastures. Stems numerous, spreading, 6 — 12 inches in length. In richer soil, the stems are procumbent only at the base, afterwards erect or nearly so, slender, smoothish, reddish. Leaflets in 3s, obovate or roundisli, the middle one stalked. Lower common leaf-stalks an inch in length, more or less. Spikes about liO-fiovvered. oftener hemispherical, small June. July. ■ Yellow Clover. Hop Trefoil. 4. T. arve'nse. Heads cylindrical, very hairy ; calyx teeth setaceous, longer than the corol- la; leaflels narrow-obovate. A low plant, abundant in dry, sandy fields. Stems much branched, round, hair}', G — 12 inches high. Leaves hairy, on short petioles, of 3 narrow leaflets, half an inch to an inch long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, often red. Heads of while or pale red flowers, spiked, half an inch to an inch and a half long, very soft and downy, the slender, equal calyx teeth being densely fringed with fine, siUjy, reddish hairs, and projecting far beyond the corolla. Jl. Aug. Ann. Hair's-foot Trefoil. 5. T. me'dium. Stem branching, flexuous, suberect ; leaflets oblong, subentire ; stipvles acuminate ; heads of floaters loose, roundish ; calyx hairy, with setaceous teeth. Heads large, deep purple. Leaves uniformly green. Introduced. Per. 6. T. refle'xum. Procumbent, pubescent; leaves obovate; stipules cordate, oblique; heads many-tlowered; flowers podicelled, at length reflexed; /e4'-MOTeA- about 3-seed- ed. Dry rocky hills in the S. States. Stems 12 — 18 inches m length. Leaves of 3 inversely egg-shaped, slightly serrate, soft, downy leaflets, variegated with white. Flowers large and handsome, red, in terminal and axillary heads, reflexed when in fruit. Jn. Per. Buffalo Clover. 11. D E S M O' D I U M . Calyx S-cIeft, bilabiate, bii)raclcolate at base; legume lo- mentaceous, compressed, composed of several 1-seeded, sep- arable joints. Gr. diiTf/,oi, a bond; in reference to the slightly connected joints of the loment. Cal. lower lij) 3-parted or 3-tootlied, the upper, 2. Cor. papil. Vex. roundish. Keel obtuse. Sla. diadelphous, 9 iSl 1. — Herbaceous or sufjruti» cose. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. LEGUMINOSjE. 119 DESMODIUM. 1. D. CaNADE'NSE. Dc. Hedysarura Canadense. L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, nearly smooth; stipules filiform; bracts ovate, long-acuminate; flowers racemcd; joints of the himcnt obtusely triangular, hispid. Ratlier common in woods. A handsome plant, about 3 t'eet in hight. Stern upright, striate. Leaflets 3 inches long, broadest at base, pointed, near- ly smooth. Flowers purple, at the top of the plant, in axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts long. Pods about 5-joinled. Jl. Per. Bush Trifoil, 2. D. ROTUNDIFo'lIUM. Do. Hedysarum rotundifolium. L. Stem prostrate, hairy; leaflets suborbicular, hairy on both sides; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate; racemes few-flowered ; jo«net high, pubescent. Pods about 4-jointed. Found in woods. Aug. Perennial. Green-flowered Desmodium. 4. D. PANICULA'tuM. Dc. Hedysarum paniculatum. L. Plant erect, smooth; leaflets thin, oblong-lanceolate; stipules subulate; panicle terminal, with long and slender pedicels; bracts lanceolate; joints of the lament rhomboidal. A handsome species, near 3 feet in bight, found in woods. Stem slender, striate. Leaves of 3, smooth, narrow leaflets broadest at the base, tapermg to an obtuse point, about 3 inches in length, with subu- late, deciduous bracts. Pods 4 — 5-jointed, large. Flowers purple, numerous. July. Per. Panicled Desmodium. 5. D. NUDIFLO'RUM. Dc. Hedysarum nudiflorum. L. Leaves ternate, roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly glaucous beneath ; scape radical, panicled, smooth ; joints of the lament obtusely triangular. Common in woods. It is remarkably distinguished by having its leaves and flowers on separate stalks, often distant from each other. Stem 8 — 10 inches high, with several ternate, long-stalked, smooliiish, terminal leaves. Scape 2 — 3 feet long, slender, smooth, leafless, panicled, with many small, purple flowers. August. Per. JS'aked-flawcrcd Desmodium. 6. D. ACUMINA'tUM. Dc. Hedysarum acuminatum. M. Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at top; lea ves ternate, ovaie, long-acu- rainate, the odd leaflet round-rhomboidal ; panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle. Common in woods. Stem 8 — 12 inches high, ending in a slender panicle 1 or 2 feet lon^ofioi, a bean. T. E'duLIS. Lk. Lotus tetragonolobus. L. Legumes solitary ; hrarts ovate ; leaves ternate, the intermediate leaflets sub- dentate. A hardy climber, cultivated for the sake of its deep crimson, velvety flowers, and its curious pods. Native of Spain and Sicily, where its fruit was formerly used for food by the poor. This plant is celebrated in botanic histo- ry. Linnasus observed 'that its flowers became invisible in the evening, by being enveloped in their bracts, and reappeared in the morning. He was thus first led to consider the subject of tlie Sleep of plants, and to write upon it. July. Aug. Ann. Wuigtd Pea. 14. TEPHRO'SIA. Teeth of the calyx 5, subulate, nearly equal; keel obtuse, cohering with the wing; legume linear, much compressed, coriaceous; stamens diadelphous. Gr. Tf(f>go«, ash-colored; in allusion to the color of the foliage. — Herbs and shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves. T. ViRGINIa'NA. Pcrs. Galega Virginiana. L. Erect, villous ; Icaficts numerous, oblong, acuminate ; raceme terminal, sub- sessile ; legume falcate, villous. About a foot high, with very beautiful white and purple flowers, found in dry woods. The whole plant is covered with a whitish down. Leaves pinnate", with 10—12 pairs of pale green leaflets, .sur- mounted by an odd one. Calyx red. Banner white, keel rose-colored, wings red. July. i'er. Cut-gut. GuaVs Rue. 15. GLYCYRRHI'ZA. Calyx tubular, regular, 5-parted; vexillum erect, reflexed at the sides; alffi spreading; carina bitid; legume oblong, smooth, 3 — 4-seeded. Gr. yXt/x.t/«, sweet, Qi^a., root; from the well known properties of the liquorice root. G. officina'lis. Legumes smooth; stipules none; leaflets ovate, retuse, clammy beneath. Thetiquorice plant is deep-rooting, perennial, herbaceous. Native of S. Eu- rope, its stalk rises about 4 feet. Flowers light blue, in axillary spikes. Leaves pinnate, of about II leaflets. This plant is cultivated in plantations for the sake of its roots, and its extract, of the shops. The best soil for its culture, is a deep, sandy loam, which must be spaded or plowed to the depth of 2 feet. It is increased by cuttings of the root, which should be planted in the autumn, in rows, and afterwards hoed and weeded as necessary. After the third summer's growth, the roots are taken up and preserved in sand for sale or use. Liquorice. L LEGUMXNOSiE. 122 ASTRAGALUS.- IG. A'RACHIS. Calyx 2-lipped; corolla resupinate; filaments united; le- gume gibbous, torulose, veiny, coriaceous. An ancient Lat. name of a subterranean plant. A. hypog^'a. Leaves in 4s, cuneate, rounded; stipvh.s undivided; stem nearly smooth. Native of S. America. As tlie pods increase in size, they force themselves into the ground, and there ripen their seeds. Hence the specific name, which signifies under ground. In Carolina the seeds are used as chocolate. Plant 2 feet high. Flowers yellow. May. Jn. I'er. Pea JS'ut. 17. BAPTI'SIA. Petals of nearly equal length; calyx 4 — 5-cleft half way;- legume inflated, many-seeded. Gr. /iciTrrco, to dye; a use to which some species are applied. Cal. 4 — 5- cleft, sub-bilabiate, persistent. Sta. deciduous. Ova. stiped. Legumes often few-seeded by abortion. — Perennial herbs. B. tincto'ria. Leaves tern ate, stalked; leaflets roundish, obovate ; stipules seiaceons, obso- lete. A common plant, very glabrous, and much branched, 2 or 3 feet high. Leaflets on short petioles, in" 3s, tapering to a point at the base. Stipules very sliort. Flowers yellow, in loose, terminal racemes. Legumes short, round- ish, long-stiped. The leaves become black in drying. Woods and dry soils. July. Per. If't^d Indigo. 18. P H A C A . Calyx 5-toothed; keel obtuse; legume turgid, 1-cclled; placenta swelling. Gr. (pcix.r)j lentil, derived from (petyo), to eat. Two upper teeth of cal. often divaricate. — Perennial herbs. Fls. in a.xiUary racemes. P. negle'cta. t.^- O. Erect, branching, nearly smooth ; leaflets elliptical, 11 — 17 ; slipvles minute ; racemes many-flowered, rather loose ; legume sessile, smooth, roundish-ovate, much inflated, with a deep groove at the ventral suture. Western N. Y., by streams and lakes. A plant about 2 feet high, resembling the Astragalus Canadensis, but more slender and delicate. Flowers white. Seeds small and numerous. June. July. 19. ASTRA'GALUS. Calyx 5-toothcd; keel of corolla obtuse; legume with a longitudinal, lialf-breadth partition attached to one edge. A Greek name of uncertain application. Cal. tubular, lower toothlets grad- \ially less. Cor. papil. Vex. larger than the other pet., cmarginate, obtuse, straight. Wings length of keel. Ova. subcolumnar. — Herbaceous or iialf- shrubby, more or less canescent, with hairs fi.xed in the middle. Leaflets nu- merous, with an odd one. l^EGUMINOS^. 123 COLLUTEA. A. Canade'nsis. Canescent, erect, diffuse ; stipvJes broad-fenceoiate, acuminate ; hnjlets about 10 pairs with an odd one, elliptical, obtuse at both ends, the lowest ovate-obtuse ; peduncles about as long as the leaves, vi'hen in fruit shorter ; spikes oblong ; floictrs spreading, somewhat reflexed ; legumes ovate-oblong-, terete, suberect, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped with a permanent style. River banks, &c. At the ferry, Niagara Falls. Stem bushy, about ',\ feet liigh, very leafy. Flowers greenish yellow, in short, dense spikes. Pods I inch in length, leathery. Jl. Aug. Canadian Milk Vulc'i,. 20. INDIGO'FERA. Calyx spreading; carina with a spreading, subulate spur on each side. Lat. indigo, fero, that is, a plant bearing indigo. I. tincto'ria. LM?;es pinnate, oblong, smooth, with 9 leaflets; racemes shorter than the leaf; leen3 nnonadelphous ; caljx deeply bilabiate, upper lip 2-cleft or toothed; anthers alternately rounded and oblong; legume coriaceous, swelling at the seeds. Lat. hivus, a wolf; because this plant overruns the soil, and devoais as it were all its fertility. — Herba, with palmate, 5 — 15-foliate leaves. 1. L. PERENMS. i?oo< creeping, perennial; haves digitate; ^ower* alternate ; ad yxes vj'iih- out appendages, upper lip emarginate, lower entire. Grows wild abundantly in sandy woods and hills, particularly about Lake Champlain. It is a beauti- ful plant, much cultivated in gardens. It is often called sun-dial, from the curious circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till nio-ht. Stem erect, soft, smoothish, a foot high. Leaves soft, downy, on long stalks. Leaflets 7 — 9, arranged in a stellate manner, lanceolate, broadest above the middle. Flower&blae, varying to white, in a terminal spike or ra- ceme. May. Jurse. Per. Co-mmou Lupine. 2. L. NoOTKATE'iNSlS. Cfl/yi whorled, without appcntlagc ; lorcer Up entire; stem nnd leaves hany. A tall, handsome plant from iNootka Sound, very ornamental for the garden. Stem herbaceous, erect, hairy, C feet high. Leaves digitate, on long stalks^ LEGUMINOSJE. 127 C5:SALPINA. hairy, each consisting of about 7, narrow, lanceolate leaflets arranged in a stellate manner. Flowers large, purple, in a terminal raceme. June — Aug. Perennial. J\'ootka Sound Ltipine. The other species cultivated in gardens, are L. alius, an annual plant, with white flowers; h.pilosus, Rose Lupine, annual, with rose-colored flowers; L. lutens, Yellow Lupine, annual, with yellow flowers; L. hirsutus, Garden Lupine, annual, with blue flowers and an appendaged calyx, 30. CA'SSIA. Calyx 3-leaved; corolla 5-petaled ; the 3 upper anthers sterile, 3 lower ones beaked. From the Hebrew name Katzioth. Cal. lax, concave, colored, deciduous. Pet. roundish, concave, lower ones more distant, longer and more spreading. Fil. declined, 3 lower ones larger, 3 lower anthers very large, 3 upper small, barren. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 1. C. Marila'ndica. Smooth ; leaflets in 8 or 9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, equal, an obovate gland on the common petiole ; floiccrs in axillary racemes and termi- nal panicles. This beautiful plant is frequently met with in alluvial soil, grow- ing in close masses, 4 — 6 feet high. The stem is round, striate, with scattered hairs. Petiole channelled above, and distinguished by the pedicelled gland near the base. Petals bright yellow, 3 above and 3 below. In medicine it ia used as a mild cathartic, Aug. Per. American Senna. 2. C. Cham.s:cri'sta. Leaves in many pairs; gland of the petiole stiped ; stipules ensiform. An elegant plant, a foot or more high. Stem round, pubescent. Leaves pinnate, in about 12 pairs. Flowers on short peduncles, large, yellowish, two upper petals with a purple spot. Its leaves possess considerable irratibility, as do also those of the following species. Dry grounds. Has been cultivated iii Vircrinia for the purpose of recovering worn out lands, Aug, Ann. Dwarf Cassia. 3. C. NI'CTITANS. Leaflets 12—30 ; flower pentandrous. Stem erect, about a foot high, slen- der, pubescent, a little branched. Tlie leaflets are in many pairs, oblong, ob- tuse, with a bristly point, crowded, having a pedicelled gland below the lowest pair. Flowers pale yellov/, small, axillary, on short peduncles. An irritable plant, closing its leaves when touched, and in the night. Jl. Ann. Virginian Cassia, 31, C^SALPl'NA. Calyx cup-shaped at the base, of 5 united, subequal sepals; corolla of 5 unequal, unguiculate petals; stamens 10, all fer- tile, ascending; legume 1-celled ; seeds several, flat. Named in honor of Csesalpinus, physician to Pope Clement VIII, and the earliest writer on systematic botany.-- -Trees and shrubs, with abruptly bi- pinnate leaves. LER0MINOS-E. 128 GYMKOCLADUS. C. pulche'rrima. Aculeate ; Iciifeis obovate ; cahjx smooth ; petals fimbriate, on long claws ; JloiDcrs on long pedicels. An ornamental shrub from W. India, with large, orange-colored, variegated flowers. 32. MIMO'SA. Flowers polygamous. Perfect /Z.^Caljx 5-toothed ; co- rolla 0, or 5-toothed; stamens 4 — 15; legume separated into one-seeded joints; sterile f. like the perfect, but without ovaries or fruit. Gr. ftiftoi, a buffoon ; because the leaves seem as if sporting with the hand tliat touches them. M. SENSITi'VA. Stem and petiole prickly ; leaflets in pairs, the interior ones minute. Native of Brazil. Slender, about 18 inches high, with small, pink flowers. 33. ACA'CIA. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4-toothed; corolla tubular, campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft; stamens 8 — 200; legume not joint- ed, many-seeded. A large and exceedingly ornamental genus, abounding in important pro- ducts, as Catechu and Gum Arabic, and is of very easy culture in the green- house. They are trees, often shrubs. A. Juhbra'ssin is a small, ornamental tree, native of Persia. Leaves with 8 — 12 pairs of pinnae. Flowers white, with a multitude of long, silky stamens, on account of which the Persians have called it Gul ebruschim, i. e. Rose of silk. 34. GYMNOCLA'DUS. Flowers dioecious. Sterile f. — Calyx tubular, 5-cleft ; cor- alla 5-petaled. Fertile f. — Calyx and corolla as above ; style 1; legumes 1-celled, pulpy inside; seed large, roundish and hard. Gr. yv^voi, naked, and jtXa^o^, a shoot ; on account of the naked appear' ance of its strange, rigid shoots in winter. G. Canade'nsis. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets ova.], acuminate, pubescent. The Coffee tree is found in Western N. Y., Ohio, 4'C., on the borders of lakes and rivers. It grows to the hight of .50 feet, with a diameter of 15 inches. The trunk is straight and simple, 2.5 feet, covered with a very rough, scaly bark, and sup- portinir a ratiier small, but regular head. The compound leaves are 2 — 3 feet lono- and I5--2() inches wide, being doubly compounded of a great number of dull o-ri-en leaflets. Flowers large and white, succeeded by large, curving pods containing several hard, gray seeds. The wood of the Coffee tree is reddish, fine-grained and strong, and is valuable in architecture, and in cabi- net-work. May— July. MYRTACEJE. 129 MYRTUS. / 35. GLEDI'TSCHIA. Flowers polygamous. Ptrfccl fi. — Calyx 4-cleft; corolla 4-petaled ; stamens 6 — 8; legume long, compressed. Slam- inatef. — Calyx 3-leaved ; petals 3; stamens 6. Pistillate f. — Calyx 5-leaved ; petals 5 ; legume as above. Named in honor of John G. Gleditsch of Leipzig, a distinguished botanical writer, about 1750. G. tri^a'nthus. Branches armed with thick, triple spines ; leaves pinnate, of linear-oblong leaflets; legumes very long, compressed. This fine tree is rarely found na- tive in the Atlantic States, but belongs peculiarly to the Western. It is ac casionally, and deserves to be generally cultivated for ornament and shade. In favorable circumstances it will attain the hight of 70 feet, with a trunk undivided half its length, and 3 or 4 feet in diameter. The thorns with which the branches are armed in a most formidable manner, are 2 — 3 inches long, ligneous, often having 2 secondary thorns branching from tlie sides. The foliage is light and elegant. Flowers small, white, succeeded by flat, crook- ed, hanging pods 12 — 18 inches in length, and of a dull red color, remaining on the treelong after the leaves are fallen. They contain flat, brown, hard seeds, and a fleshy substance which is at first very sweet, but becomes sour. June. Honey Locust. ORDER LI. MYRTACE^. The Myrtle Trihe. Cat. — Adherent below to the compound ovaiy, the limb 4 — 5-cleft, valvate. Cor. — Petals as many as the segments of the calyx. Sea. — Indefinite. Anthers introrse. Style and stigma simple. Fr. — With many seeds. A fine order of trees and shrubs, distinguished by its opposite, exstipulate, dotted, entire leaves, generally with a vein running close to the margin. Native of warm or torrid coun- tries, especially of S. America and the E. Indies. Properties. A fragrant or pungent volatile oil, residing chiefly in the pellucid dotting of the leaves pervades the order. The Caryophyllus aromaiicus, native of Arabia, a tree about "20 feet in hight, yields the clove {dou Fr. a nail) which is the dried floiver. Cajeput oil is distilled from the leaves of the Melaleuca Cajcpiiu, native of the E. Indies. A kind of g-K?ra kino is obtained from Eucalyptus resinifera, :il'- Sta.— Twice as many as the petals, sometimes of the same number, the filaments inflexed in 4itttainens\0 — 12. Swanips. Stem woody at base, 4 or 6-an. — Sepals nnite(l,5, persi.^tent, equal. Cor. — Petals 5 or U), cucullate, inserted into the recesses of the calyx. Sta. — Indefinite, numerous, inserted with the petals, distinct or adhering in several sets. Ora.— Adherent to the calyx more or less, 1-ceUed, with 3—5 parietal placentae. Style 1. St.'*.— Many. Herbaceous plants, with bristles or stinaring hairs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers large. Natives of America, wust of the Mississippi. MENTZE'LIA. Calyx tubular, 5-parted; petals 5 — 10, flat, spreading; sta- mens indefinite, 30 — 200; ovary inferior; styles 3, filiform, connate, and often spirally twisted; stigmas simple, minute; capsule I -celled, many-seeded. Beautiful flowering herbs, named in honor of Dr. Christian Mentzel, phy- sician to the Elector of Brandenburg. M. Li'NDLEYl. T. 4^ G. Bartonia aurea. Lind. Hispid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; lobes often dentate ; flowers sol- itary or nearly so, terminal ; petals broadly obovate, very abruptly acuminate ; filaments filiform, and, with the seeds, numerous. Native of California. Stems decumbent, branching, 1 — '3 feet in length, with golden yellow flowers 2 — 3 inches in diameter, the beauty of which is greatly heightened by the innu- merable thread-like, yellow stamens. Ann. Cultivated, Golden Bartonia. ORDER LIX. PASSlFLORACEiE. Uc Passion Fhicer Trihe. Cat — Sepals 4 — 5, united below into a tube, the sides and throat of which are lined with a ring of fdamentous processes, which appear to be metamorphosed petals. Cot. — l^elals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx outside the crovru. PASSIFLORACEa:. 139 BASSIFLORA. Sta. — 5, monadelphous, surrounding the stipe of the ovary. Qi-a. — Superior, on a long stipe, 1-celled, Styles 3. Fr. — Stalked, within the calyx, many-seeded. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, usually climbing. Leaves alternate^ stipulate. Flowers large and showy, in axillary racemes. Natives of Tropical America, but cultivated in many other countries as ornamental flowers. The fruit of the GranadiUa (Passitlora mul- tiformis) is eaten in the W. Indies, and highly valued as a dessert, but the root is poisonous. PASSIFLO'RA. Calvx deeply 5-parted, colored; the throat with a complex crown of filiform rays; petals 5 or 0; fruit a pulpy berry. Lat. flos passionis, because the several parts of the flower were supposed to represent the passion of Jesus Christ. The five stamens were compared to his five wounds ; the three styles, to the three nails by which he was fixed to the cross; the column which elevates the ovary, to the cross itself, and the rays of the crown to the crown of thorns. 1. P. Lu'tea. Leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, smooth ; petioles without glands ; peduncles axillary, in pairs ; petals much narrower than the calyx. Native in Penn. and Vir. to Florida. Stem creeping, a few feet in length. The leaves are said to resemble those of the Hepatica triloba, both in shape and size, being smooth, glaucous and 3-lobed. Flowers with narrow petals, pale yellow. Crown of spreading rays of the same length and color as the petals. Sept. Per. Yellow Passion-floicer, 2. P. c^ru'lia. Leaves palmate, 5-parted, entire ; pei/o/es glandular ; involucre 3-leaved, en- tire; threads of corona shorter than the corolla. This is the tallest, most woody, and most admired species of this large and noble genus. Native of Brazil, where it grows to the size of a man's arm, and to the hight ot 30 feet. It is tolerably hardy but requires protection from our frosts. It is cultivated either from cuttings, seeds or layers. The leaves are exceedingly elegant, smooth, glaucous, deeply palmate in 5 entire segments. Flowers blue out- side, purple and white within, and continue but one day. Fruit ovate, yellow. "Among all the beauties which shine in sunny robes," says Hervey in his < Reflections on a Flower Garden' "this, I think, has the noblest import if not the finest appearance. Were they all to pass in review, and expect the award of superiority from my decision, I should not liesitate a moment. While others appoint it a place in the parterre, I would transplant the Passion-flow- er, or rather its sacred signification to my heart. There let it bloom both in Summer and Winter, in the most expressive characters, and with undecaying lustre." Common Passion-Jiuwer. 3. P. INCARNA'TA. Xearts 3-lobed, serrate, lobes oblong, acute; petioles wiih 2 glands; invo- luare 3-leaved ; threads of the corona longer tlian the corolla. This species is a native at the South, and next to the above, is perhaps the most popular in cultivation. The flower is rose color, variegated with purple, sweet-scent- ed. Fruit the size of an apple, orange-colored. Flesh-colored Passion-flower, 4. P. malifo'rmis. Leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, 3-nerved, veiny, entire ; petioles with 2-glands ; involucre 3-leaved, larger than the flower. This is the siceet culabush of the W. Indies. It produces large flowers, red, white and blue, but of short dura- CPCUEBITACEjE. 140 ECHJNOCTSTIS. tion. Fruit of the size and shape of a large apple, orange-colored when ripe, with a tliick rind and sweetisli pulp. It is served up in desserts. iSweel Calabash. Granadilla. ORDER LX. CUCURBITACE^. The Gourd Tribe. Cal. — 5-toothed. [marked with reticulated veins. Cor. — Petals 5, united with each other and cohering to the calyx, very cellular, strongly Sta. — 5, distinct, more generally cohering in 3 sets, Anth. very long and wavy or twisted. Oi- in a stellate manner at the apex. ' ads. — More commonly indefinite, attached to the inner angle of the cells. The greater part of the plants of tliis order are natives of the hot, sandy plains of the Cape of Good Hope. A few are found in S. Europe, N. Africa, &c., and only one genus, Sesu- vium, along the sea shore of the Middle and Southern Slates. MESEMBRYA'NTHEMUM. Calyx S-cleft; petals many, linear; capsule fleshy, turbin- ate, inferior, many-seeded. Gr. f/,i(rrifA,i3Qi,u., the mid-day, avSoi, flower; because the plants open their flowers about that time. Exotic. Mostly herbs, thick and fleshy. 1. M. CRYSTALLINUM. Leaves large, ovate, acute, wavy, frosted, 3-nerved beneath; root biennial, A popular house plant, from Greece. It has a creeping stem a foot or more in length, which, together with the leaves, is covered over with numerous, frosty, warty protuberances, giving the plant a very singular aspect. Flow- ers white, appearing all summer. Ice-plant. 2. M. cordifo'lium. Leaves petiolate, cordate-ovate ; stems procumbent, spreading ; calyx 4-clefl, 2-horned. An interesting little plant, well known in house cultivation, native of Cape Good Hope. The whole plant fleshy and succulent like others of its kind. Howers pink-colored. Calyx thick, green, the horns opposite. Capsule translucent, marked on the suimnit with cruciform lines. Heart-leaved Ice-plant, The numerous species of this extensive genus, says I^oudon, are sino-ular yet beautiful, and some even splendid plants. Their leaves are of odd shapes, and the habits of most are slovenly and insignificant, though some are grotesque. But the flowers make ample amends by their profusion, brilliancy of color and the length of time they continue in bloom. Few are annual, fewer bien- nial, many perennial, but most Ure shrubby, especially at base. Leaves most- ly opposite, thick or succulent, of various forms. Flowers solitary, axillary, supra-axillary, and more frequently terminal, The hardy sorts will grow in the open air if protected during- winter. CRASSULACE^. 147 ORDER LXV. CRASSULACE^. The, CrassuU Tdhe. C„;._Sepals 3—20, more or less united at base, persistent. Cor.— Petals as many as the sepals, clistinet, rarely colierin.a:, Sta.—As many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many. [lengthwise. Oc«.— As many as the petals and opposite them. Fil. distinct. Anth. 2-oelled, bursting i.>._Follicles as many as the ovaries, each opening by the ventral suture, many-seeded. A family of herbs and shrubs, all (except Penthorum) remarkable for their succulent stems and' leaves, chiefly natives of the warmer rejrions of the globe, particularly the Cape of Good Hope. About 20 are found in North America. They grow in the thinnest and dcyesx soil, on naked rocks, sandy deserts, &c. They have no remarkable properties except a slight acridity. Many are highly ornamental. Conspectus of the Genera, i Stamens 4, TWact. 1 fin 4s ; ( Stamens 8, IjiyophyUum. o I Carpels distinct, . . Srdmn. 2 ( in .5s ; stamens 10 ; ( Carpels united, . . Penthorum. 4 Floral organs arranged ( in 12s, Senipervivum.3 Tribe 1, CRASSULE^. Carpels distinct, follicular. 1. TlLhJE'A. Calyx of 3 — 4 sepals united at base; petals 3 — 4, equal; stamens 3 — 4 ; capsules 3 — 4, follicular, opening by the inner suture, 2 or many-seeded. In memory of Mich. Ang. Tilli, an Italian botanist; died 1740. — Very mi- jfiute, annual, aquatic herbs. Leaves opposite. T. SIMPLEX. JViitt. T. ascendens. Eaton. Stem ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints ; leaves connate at the base, linear-subulate, fleshy ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. A very small plant, on the muddy banks of streams. Stem 1 — 3 inches high. Flowers white or greenish ; petals oval, flat, acute, twice as long as the oval minute calyx, and longer than the stamens and fruit. Pigmy-weed. 2. SEDUM. Calyx of 4 — 5 sepals united at base ; petals 4 — 5, distinct ; stamens 8 — 10; a nectariferous scale at the base of each of the 4 — 5 carpels. Lat. sedcre, to sit ; the plants growing on bare rocks look as if sitting there. — Mostly herbaceous. Inflorescence cymose. 1. S. TERNA'TUM. Leapcs ternately verticillate, flat,obovate, entire, smooth, the upper ones scat- tered, sessile, lanceolate ; r?/»ree in about 3 divisions ; _/fotfe7-5secund. A small, creeping plant, with a 3-forked spike of white flowers. Stems 6 inches long, branched and decumbent at the base. Flowers with 8 stamens, the other parts in 4s. July. Aug. Per, Stone-crop. 2/S, telephoi'des. Leaves broadly-lanceolate, alternate at base, subdentate, smooth; cymes dense, corymbose; stamens \0, the sepals, petals and carpels in 5s. Found on the shores of Seneca Lake, &c. Stem a toot high, with numerous, purple Sowers in a terminal, branching cyme. Jl. Per. CRASSULACE.^. 148 PENTHORUM. 3. S. Anaca'mpseros. Leaves wedge-shaped, alternate at base, subsessile ; stems decumbent ; floic- ers in corymbose cymes. Native of France, growing there in the crevices of rocks Root fibrous. Stems reddish and decumbent at base, erect and glau- cous above. Leaves fleshy, of a bluish green. Flowers purple, in leafy, ter- jninal tufts. July. Cultivated. Per. Evergreen Stvne-crop. 4. S. tele'phium. Lcnvrs Cattish, serrate, scattered; root tuberous, fleshy, white ; sf cms two feei high, erect; corymbose cij7ne leafy. Native of Europe. Cultivated. Stems simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves sessile, ovate, fleshy, tooth- serrate. Flowers purple 01 white, in dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. Per. This plant much resembles S. lelephoidcs. Covimon Orpine. Live-forever. 3. SEMPERVI'VUM. Caljx of 12 united sepals; corolla of 12 petals; capsules 12, manj-seeded. Lat. semper vivere, to live forever; in allusion to the tenacity of life which distinguishes these plants. Succulent herbs or shrubs, all exotic, some of which are ornamental. 1. S. arbo'reum. Stem arborescent, smooth, branched ; leaves cuniform, smoothish, bordered with soft, spreading ciliae. A carious and ornamental plant, from the Levant. Stem very thick and fleshy, branching into a tree-like form, 8 — 10 feet high. Flowers yellow. Evergreen. Tree House-leek. 2. S. tecto'rum. ieares ciliate ; bulbs spreading; nectaries cuniform, crenulate. Native of Britain. This plant is remarkable for the anthers bearing ovules instead of pollen. Lindley. Common House-leek. 3. S. tabul^fo'rme. Leaves closely packed together in a broad, flat disk. Native of Teneriffe. Tabular House-leek, Tribe II, DIAMORPHE^. Carpels united. A. PENTHO'RUM. Calyx of 5 sepals united at base; petals 5 or 0; stamen>s 10; capsules of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled and 5- pointed. Gr. Tcivn, five ; on account of the 5-marked angles of the capsule. — An erect, perennial herb, of little beauty. P. SEDOI'DES. # Stem, branched, angular above ; leaves nearly sessile, unequally serrate, lan- ceolate ; cyme of panicled, simple, secund spikes. The only American species of the genus. A hardy perennial, of moist situations. Stem a foot or more in hight, its][|opposile angles fringed with minute hairs slightly branched. SAXIFRAGACEJS. 149 SAXIFRAGA. Leaves alternate, acute, smooth, green on botli sides. Spikes several, termi- nal, recurved, witli one-sided flowers, forming a sort of corymbose cyme. Flowers greenish yellow, scentless, appearing in July. Virginian iStonc-crop. 5. BRYOPHY'LLUM. Sepals 4; petals 4, connate into a cylinder; seeds many. Gr. PgiJid, to grow, (pt/XXoi/, a leaf; if the leaves are laid upon damp earth tliey put forth roots from their notches, whence proceed young plants. B. calyci'num. Leaves oval, crenate ; flowers long, pendulous, cylindrical. April — July. A stout, fleshy plant, from E. India. In growing, it requires but very little water, and the i)ot should be kept well drained. ORDER LXVI. SAXlFRAGACEiE. The Sax;f rage Tribe. Cal. — Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, persistent. Cor. — Petals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. iSfa.— 5— 10. Anthers 3-celled, opening longitudinally. Om.— Inferior, usually of 2 carpels, cohering at base, distinct and divergent above. Fr. — Generally capsular, 1 — 2-celled, many-seeded. Herbs and .shrubs, small, but of elegant structure, native of temperate and frigid climes in both continents. As a tribe, their roots are astringent. Several species are among our most ornamental, cultivated plants. Conspectus of the Genera. ( not much exserted, . . Saxifrnsa. 1 f stamen.s 10, \ manifestly exserted, . . Viarella. 4 f entire ; | stamens 5, Heuchera. 2 ( petals 5, 1 peclinnlih ]inin;iiilid, Mitrlla. 5 Herbs ; I Petals none. Aij\itiiir ; ilrjjirssed ; leaves opposite, . . Cri/iospkniifin. 2 ] PetaLs (not sepLdn) v;ilv;iti' ill aestivation, .... Hi/rlrnjigea. G Siirubs; ( Petals convolute in ajslivation, PhUadelplms. 7 Suborder I, SAXIFRAGEiE. Petals imhricate in (estivation ; carpels united, the summits distinct, forming a beaked capsule. Herbs. 1. SAXIFRA'GA. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united; corolla 5-petaled, entire; capsule 2-heaked, 2-celled, opening between the diverging beaks; seeds many. Lat. saxum, a stone, andfrangere, to break; from its medicinal properties. Cal. about half-inferior. Pet. spreading, narrow at base, attached to the cal. Anth. '2-lobed, roundish, with a longitudinal dehiscence. Ova. ending in 2 short, spreading styles. — Perennial herbs. 1. S. Virginie'ksis. Leaves mostly radical, cuniform-obovate, somewhat toothed, pubescent, shorter than the stalk; stem, paniculate above. An interesting little plant, blossoming in early spring, and growing mostly upon dry, rocky soil. Stem €rect, pubescent, about half a foot high, bearing at top a panicle of numerous white flowers. Leaves fleshy, tapering at base into the petioles. Early Saxifrage. N* SAXIFRAGACEffi. ' 150 2. S. Pennsylva'nica. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy, denticulate ; stem naked ; peduncles alter- nate, witli close cymes, forming a diffuse panicle. A common plant, much laro-er than the foregoing, growing in wet meadows. Leaves all radical, large and fleshy, pale green, 5 — 8 inches long, tapering into the petiole. Scape 2 — 3 feet high, gross, hollow, hairy and viscid, erect, with greenish yellow flowers without beauty. May. Pennsylvuuian Saxifrage, 2. HE U' CHER A. Calyx 5clert,the segments obtuse; corolla inferior, of 5 small petals inserted into the margin of the calyx ; capsule 2 beaked, 2-celIed, many-seeded. Named for Ilcucher, professor of medicine at Wirtemberg, Germany, and a botanic author. — Perennial herbs, with radical leaves. H. America'na. Viscid- pubescent; scape and leaves roughish ; leaves whh roundish lobes, dentate; teeth dilated, niucronate; panicle dicliotomous; calyx short, obtuse; petals as long as the calyx, spathulate; stamens much exserted. Grows in rocky shades. A neat plant, with radical leaves on long petioles, and a scape 2 feet long, healing a long, forked panicle of purple flowers. Jn. Jl. Per. — The root is astringent, hence the plant is called Mum-root. 3. CIIRYSOSPLE'NIUM, Calyx lobes 4 — 5, colored within; petals 0 ; stamens 8 — 10; capsule 2-beaked or lobed at the summit, 2-valved, one- celled, many-seeded. Gr. XQ'~"^oi, gold, and a-rXriVj the spleen ; on account of its medicinal qual- ities. Cal. very short, of 4 oval seg., the opposite ones narrower. Fil. very short. Ova. half-inferior, ending in 2 awl-shaped styles, the length of the stamens. — Small, aquatic herbs. C. AmERICA'NUM. C. oppositifolium. Leaves opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the petiole. A small plant, in springs and streams, spreading upon the muddy surface. Stem pquare, 3 — G ini-hes long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Leaves opposite, half an inch in length, smooth. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish yellow with purple lines. Corolla 0. Stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only conspicuous part of the flower. Tlie terminal flower is sometimes decandrous. Apr. May. Golden Saxifrage. 4. TIARE'LLA. Calyx 5-parted. the lobes obtuse ; petals 5, entire, the claws inserted on the calyx ; stamens 10 ; capsule 1-celled, 2-valvecJ, one valve larger. Lat. tiara, a mitre or some other head-dress; from the resemblance of the capsule. Cal. segments valvate in estivation, deep, ovate, acute. Stamen.«( longer than cor., inserted into the cal. Ova. cloven, ending in 2 very short stvles. — Perennial herbs. SAXIFRIGACEJE. 151 HYDRANGEA. T. cordifo'lia. Leorcs cordate, acutely lobed, toothed; teelh mucronate ; 5Cfl;?c racemose ; stolons creepinsf. A commoa plant in the woods of N. H., where it is often associated with the Mltclla dipliylla, which plant in its general aspect, it much resembles. The scape arises from creeping' root-stalks about 10 inches high, often bearing a leaf Leaves hairy, on long, hairy petioles. Flowers in an elongated raceme, entirely white, with minute bracts. May. Jn. Heart-leaved Tiarella. 5. MITE'LLA. Calyx 5-cleft; petals 5, pinnatifid, inserted on the calyx j stamens 5 or 10; capsule l-celled, with 2 equal valves. Lat. mitra, a mitre, so named for the same reason as the last genus, which it much resembles both in appearance and liabils. Cal. inferior, campanulate, cleft half down. Pet. twice as long as the cal. each in many capillary seg, Fil. shorter than cor. Styles very short. — Perennial herbs. 1, M. diphy'lla. Leaves cordate, sublobate, toothed; stem 2-leaved. Very common in N. England, and frequenting the same situations as the foregoing. The stem arises a foot or more, bearing near the midst, two opposite, ovate, lobed and toothed leaves. Radical leaves hairy, on long, hairy petioles. Flowers on short pedicels, arranged in a long, terminal, thin spike, and most beautifully distinguished by the pectinately pinnatifid while petals. Seeds black, shining. Woods. May. June. Two-leaved Mitella . 2. M. NUDA. L. M. prostrata. Mx. M. cordifolia. Lam. Leaves orbiculate reniform, doubly cienate, with scattered hairs above; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; petals pinnatifid with filiform segments. A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shadj woodlands at Potsdam, N. Y., and in Northern N. Eng. Leaves and stems lijrht green, pellucid. Scape 4 — 6 inches high, terminating in a thin raceme of white flowers, with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate, and send out creeping stolons from the base. Leaves | inch long and of near- ly the same width. June. Dwarf Mltelia. Suborder II, HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate in astivation. Capsules 2-ceUed. Leaves opposite and loithout stipules. Shrubs. G. HYDRA'NGEA. Calyx 4 — o-toothed, hemispherical, persistent; petals ovate, sessile; stamens twice as many as petals; capsule 2-beaked, opening by a foramen between the beaks. Marginal flowers commonly sterile, with a flat, 4 or 5-cleft, broad, colored calyx. Gr. voeoQj water, ayyioi/, a vessel ; because the cultivated species require 60 copious a su])ply of water. Petals, stamens and pistils in the barren flow- ers, either rudimentary or 0. HAMAMELACE^. 152 PHILADELPHTJS. 1. H. ARBORES'CENS. Leaves ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, dentate, smooth; flow- ers in fastigiate cymes. An elegant shrub, common in the Middle States, and cultivated in the Northern, attaining the hight of 5 — tj feet on its native sha- dy banks. Flowers small, white, becoming rose-colored, very numerous, mostly radiate. July. Aug. Common Hydrangea. 2. H. quercifo'lia. Cymes radiate ; leaves oblong, sinuate, lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath. A beautiful shrub, with very large and numerous sterile flowers. Native of Florida, cultivated in gardens. Leaves very large. Flowers becoming red- dish. Oak-leaved Hydrangea. 3. H. horte'nsis. Cymes radiate; Zca»es elliptical, narrowed at each end, dentate, smootli. A well known cultivated plant, probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated in gardens. It produces a great profusion of very elegant flowers, which, at first green, pass successively through straw-color, sulphur- yellow, yellow, white, blush-color and pink ; but, although mostly complete, they are barren like those of the snow-ball (Viburnum Opulus). By certain kinds of culture, soil, &c. they become blue. It is to be reared in large pots and supplied with an abundance of water. Peat mixed with loam is said to change the hue of the flowers. Changeable Hydrangea. Suborder III, PHILADELPHEiE. Petals convolute in cestivation. Capsule 3 — A-celled, loculicldal. Shrubs. 7. PHILADE'LPHUS. Calyx 4 — 5-partecl, half-superior, persistent; corolla 4 — 5- petaled ; style 4-cleft ; stamens 20 — 40, shorter than the pe- tals; capsule 4-celied, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence; seeds many, arilled. A name used by AthenfEus for a tree now unknown. — Handsome flowering shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 1. P. GRANDIFLO'ruS. p. p. inodorus. Mx. Leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-nerved, axils of the veins hairy ; stigmas 4, linear; style undivided. A very showy shrub, 6 feet hish, native at the South, cultivated in shrubberies. Branches smooth, long and slender. Flowers large, in a terminal umbel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Calyx divisions conspicuously acuminate, and much longer than the tube. June. The upper leaves are often entire and quite narrow. Large-jlowered Syringa. 2. P. corona'rius. Leaves ovate, subdentate ; styles distinct. Natn'e country unknown. It is a handsome flowering shrub, often cultivated in our shrubberies. The flow- ers are numerous, white, showy, resembling those of tlie orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect. It grows 5 — 8 feet high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked leaves, and opposite, reddish twigs Ijearing leafy clusters of flowers. False Syringa. UMBELLIFER^. 153 HAMAMELIS. ORDER LXVII. HAMAMELACEiE. The witch-Hazd Tribe. Cal. — Adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft. Cor. — Petals 4, linear. iSta.—8, those opposite the petals barren (or many and all fertile, with no petals). Ova. — 2-celled, ovules solitar)'. Pr. — Capsule coriaceous, the summit free from the calyx, 2-beaked, STCellcd. A small order of shrubs, native of N. America and Japan. The leaves are alternate, dentate, the veins running direct from the mid-rib to the margin. Stipules deciduous. — No remarkable properties have been discovered. The only Northern genus is Hamaraelis. H A M A M E' L I S . Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with an involucel of 2 — 3 bracts at base; petals 4, very long, linear; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones; cap- sule nut-like, 2-celled, 2-beaked. Gr. a^a., ^"uXov, that is. with an apple, because the fruit is upon the tree at tlie same time with the flowers. — Shrubs or small trees. H. Virginia'na. Leaves obovate, acuminate, undulate-dentate, cordate with a small sinus at base : fowcrs sessile, 3 — 4 together, with a yellowish calyx and 4 long, yel- low, curled or twisted petals, appearing in October and the following months even through the winter. It is a large shrub, consisting of several rather crooked, branching trunks, from the same root, as large as the arm, and 10 — 12 feet high. Flowers in little close heads. Calyx with soft down. Capsule roundish, oblong, partly invested by tlie permanent calyx, containing 2 nuts. This curious shrub is not unfrequent in our forests, and amidst the reigning desolations of autumn and winter, this alone puts forth its yellow blossoms. The small branches were formerly used for " divining rods, ' to indicate the presence of the precious metals and of deep springs of water, and there are even at this day, persons who deem a denial of these virtues to the Witch-Ha- zel, an ofitjnce little short of heresy. IVitch-Hazel. ORDER LXVIII. UMBELLIFER^. The Umbelliferous Tribe. Cal. — Adherent to the ovarj-, entire or 5-toothed. Cor. — Petals 5, usually inflected jit the point, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. — 5, alternate with the petals and inserted witli them upon the disk. Ova. — Inferior, 2-celled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the stamens and petals. Sty. — 2, distinct, or united at their thickened bases. Stigma simple. Fr. — Dry, consisting of 2 coherent carpels, separating from each other by their faces {com- 77iissure) into two halves [inerocarps). Carpophore, — the slender, simple or forked axis by which the carpels are borne, cohering to it by the laces of the commissure. Ribs. — A definiite number of ridges traversing the carpels, the larger ones {primary^ alter- nating with the smaller (secondary). Vittir. — Liltle linear receptacles of colored volatile oil, imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just liencath the intervals of the ribs and the commissure. Herliaceuui plants, with little that is attractive in their appearance, Stems hollow, fur- rowed. li4BPcs usually divided, simple or compound, with sheathing petioles. Flowers arranged in umbels, mostly white, often yellow, pink, blue or greenish, — This is a vast and well defined natural order, natives of damp places, way-sides, groves, &c. in the cool parts of tlie world. Very few are tbund in tropical countries except upon the mountains. Projjerties aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in the vittre of the fruit, in the roots, &c. The herbage is frequently pervaded by an acrid, narcotic principle, rendering it very poisonous. Of tliis nature is tlie Conium maculatura nMBELLIFER^. 154 SANICDLA. Vumloclc), Cicuta virosa, CEthusa Cvnapium {fool's parsley), besides many otliers which have, at least, a suspicious character. But the fruit is never poisonous, and is usually stimulant and aromatic, as caraway, anise, dill, coriander, &c. Even the roots and herb- age of other species are wholesoirie and nutritive, as the carrot, parsnip, sweet cisely, celer>' and Areli angelica. The gum-resin, assafatida, exudes from incisions in the Ferula of Persia ; the gum gaWanum is the product of Galbanum officinale, an Indian species. The genera of the Umbelliferre are numerous, and not easily distingnislied. The char- acters by which DeCandolle has more successfully than any other author divided this or- der into tribes and genera, are chiefly founded upon the number and development of the ribs, the presence or absence of the vittm, and the form of the albumen, particularly at the commissure. These parts therefore, minute as they are, will require the special attention of tlie student. Conspectus of the Genera. I. ORTHOSPERMA. Mbumen (seeds) flat on the inner face. < Leaves peltate or cordate, Hydrocotyle. 1 J Fr. not prickly: 1 Leaves linear, . . . Crantzia. ' Umbels simple ; ( Fruit clothed with hooked prickles, . . SanicuUx. ' Involu.many-lvd., Ckuta. t Livol.Oor \ minute ; Umbels Flowers white ; [ compound; [ comprsed. ' Fruit evid- ently com- pressed Fruit ;carcely 'on the J ; sides; ' Involucre ' 15 1 Involucels few-lvd. Cryptotmnia. 4 Involucels wanting, Cnrum. 1(5 of entire bracts, Siiim. 3 of cleft bracts, Disr.oplcura. 20 Margin of fruit I Stem slender, ArcMmora. V2 on the I singly-winged; ( Stem stout, Heradeum. 14 back; ( Margin of fruit doubly-winged, Archangelica.'il Involucre 0 ( Involucel3-lvd. JEthusa. 10 f not { or 1 — .3-lvd ; | Involu. 5-7-lvd. Coniosdinum.\9 ibrstly, ( Involucre 4 — 6-leaved, clothed with bristles. Flowers yellow ; I Fruit coittracted on the sides, . I minute ; . . . j Fruit not contracted on the sides, I very large ; fruit compressed on the sides, . I Ribs winged, f on the sides. | Ribs rouiided Involucels 0 ; fruit compressed ; ( on the back ; seeds flat, f Involucels Ligwiticum. Dmiais. Zizia. Thaspium. Biiplexirum. Aphim. Anethum. Pastinaca. II. CAMPYLOSPERM.E. Albumen (seeds) involute at the edges, forming a longi- tudinal furrow on the inner face. ( linear-clavate. with bristly ribs. Flowers white ; umbel few-rayed, Osmorhiza. 22 Fruit I ovate, compressed at the sides, with smooth ribs. Flowers white. Conium. 23 III. cTELOsPERMiE. Alhumcn (seeds) involute at the base and apex. Erigenia. 24 . Coriandrum.'ia (of a single, bipinnatifid leaf; root tuberous, . Involucre ( of a single subulate leaf, or wanting ; ribs obsolete, Suborder 1, ORTHOSPERMA. The inner surface of the seeds and albumen flat, or nearly so. 1. SANI'CULA. Umbels nearly simple, capitate ; flowers of the centre abor- tive ; fruit solid, subglobose, armed with hooked prickles. Lat. sanare, to cure ; wonderful virtues were formerly imputed to the San- icle as a vulnerary. Fls. polygamous, the outer without stamens, fertile; the inner barren. Cal. of the fertile fls. larger than of the barren, 5-Ieaved, acute. Pet. of barren fls. lanceolate, channelled, inflected; of the fer. deciduous or 0. Fil. hair-like, twice as long as pet. Ribs of the carpels 0. Vittaj numerous. — Perennial jierbs. Flowers white or yellow. ^ S. Maryl.\'ndica. Leaves 5-parted, digitate ; leaflets or segments oblong, cut-serrate ; staminate flou-crs numerous, stallied, perfect ones sessile ; teeth of the c.alijx entire. Low woods and thickets. Stem erect, 1 foot high, smooth, furrowed, bearing a few UMBELLlFERiE, 155 CRTPTOTJENIA, quinate leaves. Near the top it divides into two or more short branches, each of which divides again into peduncles, with small, capitate umbels of minute, white flowers. At the points of these divisions are situated leaflets apparent- ly ternate, resembling involucres. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed at each end, cut into irregular, mucronate serratures, the lateral ones often confluent at base. Most of the flowers barren. Tube of the calyx echinate. Petals with a closely inflexed point, apearing emarginate. Jn. Sanicle. 2. DAUCUS. Involucre pinnatifid; the central flower of each umbellet abortive; fruit oblong; carpels with 4 rows of flat prickles, and 3 intermediate, bri.stly ribs. The Greek name of the Carrot. Cal. 5-toothed. Pet. emarginate with an inflected point, the 2 outer ones often largest and deeply 2-cleft. Each car- pel with 5 primary ribs, of which 3 are on the back, and 2 on the commissure, and 4 secondary ones, all bristly. — Biennial herbs. D. Caro'ta. Stem hispid; petioles nerved beneath; haves tripinnate or pinnatifid, the segments linear, acute ; umbels dense, concave. The word kar in Celtic sig- nifies red, hence carrot. It is occasionally found wild in fields and by road sides. Root fusiform. Stem 2—3 feet high, branching. Leaves numerous, divided in a thrice pinnatifid manner, pale green. Umbels large and very compact, with white flowers, blooming all summer. Cultivation has produced several varieties. Carrot. 3. SlUM. Involucres general and partial, the bracts many and entire ; fruit nearly oval ; carpels with 5 obtusish ribs and several vit- tas in the intervals; petals obcordate with an inflexed point. Celtic sun, water; that is, a genus of aquatic plants. — Perennial, leaves pinnately divided. 1. S. LATIFO'UUM. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acutely serrate ; stem sulcate- angular. A tall plant, in swamps and ditches. Stem 3 feet high, hollow, smooth, with 7 deep furrows and prominent angles. Leaflets equally serrate, in about 4 pairs with an odd one, those submerged, if any, pinnatifid. Leaf- stalks ezribracing the stem at base. Umbels large, with numerous, small, white flowers. July. Aug. Water Parsnep. 2. S. LINEA're. T. S^- G. S. latifolium. /3. lineare. B. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets linear, finely serrate ; bracts of the involucre linear- lanceolate ; calyx teeth minute ; fruit obovate. In swamps. Stem three feet high, furrowed and angled as the above plant, which it so much resembles in its general aspect, as to have been generally, and perhaps correctly, consid- ered only a variety. ^ 4. CRYPTOTiE'NIA. Involucres 0; involucels few-leaved; margin of the calyx obsolete; fruit linear-oblong or elliptic-oblong; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs; villas very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. CMBBLLIFER^. 156 Gr. TcgyTrrti), to conceal, raivio., a wreath or border; in allusion to the obso- lete border of the calyx. — Smooth, perennial herbs. C. CaNADE'nsiS- Dc. Sison Canadense. L. Zcfflce^ ternate, smooth ; /cr/;7e?s rhomboid-ovate ; M77)6e/s irregular. In moist woods. Stem smooth, 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves alternate, on long stalks em- bracing the stem at base. Leaflets m 3s, doubly serrate, the lower ones with one or more deep incision, the upper becoming nearly sessile. Umbels axil- lary and terminal, the partial ones with unequal rays, small, white flowers, and minute involucra; universal involucre wanting. Fruit elliptic-oblong, smooth. July. Uoneicort. 5. BUPLEU'RUM. Involucres various; fruit laterally compressed ; carpels 5- ribbed, the lateral ones marginal; seed teretely convex, flat- tish on the face; calyx margin obsolete; petals very short, broadish, entire, inflexed. Gr. fiovi, an ox, and TrXivQov, a rib ; the application obscure. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Flowers all pert'ect, yellow. B. rotundifo'lium. Involucres 0 ; involiiccls of 5 ovate, mucronate bracts ; /cnrfs entire, broadly ovate, perfoliate. In fields and cultivated grounds, N. Y. Stem a foot or more liigh, branching. Leaves smooth, acute above, round and broad at base, one at the base of each branch. Involucels larger than the umbellets, of few (4 — 8) small, yellow flowers. Annual. Tkorovgh-icax. 6. ZI'ZIA. Umbels perfect; involucre 0; involucels few-leaved ; petals acuminate, inflexed, carinate; fruit solid, gibbous; carpels with 5 ribs, the lateral ones marginal; seed plano-convex. Gr. (^K^ai/to!/, the name of some obscure plant. — Perennial herbs with yel- low flowers. 1. Z. AIi'REUM. Dc. Smyrnium aureum. L. Leaves biternate ; Zeffl/?e^s oval-lanceolate, serrate ; umbellets with short rays. Hills and meadows. Stems 1 — 2 feet high, branching above, rather slender, erect, hollow, angular-furrowed, smooth as well as every other part of the plant, and furnished with few leaves. The lower leaves are on long petioles, the leaflets with coarse serratures and sometmics quinate. The umbels are about two inches broad, of 10 — 15 rays, the umbellets g inch broad, dense. Flowers numerous, orange-yellow. Fruit oval, brown, with prominent ribs. Root black, tufted, perennial. June. Golden Alexanders. 2. Z. INTEGE'rrima. Dc. Smyrnium integerrima. L. Segments of the leaves oblique, oval, entire, very smooth, glaucous beneath ; loicer Leaves tripinnate, upper ones bipinnate ; uiiiheh \v'\i\\ elongated pedun- cles. Stem 1,2 — Id inches high. Umbels terminal, loose, of long, slender OMBILLIFERJE. 157 LIGUSTICUM. rays. Involucels of a few minute, subulate bracts. Leaves irregularly de- <;ompound, on a dilated foot-stalk, sheathing at the base. Calyx teeth obso- lete. June. Per. Entire-leaved AUxanders. 7. CICU'TA. Umbel perfect; involacre few-leaved orO ; involucels manj- leaved; fruit subglobose; carpels with 5 flattish, equal libs. 2 of them marginal; seeds terete. A Latin name used by Virgil (Ec. 2d and 5th), but of unknown application. — Poisonous herbs, perennial, aquatic. Stems hollow. Flowers white, all perfect and uniform. Cal. of 5 broad, acute leaves. Pet. obcordate, the end inflected. Fil. loRg as corolla. Carpophore 2-parftd. 1. C. macula'ta. Stem spotted ; le&ves oblong, mucronately serrate. A common plant, 3 — <5 feet high, in wet meadows. Stem smooth, hollow, striate, jointed, glaucous, branched at top. Leaves compound, the lower ones thrice lernate, the upper ones lernate-. Petioles dilated at base into long, abrupt, clasping stipules. Leaflets acuminate, finely serrate. Umbels without the universal involucra, partial umbels with short, acute, and narrow-leaved involucels. Fruit round- ish, flattened, lO-furrowed, crowned with the permanent calyx and styles, and separating transversely into 2 seeds. Flowers white. A dangerous poison, ibut sGuaelimes used in medicine. JI. Aug. Per. American Hemlock. 2. C. bulbi'fera. Leaves decompound, with axillary bulbs ; leaflets linear, with remote, di- vergent teeth. Known by its slight, attenuated foliage. Wet meadows. Stem 3 — 4 feet high, round, hollow, striate, green, with axillary branches. Leaves various, those oi the stem generally biternate, those of the branches ternale. Leaflets long, narrow, linear and linear-lanceolate, with narrow, lecurved teeth. Bulblets situated upon the branches, opposite, and within the axils of the bnicteate leaf-stalks. Umbels terminal, with no universal invo- lucra. Partial umbels of close, small, white flowers, and a slight involucel. August. Ann. Bulbiferous Cicula. Karrow-leaved Hemlock. 8. THA'SPIUM. Involucre 0; involucels o-leaved, lateral; fruit elliptical; carpels convex, with 5 win^^ed ribs,. Perennial herbs, with yellow or purple flowers. J;. CORDA TUM. JV««. Sinyrnium cordatum. Mx. Zizia cordalum. Dc. Radical leaves simple , cordate, crenate; cauline ones ternate, stalked ; seg- ments acute, serrate; umbels terminal Shady hills. Stem erect, slightly branched, smooth, 2—3 feet high. Root leaves on long stalks, roundish-lieart- shaped, the rest ternale, becoming only 3-parted above, all light green. Um- bels dense with yellow flowers. Fruit black, oval, with 3 prominent, round- ed, depressed ridges on each side. May. Jn. Per. Heart-leaved Mexunders . 9. LIGU'STICUM. Fruit oblong; carpels with 5 acute, equal furrows; petals equal, involute, entire; umbels perfect ; involucre none. 0 umbellifer;e. 158 ARCHANGKLICA. From Liguria in Italy, said to be its native place. Fil. perfect. Cal. small, pointed, erect, broad at base. Pet. elliptical, flaltish, undivided, contracted at each end. Seeds with 3 dorsal and 2 marginal, equal wings. 1. L. Sco'ticum. Stem leaves biternate, the 7ippcr ones tcrnate ; hiteral Unjleis oblique, the terminal one rhomboid; bracts of the involucres numerous, linear. Sea coast. Root thick, tapering, perennial. Stem a fool high, nearly simple, striate, smootii. Leaves petiolate. Leaflets dark green, broad, smooth, serrate, en- tire at the base. Flowers white. July. Sea Lovnge. 2. L. LEVl'STICUM. Leaves numerous, lon"^ ; leaflets incised above. A tall, strong-scented plant, native of Italy, cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. Plant 5 feet hioh, with leaves of various and numerous divisions. Flowers white. June. July. Per, Common Lavage. 10. iETHU'SA. Fruit clobose-ovate; carpels with 5 ribs, the ribs acute and turgid, the lateral ones marginal, broader; intervals acute- angled ; involucre none; involucels one-sided. Gr. a.i6a/, to burn ; on account of its poisonous acridity. Flowers all perfect. Pet. obcordate, with an inflexed point. Calyx-teeth obsolete. — Annual, pois- onous herbs. JE. Cyna'pium. Leaves all uniform; leaflets pinnatifid. The specific name of this plant {fcvvoi, uTiiov) sitrnifies dog's parsley. It grows in waste grounds, and much resembles Parsley in appearance, but the form of the leaf, with its narrow, cuneate segments, and its disagreeable odor, are sufficient to distinguish it. Stem 2 feet high, green, striate. Leaves all of one form, dark green, flat. In- volucre wanting. Involucels consisting of 3 leaflets, deflected, long, linear, and situated on the outside. Jl. Aug. Foois Parsley. 11. ARCHANGE'LICA. Umbels perfect; fruit somewhat compressed, with 3, cari- nate, tiiicU ribs upon each carpel, with 2 marginal ones dilated into membranaceous wMngs; villas very numerous. So named by way of eminence, the plant being one of the largest, and pos- sessing the most agreeable and useful properties of all the Umbeiliferae. Fls. all perfect. Cal. teeth short. Pet. equal, lanceolate, entire, acuminate, with the point inflected, shorter than the stamens. Commissure with 2 — 4 vittoe. Carpophore 2-parted. — Perennial herbs. 1. A. ATROPURPU'REA. Hoffm. Angelica triquinata. Mx. ■ Stem dark purple, furrowed ; petioles 3-parted, the divisions quinate ; leaf- lets inciseiy toothed, odd leaflet of the terminal divisions rhomboidal, sessile, the others decuisive. A large umlielliferous plant, well known for its aro- matic qualities, in fields and meaddws. Stem 5 feet high, an inch or more in thickness, hollow, smooth, glaucous. Leaves oftener biternate than quin- ate, smooth, pale and veiny beneath, on large, inflated petioles, which are channeled on the upper side and dilated at base into large, inflated stipules. XXMBELLIFERJE. 159 PASTINACA. Leaflets cut-serrate, the terminal one sometimes 3-lobed, the lateral ones of the upper division decurrent. Umbels 3, terminal, splierical, G — 8 inches in diameter, without the involucre; umbellets on angular stalks and with in- volucels, of subulate bracts longer than the rays. Flowers greenish white. J^JJ(> Cuinman Angtlicu. 2. A. HIRSU'ta. r. i^/- G. Angelica hirsuta. Mh. Stem striate, the summit with the umbels tomentose-hirsute; leaves bipin- nately divided, the divisions quinate. segments oblong, acutish, tlie upper pair connate but not decurrent at base. Dry woods, N. Y. Stem simple, straight, erect, 4 feet high. Umbels on long, velvety peduncles. luvolucels about as long as tiie rays. July. Aug. 3. A. OFFICINA'LIS. ILffm. Angelica Archangelica. L. Stem smooth, round, striate; leaves bipinnately divided into lobate, subcor- date, acutely serrate segment,';, the terminal one 3-lobed ; sheaths large and saccate. Said to be native in Labrador, &.c. Cultivated in gardens occasion- ally for the sake of the stalks, which are to be blanched and eaten as celery. Garden Angelica. 12. ARCHE'MORA. Involucres 0 or few-leaved; involiicels many leaved ; fruit ova!, compressed; capsules with 5 ribs, the lateral ones mar- ginal and winged; carpophore 2-parted; seeds Hat. — Peren- nial herbs. A. Ri'gidA. Dc. CEnanthe rigida. JV. Glabrous; s in cacli wliorl. Corolla pale yellow within, becoming reddish without. Stamens exserted. Berries red. " The leaves are very obtuse, ending in a short, abrupt point. June. Evergreen Honeysuckle. 5. L. SEMPERVi'reNS. Ait. Caprifolium sempervirens. Mx. Flowers in nearly naked spikes of distant whorls; corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly regular; leaves oblong, evergreen, the upper ones perfoliate-connate. In its wild state this species is found in moist groves and borders of swamps, N. Y., but in cultivation is a frequent inhabitant of our gardens and shrubbe- ries. Fi-w plants are more admirable for the beauty of their flowers, though they are deficient in fragrance. Stem woolly, twining with the sun. Leaves ovate or elliptical, of a dark, perennial green above. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly ~ inches long, dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular seg- ments, of a fine scailel without and yellow within. May — Aug. Trumpet Honcysiickle. 6. L. PeRICLY'mENUM. Town. Caprifohum Pcriclimenum. L. Flowers in ovate, imbricate, terminal heads; corolla ringent; leaves all dis- tinct, deciduous. A woody climber, native of Europe, but cultivated and naturalized. Leavesshort stalked, elliptic. Flowers yellow and red, fragrant. Berries red. May — July. Woodbine Honeysuckle. fi.' quercifolia ; oak-leaved; /cai'cs sinuate. 7. L. Ita'lICUM. Dc. Caprifolium Italicum. L. Flowers in a terminal whorl; coro?/« ringent ; Zea?;es deciduous, the upper pairs perfoliate-connate. Native of Europe. Greatly admired in cultivation for its beauty and fragrance. Flowers with various hues of red, yellow and white. June — Aug. Common Italian Honeysuckle. ** Stem erect. Flowers pedunculate, geminate. Xvlosteum. 8. L. CIU'aTA. Jl/A. Xylosteumciliatum. P. jBcr;je5 distinct ; /eayes ovate, sub-cordate, ciliate ; corolla saccate at base, with short and subequal lobes; style exserted. A branching, erect shrub, P CAPRIFOLIACE^. ]70 TRIOSTEOM. found in woods, 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, often cordate at the base, somewhat ciliate on the margin, and villose beneate when young. Flowers pale straw-yellow, in pairs at the top ot the peduncle, with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs, but not con- nate, 3 — 5-seeded. June. Fly Honeysuckle. 9. L. OBLONGIFO'LIA. Hook. Xylosteum oblongifolium. Goldie. Berries connate, or united into one, globose, purple ; leaves oblong oi oval, velvety-pubescent beneath ; coro//rt deeply bilabiate, gibbous at base; pedun- cles erect, long, filiform. A shrub 3—4 feet high, growing in swamps. Leaves on short stalks. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Corolla hairy, green- ish yellow outside, purplish inside, the lower lip nearly entire, the upper one 4-lobed, erect. Berries marked with the remains of the two calyxes. Jn. 10. L. CCF.RU'lEA. L. Xylosteum villosum. B. X. Solonis. £a. Berries connate or united into one, deep blue ; leaves oval, obtuse, villose on both sides, becoming nearly smooth ; peduncles short, refiexed in fruit; hracts lomrer than tiie ovaries. A small shrub, in rocky hills and woods. Stem 2 feet°high, with small leaves and pairs of small, yellow flowers, which are long- er than their peduncles. Leaves ovate, oval, obovate and oblong, ending ab- ruptly. May. June. 2. DIERVI'LLA. Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft ; corolla twice as long, fun- nel-shaped ; the limb 5-cleft, and nearly regular; stamens 5; capsular fruit 2-celled, many-seeded. Dierville, a French surgeon, sent this shrub from Acadia, where he was traveling, to Tournefort, who named it after him. Shrubs, with ovate or ob- long, serrate, deciduous leaves. Flowers bibracteate. Capsule apparently 4- celled, from the projecting placentaj. D. TRI'fIDA. Mamch. D. Tournefortii. Mx. D. Canadensis. Mh. Leaves on short stalks, ovate-acuminate; capsule attenuate above; racemes axillary and terminal, I— 3-flowered. A shrub, 2 feet high, branching, with greenish yellow, somewhat irregular flowers, in small clusters. Stamens and style much exserted. Stigma capitate. Jn. Busk Honeysuckle. 3 . T R I O' S T E U M . Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, segments linear, nearly as long a"s the corolla; corolla tubular, gibbous at base, limb 5- ,, lobed, subequal ; stamens 5, included ; stigma capitate, lobed ; \ fruit drupaceous, crowned with the calyx, 3-celled, o-seeded ; seeds ribbed, bony. Gr. rpui, three, oa-nov, a bone ; on account of its 3, hard, bony seeds. Perennial herbs (rarely suft'ruticose). T. perfolia'tum. Leaves oval acuminate, connate ; flowers axillary, veiticillate or clustered. A coarse, unattractive plant, growing in rooky woods. Stem simple, stout, CAPRIFOLIACE^. 171 SAMBUCTJS. erect, round, hollow, 3 — 4 feet high, covered with soft, clammy hairs. Leaves six inches in length and three in width, entire, abruptly contracted at base, yet always connate, nearly smooth above, pubescent beneatii. Flowers sessile, in clusters of 5 or 6. Corolla dull purple, viscid-pubescent, the limb in five rounded lobes. Fruit a rather dry drupe, somewhat 3 sided, crowned with the long, leafy, spreading caly.ic segments, orange-colored when mature, con- taining 3 bony nuts or seeds. June. The root is large and fleshy, and in much repute in medicine, having many of the properties of Ipecacuanha, both as emetic and cathartic. Fevenoort. 4. SYMPHORICA'RPUS. Calyx tube c;lobose, limb 4 — 5-tootlied ; corolla funnel- shaped or bell-shaped, the limb in 4 — 5 subequal lobes; sta- mens 4 — 5, inserted on the corolla; stigma capitate; berry globose, 4-celled, 2-seeded (2 opposite cells abortive). Gr. o-vv, together, ^^Q^, to bear, 5tag7ro«, fruit; that is, a plant which bears its fruit collected in compact bunches. Small shrubs, with entire leaves and small flowers. S. RACEMO SITS. Mz, Symphoria racemosa. Fers. F/o(oer5 in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy racemes; corolla cam- panulate, densely bearded within; style and stamens included. A smooth, handsome shrub. *2 — 3 feet high, common in cultivation, and native in West- ern N. Y., Canada, &c. Leaves oval or oblong, the maigin often wavy, near- ly or quite smooth, paler beneath, on short petioles. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, round or ovoid, of a snowy white and very ornamental when mature. July. Aug. Siiow-berry. 5. LINN ^' A. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous; bractcoles at base, 2 ; corolla campanulate, limb subequal, 6-lobed ; stamens 4, 2 longer than the other 2 ; berry dry, o-celled, indehiscent, 1-seeded (2 ceils abortive). Named by Gronovius, in honor of Carl von Linne, the most profound natu- ralist of liis own, or, perhaps, of any other times. A trailing, evergreen herb, widely diff'used throughout the Northern Temperate Zone. L. borea'lis. The only species, native of moist, shady, rocky soils, generally in evergreen woods. It has long, creeping, filiform, brownish stems, rooting and branch- ing their whole length, and covering the ground in large patches. Leaves small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with obtuse lobes or teeth and scattered hairs. Peduncles filiform, slightly hairy, about 3 inches high (tiie only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished with a pair of mi- nute, linear, opposite bracts and terminating with 2, pedicellate, nodding flowers. The corolla is rose-colored and very fragrant. Jn. Twin-flower . Tribe 2, SAMBUCE^. Corolla regular, rotate. Stigmas 3 — 5, nearly sessile. 6. SAMBU'CUS. Calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 5: berry pulpy, 3-seeded. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 172 VIBURNUM. Lat. samhiica, a musical instrument, said to have been made of the Elder, Shrubs or perennial herbs, w)lh pinnate or bipinnate leaves. Floweis in cymes. Cal. small. Cor. concave, the seg obtuse. Fil. lono- as cor. Stj'le 0. Stig. obtuse, small, sessile. Berry globular. 1. S. Canade'nsis. .S' according to Brown, while in the Island and he TubnlXr^ln W r. ^'&"''fl°™ "? «.=y'l 1° be most abundant in cold regions, loath America. I^ the ^,nnhf "'-^^'V" f'^biatiflornB are almost exclusively confined to j-outu Amenca. In the northern parts of the wor d the Comnosils! are universnllv he-,- Chlw^l'lf^v"' towards the tropics they gradually become fZescent Ind e ^.^ rees l^ «ri^Ti ' ^ , , ^,"™P"3ita3 furnish comparatively few useful nroducis A bitter ucLomt.^ tonic anajelnfugal, as in the caniomi e, cots-foot, thorouohwort e-olderimd ,?c Some are a„t^,f.mmUcs from the prevalence of the resinous pincTpSl^laiWlvAilemi^i^ of Arlemisia " O^her' "^".T'' "" '""'''"^''j '''"<^^' =^* -'™W"od and "aU" ',h1'~ cs (Hebam Hmb,m,^n r'^ihP vt^^Tt,?"^ acrid, as mayweed. The Jerusalem artichoke Monop/,nlous involucrum : where the scales ar? united by d hi ed-es PotypA2/Ho,« involucrum ; where the scales are distinct " SM?;pte invohicrura ; where the scales are equal and arranged in a sin-Ie row rowt/ve"ry fhon o^iT ' ^'^'""' ^ ''"'"^ ^"^^ "'" ^^'^ ^ -™unde7 afblsTby an outer grfS';t.in7r"''^"'' ^^''"^ descales are in several rows, the outer ones becoming cr^l::^dCf^i:^slS'ic^,^^^:l,^^inT'^' "'"'^ ^^'^^"'=^'^' '"<=•"-'• ^^ *« >"-'- Colunmar,Jlat, conical or depressed^ according to its fiirra • gous to bracts • '^"■^^' '''''"' "" ""'''"'* ^""^ ^"''^'^"''el "y chaffy scales which are anala- AreohJe, where the alveoli, are reduced to aiiiere line • lumbnllate, where the alveoli are split into le«th or biistles • mkecL When smoothish, being destitute of chaff, alveoli, bristles &e The FLOWERS are moreover said to be ' '"'°'"=-^- "'- ^the dtfk, where they stand in or near the centre of the head ■ Ofl/i^- my, wnen they .stand in the outer circle or circumference of the head- cfSaT-'''''""'"^''''^' " " ■''" '""' "' '"'" "" '"" ''"" '^"'^ ^P--l"pe.' in the forra ^:^^^^"^'Z^^:^^^^,, ^''^ «-- - termed r^'^l^'^rl^S^^ ^::^^'^''^^^ -^ P"'^^ - -— -, While those of the Kf/\'''i'''''"\\'"' ^°Tl^ """^ ^" '■'""'«'«' ^« ■» *e dandelion ; .nS lif^rT '^ "' """ '^^' "' ™^''^"' °"'5' "^^-^ 'io^'a'-> tl^-^ ^est being tubular, as Mnt"^'^ '^■''"f ''" 'u^ *'°^''°'? "'"'= t"""'!^^' as in the thoroughwort : M«noPctot«, where the saine head has bollJ staminate and pistillate Powers • na?'3S:^]:s*or;iS;^:'S;^' ^'^-^ ^^^ -- °^ - ^-"^"^°»^ °^-™- iy;^':S,^tmi'SsdbS: h^^^Hilir '^: "^!'^'"<'-'''-'« -I'h staminate heads on- prolonged at the sumrni Into a men^^^ranoTts apriiX4^''%"H*"!^^ appendkulate. that is, trate, when thev are nr<,lon<= «"™'"" ""o a slender neck supporting the pappus. COMPOSITJE. 182 TUBDLIFLORJE. Conspectus of the Genera. SbBORDER r, tubuliflorj:. Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, regular, 5-toothcd or lohcd. Section I. Heads discoid. f5 X ■ ( Pappus capillar^'. ( irrcen. | Pappus plumose. ( Snales imbric. | cijlured. Slcins winged, r Flowers all \ Scales in one j Pappus capillary, perfecl. (row. ... '' v.,,nn„. rlv^.Tv Fls. not all perfecl Verywnia. 1 Liatris. 4 Ammobium. 46 Cucalia. 40 Pappus chaffy. ' . . . Stevia. 6 (Rccep. not I Hds\\ereTog3.mo\is.Gnaplialium. 42 ] chaffy. ... I Heads dicEcious. Antennaria. 43 ' Scales colored. ( Recepiacles chaffy. . . F'dngo. Ray (lowers I Scales imbricate. Plucliea. small fert. j Scales calyculate Erechtites. Scales ( Herbs { Ray liowers large, sterile. Centaurea green. | Shrubby ; heads dioecious. . . Baccharis. Achenia smooth. Clrcium. {with spinose I Scls. acute, cuspid \ Ach. rugose, 4-angl Oiiopoitlon leaves I Scales emarginate-mucronate. . . Ci/naia. J Hds. homogaraous. Lappa. with spinose ( Spines uncinate... 1 Hds. heXerocephalous. Xanthium. 55 heads only I Spines straight; involucre l-flowered. Echinnps. I Scales 8 — .50. EupaturiuTn. ( Pappus capillary.. ( Scales 4 — 5. . Mikania. SFls. all perfect.. \ Pappus of 5— 10 chaffy scales. . . Agemtum. i Heads monoecious. . . Jva. Flowers not all perfect. \ Heads heterocephalous. . Ambrosia. .\ch. crowned with a large disk. Tanacelum. .^ch. crowned with a small disk. Artimisia. ( in 2 series, the outer one leafy. Bidens. reen, | in 1 scri.orslighlly calyculate. Sfjierio. Leaves opposite. Flowers yellow. Marginal Scales unarmed. dry. corois small. ( Scales armed with spinose appendages. Marginal corollas large, sterile. .... Ciiicus. Centaurea. Section II. Heads radiate. f Involucre j Pappus s ) imbricalp. ( Pap dou } Invol. not j Outer sc : ' imbricate. | Outer sc ( Hds. very large. /nj«/a. Pappus simple ( Heads small. Solidaso. double; heads roiddl size. ( flat of ) Invol. not I Outer scales very short or 0. Fueceptacl \ convex ' imbricate. | Outer scales equal to the inner, not chaffy ; ( conical or globose ; outer row of scales longest. . .y, , I Achenia quadrangular. . J ( Receptacle chaffy, conical 1 Achenia compressed. . - - „.- ^ ' r Invol. double, I retrorselyhisp. awns. J5u/cni. ( Raysster. \ Achenia with j erectly hispid awns. Coreopsis •2 ( flat or Idiskperf . ( Invol. imbric. inSormore rows. Helianlhus- % \ convex. ( Rays fertile, disk sterile. Achen. wingless. Polymnia ^[Recepta- j ( Outer scales spreading leafy o \ cle chaffy ; ' conical ; ravs fertile, j Outer scales appressed. M < ( Involucre of tiisiinct scales in a rows. ^ ' Recept. not chaffy. . j Involucre of 5 united scales in 1 n>w. . Leaves all radical, cordate, appearing alter the solitary heads. . I Heads corymbose, somewhat dioecious. Leaves all radical ) Heads soli'tary, heterogamous. . . - - . ( Ach. very silky. RaysaboutS. Serwcarpus. Pap.simpl. I Ach.smoothish. Rays6-100. After. Pappus double ; involucre imbricate. Oipiopfippiis. i Involu. depressed. Lnica.nth(rnum. Receptacl. '| ( I^vs. sinnate-lobed. | In vo. hemispherical Chrysanthemum I not chaffy ; [naked. . ( Lvs.notlobed; invol. sub-simple raysSO— 200. JEWirfroTi Chrysopsis. Senecio. Calendula. Helenium. Rudbeclcia. Lepachys. Heliopsis. Sanvitatia. Arnira. Tagetcs. Tussilago. Nurdosmia. Bellis. alveo- late. . . Rays pistillate. I Receptacle chaffy. . . ( Disk fls. yellow. . . . ) Hays neutral. . (Lvs. finely divided.) ( Disk flowers while; rays pisiillate. . . j Receptacle conical, with large pate. ( simple.. I Receptacle flat, (rays rose-coloror white.) iS 1^ Lvs. opposite, I pinnate ; inner involucre of S united scales. Anthemis. Miiruta. Achillea. Zinnia. Ciireopsis. JJahiia. COMPOSITJE. 18S EUPATORIDM, Suborder II, LIGULIFLOR.^. Flowers all U.gulate and perfect, arranged in a radiant head. Juke milky and bitter. ( Scales of the invol. equal : pappus double. Krigin. 58 ( Flowers yellow ( Outer scales shortest, pappus capillary. Toraxicvm. 63 ■ radical.. { Flowers white ; pappus plumose, . . . . . Leontodon. 61 ( Pappus single, brist. Hieracimn. 66 ( Lvs.unarm'd. ( Pap doub.. outer scaly. Cynthia. 59 (Fls. yellow. ( Lvs. spinose-denl.; pap. very white. Sonchw:. 65 fAchenia < Flowers blue. Pappus .sicalL, scaly. . . Ciclidrium. 57 I not rost. ( Fls. whitish orcreain col. Pap. copious, capillary. Nabalus. 64 .{ ( with a fill- I Involucre with calyculate scales. Lartuca. 62 I Achenia < form beak. . | Involucre without calyculate scales. Tra^ojjogon. 60 2 i,cauline. [rostrate ( with a short, thick beak ; involucre imbricate. Mulgedium. 67 Suborder I. TUBULIFLOR^. Corolla of the perfect Jlowers tuhular, regular, the limb o-clefc, or lobed. Tribe I. VERNONIACE^. Heads discoid, homcgarnuiis. Brandies ofiiie style subulate, hispid throughout. 1 . V E R N O' N 1 A . Flowers all tubular; involucre seniicjlindric, of ovate, im- bricated scales; receptacle naked; pajipus double, the exterior chaff} ; the interior capillary. Named for Mr Wm. Vernon, fellow of St. Peter's College, Cambridge, Eng., who travelled in N. America in search of plants, i'erennial herbs or shrubs. Lvs. mostly alternate. V. NOVEBORACE'NSIS. ieaces numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough; cyme fastigiate ; scales of involucre filiform at the ends. A tall, showy plant with numerous large, dark purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations. Stem branching at top, reddish, about 4 feet high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath, radical ones often lobed. Cymes terminal, tlat-topped, compound. Scales and corollas deep purple, the former ending in long threadlike appendages. Sept. Kew York Vernonia. Iron-weed. p. praalta ; stnn and leaves beneath pubescent; scales of the involucre destitute of the filiform appendages. Rather taller than the preceding, habits similar. Tribe II. EUPATORIACE^E. Heads discoid or radiate. Branches of the style mucli elongated, obtuse, tninutely pubescent towards the summit outside. Anthers not cordate. Leaves mostly opposite. Section I. Heads discoid, Iiomogamous* 2. EUPATO'RiUM, Flowers all tubular; involucre imbricate, oblong; style much exserted, deeply cleft; receptacle naked, flat; pappus simple, scabrous. This genus, says Pliny, derived its name from Eupater, king of Pontus, who first used it in medicine. Perennial herbs with opposite or verticillate Jeiives. Heads corymbose. Fls. cyanic. Ach. 5-angled. Anth incltided. COMPOSIT.E. 184 EUPATORIFM. * Involucre 3 — 5-flowered. 1. E. SESSILIFO'LIUM. Leaves opposite, sessile, distinct, amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, very smooth, serrate ; s^e/re smooth. Plants — 4 feet high, in rocky woods. Stem slender, erect, branching at top into a corymb with white flowers. Leaves large, tapering regularly from the somewhat truncate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler beneath. Flower stalks downy. Heads 5-flowered, witii twice as many scales in tv/o rows. Sept. Sessile-leaved Eupalorium. 2. E. TEUCRIFOLIUM. IVilld. E. pubescens. Bw. Leaves opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, rough, veiny, the lower ones doubly serrate, the upper ones snbserrate or entire ; stem paniculate, pubescent, with fastigiate, corymbose branches above. Plant hairy, 2 — 3 feet high, with a somewhat panicled corymb of white flowers. The upper leaves are often en- tire. Involucre .5-flowered, with twice as many scales in two rows. Scarcely distinct from E. sessiliflorum. Aug. Hairy Eujjatoiium. 3. E. HYSSIPIFO'HUM. Leaves opposite (the upper ones alternate), often verticillate, linear-lanceo- late, triple-nerved, punctate, lower ones subserrate, upper ones entire. A more delicate species, smooth in all its parts, or minutely pubescent, in dry fields. Stem about 2 feet high, branching, witli numerous narrow leaves, which are mostly opposite, and a spreading corymb at the summit. Heads 5-flovvered. Outer scales shortest, the others shorter than the purplish flow- ers. Aug. Sept. J\~arruw-leaved. Eupalorium, 4. E. rotundifo'lium. Leaves opposite, sessile, distinct, roundish ovate, subcordate at base, 3-nerv- ed, veiny, coarsely serrate •, ijiner scales of the involucre acuminate, as loner as the flowers. A slender species, with large leaves, found in dry fields. Heads fastigiate-corymbed, each with 5 purplish flowers. Aug. Sept. Ilound-lcaved Eupatorium. * * Involucre more than 5-flowered. 5. JCj. PURPU'REUM. L. E. purpureura, verticillatum,maculalum, &c. of authors Leaves verticillate, in 4s or 5s, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petio- Jate, veiny, minutel}' punctate, rugose and somewhat rough; stnn fistulous This is a tall plant, conspicuous for its large, pale purple corymbs, about thickets and low grounds. Stem 5 or G feet high, hollow in various degrees, whence it is called trumpet-weed. It terminates above in a large fastigiate corymb. Each involucre consists of about 8 — 15 leaves, and contains about 8 flowers, with very long styles. Aug. Sept. Purple Eupatorium. /3. vertir.'llatum, leaves verticillate, in 3s or 4s, acuminate at each end, un- equalh' serrate, nearly smooth; stem nearly or quite solid, smooth. A tall plant with the general asi)ect of the preceding, found in wet woods. Stem slender, round, 4 feet high, with a large terminal corymb, and smaller axillary ones. Leaves in whnrls of about 4. large, tapering from the middle to both ends. Scales whitish, corollas purple. y. ovatum, leaves raiher ovate than lanceolate, and the stem rather taller. 2. 7niiciilatum, leaves jtuhcsccnthenoaih; stem pubescent, furrowed, punc- tate with oblong purple spots. Tall like the foregoing, found in low grounds. COMPOSITE. 185 6. E. perfolia'tum. Leaves connate-perfoliate, pubescent. A common well-known plant of low grounds, meadows, tfcc, always distinguished by the leaves being pierced by the stem. Stem 1 — 3 feet high, rough and hairy, round. Each pair of leaves are so united at the base as to constitute a single leaf perforated in the middle by the stem. They are placed at riglit angles to the stem, and, both combin- ed, are often near a foot in length. From the stem, where they are broadest, they taper each way to a long point, are rough, rugose, serrate. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Involucre about l!2-flowered. The whole plant is bitter and used in medicine as a tonic, Aug. Tliorovglnvurt. Buncsct. 7. E. aroma'ticum. Leaves petiolale, opposite, subcordate, ovate, acute, 3-nerved, obtusely serrate, smooth ; sic?« corymbose at the summit; involucre simple. In low woods. Wliole plant slightly pubescent, about 2 feet high. Petioles short. Flowers large, white and aromatic, in small corymbs. Involucre scalesabout equal, 10 — 15-tlowered. Aug. Sept. Jiiomatic Eupatorlum. 8. E. PUBE'SCENS. Muh. E. ovatum. Bid. Stem hirsute ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, acute, obtusely dentate, rough, pubescent; tori/mi fastigiate ; invulucre about 8-floweied. A large rough plant, 3 — 4 feet high, growing in dry grounds. Distinguished by its opposite broadly-ovate leaves, and its strong pubescence. Involucre of about ]2 pubescent scales, the outer much the shortest. Aug. 9. E. ageritoi'des. Stem smooth; leaves onlnng petioles, subcordate, ovate, acuminate, den- tate, 3-nerved, nearly smooth ; corymbs compound. Piocky hills and woods. Stem round 2 — 3 feet higii, and, with the whole plant, nearly sniooth. Leaves opposite, broad at base, the lower ones ort stalks 1 or 2 inches in lenoth. Heads numerous, in small clusters, constituting a compound corymb. Invol- ucre scales mostly in one row, containing ]2 or more flowers of a pure white. Aug. Sept. JVcttle-leaced Eupatorium. 3. MIKA'NIA. Flowers all tubular; involucre 4 — G-leaved, 4 — G-flowered ; receptacle naked, pappus a.xillary, sinri{)le, scabrous. In honor of Prof Mikan of Prague. Mostly climbing herbs with opposite leaves. Achenia angled. Stamens partly e,\serled. M. SCAKDENS. Stem smooth; leaves cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate, unequal; 7?o?oers corymbed. A climbing plant of wet thickets. Every part smooth. Leaves opposite on long stalks, very long-pointed. — Blanches o|)posite, axillary, each with a small corymb of whitish or pink- •olored flowers. Involucre 4— 6-leaved, with as many flowers. Aug. Sept. Climbing Buncset. 4. LIA'TRIS. Flowers all tubular, involucre oblong, inribricate ; recepta- cle naked; pappus plunnose, copious; achenia obconic, 10-striate ; stjlemuch cxserted. COMPOSITJE. 186 Gr. Xi, a syllable prefixed to strengthen the signification, and uT^wi, invulnerable ; "one of the species is said to cure the bite of the ralttle-snake. Perennial herbs (or shrubs). Stem simple. Root tuberous. Lvs. alternate, Fls. cyanic. 1. L. scAPao'sA. Stevi hairy, erect ; leaves lanceolate, pubescent with a scabrous margin ; heads in long racemes or spikes; scales obovate, nearly smooth with a membranous," colored margin, the lower ones spreading. This handsome plant grows 4—5 feet high, in woods and sandy hills. Stem rather stout. Heads an inch in diameterr Corollas purple, numerous, alteinate and distant, in a long, erect dense i-aceme. It is regarded as efficacious in curing the rattle-snake's bite, for which purpose the bruised root is applied to the wound, while a decoction of the same in milk is taken inwardly. Aug. Gay Feather. 2. L. SQUARRO'SA. Slem simple, hairy ; hiives numerous, long-linear, nerved ; margins a little rouo-h; raceme leafy, few-flowered; scales of involucre leafy above, rigid, lanceolate, spreading. In dry, sandy soils. Stem 2—3 feet high, thickly beset with Ion?, linear leaves. An extremely beautiful plant with u— 20 large heads of brilliant purple flowers. It varies in degrees of pubescence, leafiness, flowerln.T. &c. This, with many other species of this fine N. American o-enus, well deserves a place in the flower garden. Like the former species ft is considered an antidote to the bile of a rattle-snake. Aug. Blazing Star. 3. L. spicATA, another beautiful species with purple flowers is occasionally cultivated in gardens. Native of the Middle States. 5. AGERA'TUM. Heads many-flowered, subglobose, discoid ; involucre im- bricated ; style exserted ; receptacle naked; pappus of 5 somewhat awned paJEe. Gr. a-, privative, and ynQcci, old age ; because it never grows old, that is, always preserves its color. Tropical annual herbs. Lvs. opposite. 1. A. MexiCA'NUM.— Hispid ; leaves cordate, ovate, crenate, rugose;. eorj/?n& compound ; chaff of the pappus lanceolate, awned. A Mexican plant with blue, imperishable flowers. Mexican Agtratxim. 2. A. CONyzoi'DES. — Stem hairy, branching; ieares ovate, subserrate, on lono- stalks ; chaff' of the pappus awned, denticulate. Native of Georgia and alfTropical America. An ornamental species with light blue flowers. Conyza-like ^geratum. 6. STE'VIA. Flowers all tubular; beads cylindric; scales in a single row; receptacle naked ; pappus chaffy. In honor of Peter James Esteve, a Spanish physician and botanist of the 16th century. Mexican, mostly perennial herbs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. cyanic. 1. S. SERR a'tA- — Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate at the end ; eorymhs fastio-iate; -papmis chaffy and awned. Flowers flesh-colored. Plant 1—2 feet high. Cultivated. July— Sept. Sweet-scented Steyia COMPOSITJE. 187 NARDOSMIA. 2. S. IIYSSOPIFO LIA. — Leaves oblong-ovate, entire; corj/mis spread- ing ; pappus awned, as long as the corolla. Plant 1 — 2 feet high. Corollas pink-colored. A pretty garden flower. Aug. Sept. Hyssop-Leaved Stevia. S. purpurea has lanceolate leaves, purple flowers in a level topped corymb. S. pedata, an annual species, with entire digitate-pedate leaves and white flowers. Section II. Heads radiate. 7. TUSSl'LAGO. Heads manj-flowered, radiate; flowers of the margin pistillate, those of the disk staminate; involucre simple; receptacle naked; pappus capillary. Lat. tussis, a cough, and ago, to manage; the flowers have been much employed for curing a cough. A perennial herb. Lvs. radical. Fls. yellow. Rays very narrow. 1. T. Fa'rfara. Scape single-flowered, scaly; leaves cordate, angular, dentate, downy beneath. A low plant with large radical leaves, in wet places, brook-sides, and is a certain indication of a clayey soil. The flowers appear in March and April, long before a leaf is to be seen. They are yellow, with many rays, on leafless, simple, biacted stalks about 5 inches high. The leaves, which come forth after the flowers are withered, are broadly heart-shaped, about 5 inciies broad and 7 long, dark green above, covered with a cottony down beneath and on downy stalks. " The cotton of the leaves wrapped in a rag dipped in a solution of saltpetre and dried in the sun makes excellent tinder." The plant is sometimes used in medicine as an expectorant. Colt's-foot. 8. NARDO'SMIA. Heads many-flowered, radiate, somewhat dicecious ; flowers of the margin pistillate, disk perfect, but abortive in the sterile plants, involucre simple; receptacle flat, naked; pappus capillary. Gr. va-p^oi, spikenard, ocTfArj, smell; from the fragrance of the flowers. — Perennial herbs, with radical leaves. Fls. cyanic. The ray flowers of the sterile plants are in a single series, of the fertile, in several, but very narrow, 2. N. PALMA'TA. Hook. Tussilago palmata. j?«<. Scape with a fastigiate thyrse or corymb ; leaves roundish cordate, .5 — 7- lobed, tomentose beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate. In swamps. A coarse, stemless plant with large deeply and palmately-lobed leaves and a stout scape covered with leaf-scales and 1 — 2 feet high. 'J'he heads are fragrant, numer- ous, with obscure rays, those of the heads of the barren plants almost inconspicuous. May. Palmalelij-leaved Colt's-foot. Tribe III. ASTEROIDEtE. Keads radiate, rarely discoid. Branches of the style more or less flattened and linear, equally pxtbescent above outside. Leaves jnostly alternate. Section I. Heads radiate» Kaj^s cyanic. COMPOSITJE. 188 9. ASTER. Ray flowers pistillate, in 1 row, disk-flowers perfect, scales imbricated, often with green tips; receptacle flat, alveolate; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous ; achenium usually com- pressed. Gr. ao'TnQ, a star; from its radiated flowers. A large genus of perennial (one species annual) herbs with alternate leaves, very abundant in the United States, blossoming in late summer and autumn. Invol. oblong, imbricate, the inner scales loose, the outer spreading. Disk fls. tubular, regular, yellow, changing to purple; ray fls. generally few (6 — 100), oblong, ligulale, '3-tooth- ed, finally revolute, blue, purple or white, never yellow. § Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. * Heads corymbose. 1. A. CORYMBO'SUS. £it. Eurybia corymbosa. Cass. Stem corymbose-fastigiate, smooth; branches hairy, leaves ovate, acutely serrate, acuminate, the lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles naked ; involucre oblong, imbricate with closely appressed, obtuse scales. Common in dry woods. Stem two feet high, smooth, often reddish, more or less flexuous. Leaves large, mostly smooth, lower ones cordate-acuminate, with sharp serratures, middle ones ovate, upper ones becoming lanceolate. Flowers in a broad, flat-topped corymb, large, very open, with about G long, narrow, white rays. Aug. Corymbcd Aster. 2. A. MACROPHy'LLUS. Willd. Eurybia macropoylla. Cass. SZe?ra branched, diffuse; /eaces ovate, petiolate, serrate, rough, upper ones ovate-cordate, sessile, lower ones cordate, petiolate; petioles somewhat wing- ed ; im^uli/crc cylindric, closely imbricate with oblong, acute scales. Distin- guished for its very large root leaves which are 6 — 10 inches long and 3 — 5 wide. Grows in woods. Stem furrowed, 1 — 2 feet iiigh. Leaves nearly gmooth. Flowers rather large, white or pale blue. Sept. Large-leaved Aster, § Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. * * Heads paniculate, 3. A. cordifo'lius. Stem paniculate, smoothish ; loiper leaves cordate, hairy beneath, sharply serrate, acuminate, petiolate ; petioles winged ; involucre closely imbricate, the scales with short, green tips. Common in rocky woods. Stem smooth below, more or less pubescent above, a little flexuous, striate, 2 feet high, with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers. Rays 10 — 15, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large, cordate, with a deep sinus at base, the serratures very acute, the summit ending in a long, acute point, slightly rough above, hairy and paler beneath. Petioles more or less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves aie gradually reduced to small or minute bracts. Sept. Heart-leaved Aster. 4. A. sagittifo'lius. Stem with racemose branches above, smooth ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, serrate in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate- Bagittate, serrate, petiolate ; involucre scales loose, lanceolate. Found in rocky woods. Stem 2--4 feet high, dividing into many ascending, rigid branches, with numerous and crowded heads, t()rming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads small, each with about 12 rays which are while or with various shades of blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear. Sept Oct. Arrqw-leaved Aster. COMPOSIT.B. 189 5. A. UNDULa'tus. Alt. A. diversifolius. Muh. Stem paniculate, hispid ; branches secund, leafy, 1-flowered ; Venues oblong- cordate, amplexicaul, very entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, with winged petioles. Native of dry woods. Plant rough, about 2 feet high, with slender branches. Lower leaves on long winged petioles, cordate-acuminate, upper ones becoming narrow- ovate and clasping. Flowers pale blue, solitary, forming a loose panicle of somewhat one-sided racemes. Aug. Sept. Wavy Jlster. § § Leaves lanceolate and ovate, the lower conspicuously serrate. * Heads corymbose. 6. A. Ra'dula, Stem erect, simple below, angular ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base, sessile, serrate, rugose and rough ; involucre imbricate vyith appressed scales spreading with green tips. Moist groves and hedges. Hight 1 — 3 feet. Distinguished for its stiff, narrow, sharply-serrate leaves which abundantly clothelhe straight, smooth stem. Branches nearly naked, undi- vided, each having a single large head, rarely more. Rays numerous, short, white or purplish." The lower leaves are sometimes ovate-lanceolate. Aug. September. Rasp-leaved Aster. 7. A. specta'bilis. Stem erect , leaves somewhat scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, lower ones serrate in the middle ; branches corymbose ; heads hemispherical, with numerous, squarrosespreading, ciliate scales. A low Aster of pine bar- rens, Ms. Stem straight, 1—2 feet high, branching above into a nearly sim- ple corymb of 10 — 15 heads, which are large and showy, with many long, blue rays. Sept.— Nov. Hhowij Aster. 8. A. longifo'lius. Lam. A. laevigatus. P. Glabrous ; stem very branching, branches many-flowered ; leaves subam- plexicaul, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate, smooth ; involucre scales lax, lanceolate, nearly equalling the disk. Fields and thickets. Stem 3 feet high. Leaves pale below, shining above, smooth both sides, the lower ones 4 — 6 inches long. Heads numerous, showy, with 25—30 light blue rays. Nov. 9. A. acumina'tus. Stem simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbose panicle above ; leaves broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acumi- nate ; involucre scales lax, linear. Grows in mountains and woods. Stem a foot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, unequally and remotely seriate above, and en'ding in a long, acuminate point. Panicle corymbose, terminal, few- flowered, nearly or quite naked. The leaves are mostly situated just below the corymb. Heads rather large, with about 15 long, white rays. Aug. Acuminate Aster. 10. A. Chine'NSIS. — Leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base; s/c/ra hispid; trawf/ies with single flowers. The common China Aster is said to be originally from China. Stem about 18 inches high, with long branches, each terminated by a single flower. The flower is the largest of any of the Asters, having been much improved by cul- tivation. Disk yellow. Rays dark-purple. There are varieties with white, blue and red flowers of various shades, also of double and semi-double. An- other has very short rays of various colors. July — Sept. China Aster. COMPOSITE. 190 § § Leaves lanceolate and ovate, the lower conspicuously serrate. * * Heads paniculate. 11. A. Tradesca'nti. Branches virgate, paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, remotely serrate, sessile, smooth; invohicre closely imbricate; slem round, slender, smooth. A fine species, witJi numerous leaves, growing in fields. Stem rigid, brownish, about 3 fi?et high, with numerous slender, racemose branches. Lower stem- leaves narrowly lanceolate, 4 inches long, gradually reduced in size upwards. Heads small, nuuierous, with pale-purple rays. Aug. — Oct. TradcscanV s Aster. 12. A. MISER. T.S^G. (A.miser, divergens, diffusus and pendulus. Ait.) 6'^em racemose-paniculate, hairy or pubescent; leaves sessile, lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle ; involucre imbricated with acute scales ; rays short. A very variable species common in old fields, hedges, &c. Jn hight it varies from (3 to 30 inches, and in luxuriance proportionately to the moisture or fi^rtility of the soil. The stem is very branching or nearly simple, bearing a large, compound, racemose panicle or a few simple racemes. Leaves vary- ing from narrow-lanceolate to broad-oval, 1 — 5 inches in length. Heads usually numerous, small, with small white or purple rays. Starved Aster. /3. (Z//fwsMs ; ira?ic//cs spreading, diffuse ; Ze«»cs elliptic-lanceolate, more or less narrowly so ; heads often sessile, forming short, crowded spikes, or long virgate ones. Stem hairy, as well as the raid-rib of the leaves beneath. 13. A. SIMPLEX. Wllld. Stem racemose-paniculate above, smooth ; leaves linear lanceolate, entire, smooth, the lower ones seriate towards the end; involucre loose, imbricate, the scales acute, spreading at their points. Another variable species, found in low grounds. Stem 2 — 5 feet high. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, sessile, rough-margined, narrow-acute. Flowers on long stalks, middle size. Sept. WiUoiD-leavcd Aster. p. {T. ^ G.) hronches hirsute or pubescent; heads above the middle size, with blue rays. Stem 4 — 6 feet high. y. (T. ^ G.), branches pubescent, with short, crowded spikes of small heads ; rays pale blue. 14. A. tenuifo'lius. Stem smooth, erect, paniculate-branching, with 1-flowered branchlets; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end. long-acuniinale, entire, with roughish margins, the lower ones often serrate in the middle ; involucrt scales lax,°acute. Grows in moist fields. Stem 2 — 4 inches long, tliose of the branches and branchlets proportionately smaller. Heads small with numerous (30— 30), long, pale-purple rays. Sept. J\~arroic-leaved Aster. 15. A. PUNl'CEUS. Stern hispid, paniculate ; leaves amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at base, lanceolate, serrate, roughish abova ; involucre loose, longer than the disk, the scales linear-lanceolate, long and revolute, nearly equal, and 2-ro wed. A large handsome Aster common in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils. Stem 4 — G feet high, generally red, (at least on the south side), furrowed, hispid. Lower leaves with remote serratures, rough-edged and rouoh on the upper surface, ail accuminate and narrowed at base. Flowers le,rispherical, of equal scales; receptacle subalveolate, conical ; pappus 0. Lat. hellus, pretty ; a term which well characterizes the Daisy. B. PERE'NNIS. — Scajje naked, single-flowered; Zearfs obovate, crenate. Native of England and other parts of Europe, naturalizpd in some parts of N. England in cultivated ground. Scape 3 or 4 inches high, with a single white riowcr which is single, double or quilled in the different varieties. Blos- soms in the spring and summer months. Per. Garden Daisy^ 14. DA'HLIA. Involucre double, the outer series many-leaved, the inner 1-leaved, 8-parted; receptacle chaify; pappus 0. Named for Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnffius. Splendid perennial. Mexican herbs. Leaves pinnate, opposite. 1. D. SUPE'RFLUA. — /Jac/u's ofthe/eflres winged; Zeo/efs ovate, acumi- nate, serrate, sinning and smooth beneath; outer involucre reflexed. This superb and fashionable genus is a native of sandy meadows in Mexico. Barren-rayed Dahlia^ 2. D. FRUSTRA'NE A. — Rachis of the leaves naked ; leaflets ovate-acumi- nate, serrate, roughish beneath ; outer involucre spreading. The Dahlia has coarse and rough leaves resembling those of the common elder, but the flow- ers are large and beautiful, sporting into numerous varieties of single and double-flowers, of every possible shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red and yellow. They grow in any soil or situation, and the poorer the soil the small- er the plant, but the earlier and more abundant the flowers. If raised from seeds the plants will blossom the second year, or the first, if sown in February and forced by artificial heat. They are more generally propagated by the di- visions of the roots. As soon as the frost blackens the tops, the roots require to be taken up and kept in a dry place, secure from frost until spring. They are the better secured by being buried in dry sand. Fertile-rayed Dahlia. Section II. Heads ratliate. Rays yellow. 15. SOLID A' GO. Flowers of the ray about 5, remote, of the disk perfect; involucre oblong, imbricate, with appressed scales; recepta- cle punctate, narrow; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. Lat. soUdari, to unite ; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants. A large genus of perennial herbs Stems erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Heads small, with from 1 to 1.5 small ravs (very rarely 0). Fls. yellow (one species S. bicolor, has whitish rays). The species are exceedingly abundant in the United States, and, with the Aster, are every where seen in blos^m in the autumnal months. COMPOSITJE. 197 § Heads corymbose. * Leaves all linear, entire, sessile. 1. S. Lanceola'ta. Stem angular, hair}', much branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, 3- nerved, roug-h-margined, slightly hispid on the nerves beneath; corymbs ter- minal, fastigiate. In woods and meadows. Distinguislied from most other species by °its flat-topped corymb. Steui 2—4 feet iiigh, with numerous, very long and narrow leaves, which are distinctly 3-nerved and acutely point- ed. Flowers in terminal, crowded clusters. Involucre ovate. The whole plant is fragrant. Sept. Grass-leaved Guldenrod. 2. S. tenuifo'lia. Stem angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches ; hares linpar, spread- ing, ob.scurely 3-nerved, scabrous on the margin, the a.xils leaty ; curijmb terminal, consisting of clustered heads; raT/i; about 10, scarcely as long' as the disk. Grows in sandy fields near the seacoast. A very slender species, distinguished from S. lanceolata by the extreme narrowness ol the leaves and the thmner, more open corymb, which is often reduced to a few heads. The leaves bear tufts of smaller ones in their axils, and are punctate with resinous dots. August — October. § Heads corymbose. * * Lower leaves serrate, pctiolate. 3. S. ui'gida. Sum stout, rough and hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, rough witli minute hairs, those of the upper part of the stem very entire, lower ones serrate ; flowering branches paniculate, with close, short racemes ; ?-ays elongated ; Involucre scahs obtuse. A tall species, in rocky woods. Stem 3 — 5 feet higii, round, striate, with rigid leaves, of which the radical ones are sometimes near a foot long. Flowers in a sort of corymbose panicle, very large, with large, deep yellow rays. Aug. Sept. Hand-Leaf Goldcnrud. 4. S. Oiiioe'nsis. Biddd. Stem simple, very smooth ; loioer leaves on long petioles, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, acute at base, serrate towards the sununit ; apyer lea.ves lanceolate, subclasping, acute ; heads small, in a fastigiate corymb. A very smooth spe- cies, in moist places. Western N. Y., Ohio, &c. Hight 2— 3 feet. Sept. Oct. § § Heads in g-lomeratc, axillary clusters. 5. S. SQUARRO'.SA. iS'^cm stout, simple, erect, thickly pubescent above; Icjjvcs smooth, lower ones very broad, oval-spathulate, serrate, acute, upper ones lanceolate-elliptic, highest, entire ; racemes glomerate, rigid and pubescent; involucre squarrose, many-flowered ; raiis 10—12, elongated. A handsome species, found on rocky hills. Stem 3—5 feet high. Flowers very large, forming a long terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascicles or racemes. Sept. Ragged Goldenrud. G. S. CiE'SIA. .SVcTK erect, round, smooth and glaucous, often flexuous ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, lower ones serrate; racemes axillary, erect. A very elegant species, in thickets and dry woods. Stem ] — 3 feet high, of a bluish purple color, terete and slender, somewhat flexuous, simple or branched. Leaves 2 — .5 inches long, ending in a long point, sessile, glaucous beneath. Racemes axillary, numerous, short Flowers of a deep, rich yellow. Rays 5 — 7, once and a half the length of the involucre. Aug. Blue-stemmed Goldenrod. /3. hispida has a hispid stem and rough leaves. R* COMPOSlTiE. 198 SOLIDAGO. y. flexicaulis (S. flexicaulis. P.) ; stem flexuous, angular ; leaves ovate- lanceolate ; racemes axillary. Leaves hardly 2 inches long, and half an inch wide. Racemes much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones nearly capi- tate. Rays pale-yellow. 7. S. LATIFO'LIA. S. macrophylla. 5«?. S. flexicaulis, /3. latifolia. P. Stem somewhat flexuous, angular, smooth ; leaves broad-ovate, acuminate at each end, deeply serrate, smootli ; petioles margined; racemes axillary. A very distinct species, although considered by rursh a variety of the last. Common in dry woods and by rocky streams. Stem slender, not always perfectly smooth, 2 feet high. Leaves very large, 3 — 5 inches long and 2—4 broad, contracted at the base into a winged stalk, long pointed, with remarka- bly long and acute serratures. Clusters axillary, very short, tlie stem ending with a longer terminal one. Flowers few. Sept. 8. S. BI'COLOR. Hairy; stem simple ; leaves elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower ones serrate, short-stalked; racemes short, dense, leafy, erect; involucre scales obtuse. In woods and dry hills. A species remarkably distinguished among the solidagos by having white rays. Stem generally simple, 2 feet high, a little hairy. Leaves hairy on both sides, mostly entire, gradually reduced in size upwards. Flowers in numerous close, short, axillary clusters, forming a long terminal, interrupted spike. Rays about 8, very short, yellowish-white, obscure. July. Auf. Two-colored Goldenrod. § § § Heads in erect, terminal, simple or compound racemes, not secund. 9. S. PUBE'rULA. JVm«. Plant puberulent ; stem simple, terete ; leaves lanceolate, entire, attenuated at each end, radical ones subserrate ; racemes spicate, axillary, erect and con- densed ; peduncles pubescent ; mwo/wcrf scoZp.? linear-lanceolate, acute ; rays about 10, elongated. Found in low woods, Maine, Ms. Stem straight, pur- plish, 2 — 3 feet high, terminating in a long, thy rsoid spike of dense, appressed racemes. Leaves very minutely pubescent both sides, the lowest on dense, winged stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow. Aug. Oct. 10. S. STRICTA. Smooth ; stem strict, erect, simple ; cuuline leaves lanceolate, very entire, rough-edged; radical ones serrate, very long; racemes paniculate, erect; jiedunclcs svaooth. In wet woods. Stem (and every other part) very smooth, about 2 feet high, ending in a long, close panicle composed of the appressed, dense, short racemes. Aug. iViUow-leaf Goldenrod. 11. S. SPECIO'SA. ^'utt. Stem smooth, simple; leaves lanceolate, entire and scabrous on the margin, thick, the radical and lower ones subserrate, very broad; racemes erect, numerous, forming a terminal, thyrsoid panicle; jjedictls shorter than the involucre, pubescent ; rc/?/.s' large, few. Woods. A very tall, showy species, sometimes G feet high. Stem stout, often purple, furrowed. Leaves ample, some of them (j inches long and half as wide. Heads exceedingly numerous, with conspicuous rays of a rich yellow, in a large, showy, pyramidal panicle. 12. S. THYRSOI'DEA. Mcijer. S. virgaurea. Bw Siein simple, flexuous, very smooth, pubescent above; /sarfs smooth, ovatCy sharply serrate, acute, the lower ones on long petioles, the vpper ones sub- COMPOSITJE. 199 SOLIDAGO. sessile, lanceolate ; racemes mostly simple, short ; heads large, with conspic- uous rays. A very fine goldenrod abounding in woods on the sides of the White Mts., and at Franconia Notch. It is remarkable for the long, slender stalks of the lower, ovale leaves, and for the large, deep yellow flowers which exceed in size those of all other species. Stem 1 — 3 feet high, racemes axillary and terminal, usually in a thyrse-like panicle. Aug. 13. S. VlRGAUREA. Slem flexuous, furrowed, pubescent at top ; stem leaves lanceolate, serrate ; loicer ones oval, attenuated at both ends; race^nes erect, ray elongated, flowers large. This is the only species common to the two continents. One of its numerous varieties is seen scattered here and there on the lower summits of the Wliite Mts., scarcely on Mt. Washington peak. The flowers are very few, often one only, but larger than those of most other species, and of a rich, golden yellow. Stem often purple, 2 — 3 inches high, simple, with axillary and terminal flowers. Aug. European Goldenrod. § § § § Heads in secund racemes. * Leaves evidently tripli-nerved. 14. S. nemora'lis. Sltm subtomentose ; cauHne leaves oblanceolate, sessile, hispid, nearly entire, commonly with tufts, of smaller ones in their axils : radical ones sub- cuneiform, serrate; racemes paniculate, secund; rays 5 — 7. A common, starved-Iooking species with a greyish, dusty aspect, bearing a dense panicle of deep yellow flowers. Hightl — 2 feet. In dry, sterile fields and byroad- sides. Heads small, but with conspicuous rays. Panicle composed of many short racemes, inclining to one side, or often of a smgle terminal, recurved one. Often the stem divides into brandies, each bearing a panicle. Sept. 15. S. Canade'nsis. S^em downy ; Zeai'cs lanceolate, serrate, 3-nerved, rough; racemes panicu- late, secund, recurved; rays short. In old fields, hedges, tScc, common. From 18 inches to 5 feet high. Stem furrowed, terminated by a copious panicle which inclines to one side. Leaves sessile, 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire, and perhaps a little downy. Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very obscure, yellow rays. Aug. — Oct. Canadian Goldenrod. /3. procera (T. i^- G. is. procera. }lit.) ; stem villous; leaves rough, villous beneath ; heads larger and with larger rays. In low grounds, 4 — 7 feet high. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. 16. S. seroti'na. Stem erect, round, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles pubescent. A stout species found in meadows and thickets. Stem 4 — 7 feet high, very smooth and often glaucous. Leaves long, nairow, pointed, acute, 3-nerved, smooth, ciliate when young Heads small, with short rays, in an ample panicle. Sept. Smooth Goldenrod*. 17. S. giga'ntea. Stem erect, smooth; leaves lanceolate, serrate, rough on the margin, ob- scurely 3-nerved ; racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles hairy ; rays short. In low, open grounds. A large and very smooth species. Stem purplish, 4 — 7 feet high. Heads rather large. Aug. — Oct. Giant Goldenrod. 18. S. refle'xa. Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, subserrate, rough, reflexed ; racemes panicled, fubsecund. Common in old pastures. Stem 2 feet high, furrowed, scarcely COMPOSITE. 200 SOLIDAGO. pubescent. Leaves small, rigid, nearly entire, curved backwards. Flowers in long racemes constituting a diffuse panicle. Hanging-Leaved Goldearod. § § § § Heads in secund racemes. * * Leaves veiny, t all entire. 19. S. sempervi'rens. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat succulent, smooth, entire, rough-edged, closely sessile; racevies paniculate ; pe^/untZes pubescent. In swamps and on river banks. Stem ',\ — 5 feet high, purplish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads large. Rays about b, long and narrow. Sept. Evergreen Goldenrod. 20. S. odo'ra. Stem pubescent, slender ; leaves linear-lanceolate, very entire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots, rough-margined; ractincs paniculate, secund. In dry, fertile woodlands and sunny hills. The only species of Solidago whicli has properties generally considered either agreeable or useful. The leaves have a pleasant aromatic taste and smell, and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil, which resides in the pellucid reservoirs with which they are tilled. When properly dried they are also said to be a good substitute for tea. Stem 2 — 3 teet high, slender, furrowed and pubescent above. Panicle usually one-sided. Racemes 2 — o inches long, spreading horizontally, each generally with a leaf at base and a single row of flowers on the upper side. July — Sept. Sweet-scented Goldenrod. § § § § Heads in secund racemes. ** Leaves veiny, 1 1 lower ones serrate. 21. S. PA'TULA. Muh. Stem erect, smooth, striate ; Icnvcs elliptical, serrate, rough on the upper, smooth on the under surl'ace, lower ones oblong-spathulate ; rwccnies panicu- late, spreading, secund ; ;jerf?<«c/e.<; pubescent. In moist woods, &c. Stem 2 feet high, virgate, angular, with leafy branches at top. Stem leaves sessile, an inch long; root leaves quite large. Racemes short, on the ends of the leafy branches, with large flowers. Sept. Spread Goldenrod. 22. S. negle'cta. t. 4- G. S/em smooth; /eares rather thick, smooth, varying from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower and radical ones subserrate; rarcjnes secund, dense, somewhat spreading, on elongated, slender, suberec.t branches, which are somewhat leafy at base ; orhetiia smooth. Grows in swamps. Stems 2 — 4 feet high, straight, round, dividing at top into several nearly erect branches forming an elongated panicle. The leaves are sometimes nearly tripli-nerved, often very scabrous on the margin. Racemes short. Heads middle-size, 12 — 25 (8 — 12, Gray.) flowered. Scales obtuse. Aug. Sept. 23. S. argu'ta. Stem erect, straight, smooth; leaves smooth, acutely and unequallj' serrate with diverging teetli, cauline ones elliptical, sessile, highest ones entire and small, radical ones oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles; racemes paniculate, secund, dense; heads small, numerous; rrt//5 about 10. In meadows and woods. A smooth plant 2 — 3 feet high, with a large, dense, corymbose panicle of very numerous small heads. Racemes recurved, a finger's lengtli, the compound pedicels roughish, bracted. Aug. Sept. Shurp-nutchcd Goldenrod. p. juncea; leaves lanceolate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire; sttvi brownish, striate; rays tv.'ice as long as the involucre; jwnicle less dense. COMPOSITE. 201 CHRYSOPSIS 24. S. MuHLENBE'RGHII. T.S^G. S. arguta. Muh. Stem furrowed, glabrous ; haves smooth both sides, strongly and sharply serrate, the radical ones ovate, petiolate, cauline ones elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate at each end ; racemes secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading; pedicels pubescent ; heads 15—20 flowered ; scales linear, obtuse. In damp woods and thickets. Stem 2—3 feet high, generally simple, bearing a long, open panicle. Leaves large, notched with very acute or acuminate teeth, feather-veined. Heads middle size, with 6—8 rather large rays. Aug. — Sept. 25. S. ALTl'^SIMA. Stem erect, hairy ; Zea7)es lanceolate, lower ones deeply serrate, rough and wrinkled. A very variable species, the tall, rough varieties of which are common about the borders of fields, in hedges, &c. Stem rough with hairs, erect, 3 — 5 feet high, much branched at top. Leaves variously toothed or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and branches. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning upwards. But scarcely two of the plants look alike. The branches are very widely spread, or but little diverging; with few and scattered flowers, or with numerous flowers; ihe leaves are equally or unequally serrate, hairy or wool- ly. Aug. — Oct. Tall Goldenrod. 26. S. ulmifo'lia. Stem erect, smooth, striate ; leaves ovate, deeply serrate, acuminate, villous beneath, radical ones obovate ; racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles villous ; rays about 4, short. In low grounds. Stem 3 feet high. Radical leaves hajry on both sides, stem leavea often oblong-ovate and hairy only aear the veins beneath; all of them rather large. Aug. Sept. Elm-leaved Goldenrod^ 16. CHRYSO'PSIS. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers pistillate, disk-flowers perfect; involucre imbricate; receptacle subalveolate, flat; pappus double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary; achenium hairy, compressed. X,ev(roi, gold, o4^i«, appearance ; on account of the showy heads of yellow flowers. Perennial, hairy herbs with alternate and entire leaves. 1. C. FALCA'TA. Beck. Inula falcata. P. Woolly and villous; ?eflws sessile, linear, very acute, subfalcate, spreading; nerves pilose on both sides ; heads in axillary corymbs ; involucre pilose. A low, leafy plant with axillary, crowded corymbs of small, bright-yellow flowers. Rays 3-toothed at the end. The thick stem is about 8 inches in hight. Grows in pine barrens. Sept. Oct. 2. C. Maria'NA. JVm«. Inula Mariana. X. Hairy ; leaves oblong, lanceolate, serrate, the upper ones sessile, acute, the lower ones spathulate and generally obtuse ; corj/mi simple ; involucre Visc\6\y pubescent. Common in the Southern States, rare in N. Y. The stem and leaves are clothed with scattered, long, silky hairs. Plant about 2 feet high. Lower leaves taper at base into petioles. The corymb of flowers is terminal^ nearly or quite simple. Heads large, 16 — 20 rayed, yellow, on viscid glandular peduncles. Aug — Oct. composite:. 202 baccharis. 17. I'NULA. Heads many-flowered; involucre imbricate; ray-flowers numerous, pistillate, disk flowers perfect; receptacle naked; pappus simple, scabrous; anthers with 2 bristles at base. Coarse, perennial, European herbs, with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. I. Hele'nium. Le'ivcs amplexieaul, ovate, rugose, downy beneath ; involucre scales ovate. A large herbaceous, coarse looking plant, common by road-sides, naturalized. Stem 4— 6 feet high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical leaves very large, 1—3 feet in length, and 6—12 inches wide, serrate, those of the stem clasping. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, of a bright yellow. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. The medicinal virtues of the plant have long been esteemed. These are tonic and expectorant. Flowers in July and August. Elecampane. Section III. Heads discoid. 18. PLU'CHEA. Heads many-flowered, those of the margin pistillate, of the centre perfect but sterile ; involucre imbricated; receptacle flat, naked ; style undivided ; pappus capillary, simple. Strong-scented herbs with alternate leaves and corymbs of purple flowers. P. CAMPHORA'TA. Dc. Conyza camphorata. M((A. C. Marilandica. ilfe. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, serrate, serratures mucronate ; flowers in crowded corymbs. A fleshy, strong-scented plant, native of salt marshes. Stem a foot high, thick, downy, with alternate leaves and axillary branches. Flowers light purple. Aug. Per. 19. BACCHA'RIS. Heads many-flowered, dioecious; involucre imbricate, cylin- dric or ovate, with subcoriaceous, ovate scales; sterile flowers with the stamens exserted ; receptacle naked ; pappus ca- pillar}'. The ancient Gr. name, from Bacchus, because dedicated to him. Shrubby plants with alternate leaves and white flowers. B. halimifo'lia. Shrubby ; leaves obovate, incisely dentate above, the highest ones lanceo- late ; 'panicle compound, leafy ; fascicles pedunculate. This is almost the only arborescent plant of this" order found in tlie Northern States. It is 6—12 feet high, growing on sea coast, and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white du.st. °Tlie fertile heads growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, terminal panicles, and furnished with very long, slender pappus. Corollas white. Sept. The beauty of this shrub entitles it to cultivation. Groundsel Tree. Tribe IV. SENECIONIDE.E. fTeads radiate, or discoid. Branches of the style linear, hairy or hispid at the apex which is eitlur truncaled or produced into a conical or elongated appendage. Leaves opposite or alternate. Section I. Heads radiatc> composite:. 203 zinnia. 20. A'RNICA. Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, 1 or 2 rowed ; ray- flowers pistillate, disk perfect; receptacle flat, with scattered hairs; pappus simple, rigid and serrulate. Said to be a corruption of the Lat. ptarmica, sneezing; one of the species is a violent sternutatory. Perennial herbs. Stems simple. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. A. MOLLIS. Hook. Stem pubescent, erect ; leaves pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous, thin, veiny, dentate, ovate-lanceolate and oblong; radical ones stalked ; cauline, sessile ; heads few ; involucre hairy with acuminate scales ; aclienia hairy. An alpine plant found in ravines on the White Mts., and also, according to Drs. Torrey <^ Gray, on the Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, with several pairs of sessile leaves, and 1 — 5 yellow heads of middle size. Leaves 2 — 5 inches in length, the upper ones broad at the base, the lower tapering to a winged petiole, often acute but not acuminate. 21. POLY'MNIA. Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 large, leafy scales, inner of 10 leaflets, concave ; ray-flowers pistillate, few; disk sterile ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus none. Polymnia is the name of one of the ancient Muses ; why applied to this plant is not obvious. Perennial, clammy herbs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. 1. P. Canade'nsis. Viscid-villous ; leaves denticulate, petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, upper 3-lobed or entire. A coarse, broad-leaved, hairy-viscid plant, 3--5 feet high, at Niagara Falls and elsewhere. Stem with opposite leaves and spreading branches. Flowers light-yellow, the rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double calyx in such a manner as to form a sort of cup, hence called leaf-cup. Leaves feather-veined, 3 — 8 inches long, and nearly as wide, lobes deeply divided and acuminate. Heads half an inch in diame- ter. June. Canadian Folynmia. '2. P. uveda'lia. Leaves opposite, 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole, lobes sinuate- angled ; ra?/s elongated. In highland woods. Stem 3 — 6 feet high. Lower leaves very large. Flowers large, yellow, the rays much longer than the involucre. July. Yellow Leaf-cup. 2 2. Z I' N N 1 A . Involucre scales oval, margined, imbricate; rays 5, persis- tent, entire, pistillate; disk flowers perfect ; i-eceptacle chatfy, conical; pappus of the disk of 2 erect awns. Named for John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557. Annual herbs, native at the South, «St,c. Lvs. opposite, entire. 1. Z. E LEGANS. — Heads pedunculate; leaves cordate, ovate, sessile- amplexicaul; stem ha.iiy, c/io/^ serrated. Native of Peru. July, Aug. Purplc-Jlowered Zinnia, COMPOSITE. 204 LEPACHYS. 2. Z. MULTIFLORA. — ffeatfs pedunculate ; Zearej ovate-lanceolate, on short stalks. Native of the Southern States. Z. coccinca, with brilliant scarlet flowers, and Z.panciflora, with bright yellow flowers, are also garden annuals well known among us. All the species are raised from seeds in a light, rich soil. 23. RUDBE'CKIA. Ray-flowers neutral, disk perfect; involucre with a double row of leafy scales; receptacle conic, chaffy ; pappus 0 or a 4-toothed margin. Named after the celebrated Olaus Rudbeck, prof of botany at Upsal, Sweden. Perennial herbs with large (usually yellow) flowers. Lvs. alternate. Scales 6 in each row. Fls. of the disk numerous, border 5-cleft, of the ray about 12, very long, lanceolate, flat, pendulous, with 2 or 3 terminal teeth. 1. R. lacinia'ta. Glabrous; lower leaves pinnate, segments 3-lobed ; upper ones ovate; pappus crenate. In the edges of swamps and ditches. A tall, sliowy plant resembling the sunflower, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its conical disk and its drooping rays. Stem round, branching, 6 — 8 feet high. LeJlVes attenuate, rough; upper ones generally ovate, the rest various- ly divided, toothed or cut, petiolate. Flowers large, terminal. Rays 1 — 2 inches long, oblanceolate, bright yelloW; Aug. Smooth Rudbeckia. 2. R. HIRTA. Very hirsute or hispid; stzm simple or somewhat branched; pedundts naked; leaves ovate-spalhulate, 3-nerved, petiolate, denticulate, the upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate ; involucre scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3 rows ; rays spreading. A beautiful flowering plant, in dry soils. Western N. Y., &c. Stems subsimple or branching from the base, covered with prickly prominences, each branch leafless towards the summit and bearing a large head with 12—15 bright yellow rays. These are an inch long, and sur- round a broadly conical disk of dark purple or dark brown chaff" and flowers. July — Sept. Rough Rudbeckia. Echinacea purpurea (Manch), the Rudbeckia purpurea of Linn, native of Virginia is a cultivated plant 4 feet high with singularly beautiful flowers. The rays are about 15, 2 or 3 inches in length, purple, pendulous. Disk conical, brown. 24. LE'PACHYS. Involucre in one series of linear scales; ray-flowers few, neutral, disk perfect ; receptacle columnar, chafiy ; pappus 0; fertile achenia compressed, 1 — 2-wingcd. Perennial herbs. Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. Heads of flowers yellow, with long, drooping rays. Chaff" obtuse and bearded at the summit. L. PINNA'TA. T. ^ G. Rudbeckia pinnata. .\fx. Scabrous; leaves a.\\ pinnate, the divisions 3 — 7, some of the lower ones 2-parted, the rest undivided ; rays elongated. In dry soil. Western N. Y. Stem 2—4 feet high, furrowed and hispid. Heads very large. Rays yellow, about 2 inches in length, reflexed, the disk ovate, purple. composiTjE. 205 helianthus. 2 5. HELIA'NTHUS. Involucre imbricate, scales often leafy; ray-flowers neutral; disk perfect; receptacle chatly, flat; pappus chatFy, 2-leaved, caducous; achenia compressed or 4-sided. Gr. iiXios, the sun, avBoi, a flower; from the resemblance of the flowers. The broad, round disk surrounded with golden rays render the Sunjlowcr a fit emblem of the king of day. Lower leaves opposite. Fls. yellow, * Leaves opposite. 1. H. StRUMO'SUS. L. Stein, smooth below, scabrous above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute serrate, scabrous above, smooth or tomentose-canescant beneath ; jloicers kvj,, termi- nal. Grows in swamps, «&c. Stem 3 — 5 feet high, erect, branching above. Leaves petiolate, with an acute point and close serratures, the lower suifaco varying in the degree of pubescence. Rays bright yellow, an inch or more in length. Scales hairy, July. Per, Downy Sunflower. p. mollis (H, mollis, U'iLld)] lower surface of tlie leaves very soil with whitish down. 2. H. DIVARICATUS. Slem smooth, very branching; leaves nearly opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceo- late, 3-nerved, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; /jawic/c trichotomous,olender, few-flowered. Not uncommon in rocky woods, brooksides, &c. Stem 5 feet high, glaucous. Leaves rather abrupt at base, tapering to a long, acute point, with obtuse serratures. Flowers large, although small for the genus, few, yellow and very sJiowy. The panicle is eitJier 2 or 3-iorked. This plant is much improved by cultivation. Aug, Sept. Per. Spreading Suiijloutr. 3. H. FRONDO'SUS. Stem smooth below ; Iciivrs opposite, ovate, acutely serrate ; peduncles scabrous; m^o/wcre squarrose, undulate, leafy, ciliale ; rfiys 8. In woods. Stem "3 — 5 feet high, with numerous 3-nervea leaves, which are rough on the upper surface, paier and p.ear'y smooth beneath, and with a few remote and acute teeth. Flowers terminal, small, yellow. Aug. Per. Laifij Sunjloiccr. 4. H. TRACIIELIFO'LIUS. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, on short petioles, serrate, acuminate, 3-nerved, very rou.gh on both sides ; involucre scales spreading at the ends, narrowly lanceolate, acute ciliate, pubescent ; rays numerous. From 2 to 4 feet liigh, in liiily woods. Slem branching above into a loose panicle. Flowers middle size, with 12 or more rays. Aug. Sept. Per. Dwarf Sunjiowcr. o. H, decape'talus. Leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, smooth or nearly so beneath ; involucre scales lanceolate-linear, subciliate, spreading, nearly equal; rays 10 — 12, pale yellow. Stem 3 — 4 feet high, purplish. Involucre varying in all degiees of leafiness between the present form and the following. Aug. Ten-rayed SuvjloicLr. * * Upper cauline loaves alternate. 6. H. GIGA'NTEUS. L. H. altissinus. Leaves alternate (the lowest opposite), lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, scab- rous, obscurely 3-nerved, tapering at base into short, ciliate, winged petioles ; Ecales o! the involucre laiiceolate-linear, ciliate. Stem 4 — 8 feet high, purplish, s composite:. 206 helenium. branching above into a corymbose pnnicle of large, yellow flowers. Leaves large, opposite or alternate in various degrees. Rays 12 — 20. Variable. July — Sept. Per. Tall Sunjiuwer. 7. H. a'nnuus. ieares all cordate, 3-nerved, only the lowest opposite ; perfjtracZes thick; fioioers nodding. This well known annual is from S. America. It grows in any soil, but its magnitude is increased by the fertility of it in direct propor- tion, until it reaches the higlit of 10 and even 20 feet. The common hight may be stated at 7 feet. The enormous size of the flowers with their broad rays of brilliant yellow are too well known to require description. An edible oil has been e.xpressed from the seeds. A variety occurs with double-flowers. July. Common Sunfloxoer. 8. H. TUBERO'SUS. — Leaves 3-ncrved, rough, lower ones opposite, cordate-ovate; upper, ovate, acuminate, alternate; petioles ciliate at base. Native of Brazil. The plant has been cultivated for the sake of its tuberous roots which are used as a substitute for potatoes. It is naturalized in borders of fields, hedges, <,tc. Sept. Per. Jerusalem, Artichoke. 2G. SANVITA'LIA. Involucre closely imbricated ; receptacle chaflTy, conical ; achenia of the ray with 3 awns, of the disk winged. Name given by Lamark without explanation. Annual Texian or Mexican herbs with opposite leaves and yellow-rayed flowers. S. PROCU'mBENS. — S^cm procumbent ; leaves ovate, entire. Native of Mexico. Flowers from June to Sept. Of a spreading dwarf habit. A foot in lenirth. Flowers yellow. Pretty in patches. Trailing Sanvitalia. 27. TAGE'TES. Heads hetercgamous ; involucre simple, tubular, of 5 united scales; ray-flowers 5, persistent; receptacle naked; pappus of 5 erect awns. Named for Tages, a Tuscan divinity, son of Genius and grandson of Jupiter. Annual iierbs of Tropical America. 1. T. PA'tULA. — Leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, ciliate-serrate ; ^crfM7ic/es 1 -flowered, thickened u])wards ; i/iro/?/c?e smooth ; 5.ios, the sun, o(p(rii, an appearance. The flowers are similar to those of the sunflower, and like them are not unaptly likened to the sun. Peren- nial herbs v^itli large heads of yellow flowers and opposite leaves. II. LiEVIS. Stein smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, serrate, petiolate, 3-nevved, smooth beneath. A large symmetrical plant, 3 — 5 feet high, in hedges and thickets. Stem angular, striate. Leaves large, distinctly 3-nerved. Branches axillary, each thifkened at the summit and terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. Rays lanceolate, broad at base and obtuse at summit. Jn., Jl. Oz-eye. Section II. II«-a;Is radia'c and di.icoifl in tile same gciius, 36. COREO'PSIS. Involucre double, each 6 — 10-leaved; receptacle chafTv ; achenia compressed, emarginate, each commonly with a 2- toothed pap[ius. Gr x.oQii, a bug, o-^ti, resemblance ; the seed is concave on one side and convex on the other; it has a membranous margin and 2 little horns at one end which give it much the appearance of some insect. Lvs. mostly opposite. Rays rarely wanting. 1. C. trichospe'rma. Stem smooth, dichotomous; leaves opposite, quinate-pinnale, lanceolatp, serrate ; leaflets of the outer calyx ciliate ; rays entire ; seeds cuneate. In wet grounds. A smooth, brandling plant with large, brioht j-ellow flowers. Stem 2 leet high with branches and leaves mostly opposite. Leaflets 5 — 7, narrow and tapering to a long point, the margin more or less deeply cut into a g*- COMPOSITiE. 210 BIDKNS. few remote serratures. The seeds (achenia) are half an inch long and crowned with 2 stout, hispid awns. July — Aug. Bien. Tick-seed Sunfloicer. 2. C. Ro'&EA. mnt. S/e7« branched ; /eares opposite ] -nerved, linear, entire; fcdunclcs short; outer scales very short; rays obscurely tridentate. A very delicate speck-sin wet grounds, Ms., rare. Stem about afoot iiigh, clothed with numerous, very narrow leaves, and bearing a few small heads. Rays rose-color, varying to white. Disk light yellow. July — Aug. Per. Rose-red Tick-seed. 3. C. TINCTO'RIA. — Radical leaves sub-bipinnate, leaflets oval, entire, smooth; c«w//nc ones subpinnate, leaflets linear; r«^/s 2-colored ; .s-cf(/5 naked. This species, with ns.is a handsome border annual, native of Missouri. Stem ] — 3 feet high, with light, smooth foliage. Flowers with yellow rays beauti- fully colored with purple at their base. Flowering all summer. Another species, C. Drummimdti, is also a popular border flower, blossoming all summer. Plant a foot or more high, with yellow flowers. Of this there is a new variety, ntrosunguinca, with dark-orange flowers. All these species and varieties are raised from seed in a light rich soil. 37. BIDENS. Involucre nearly equal, doul)le, scaly or leafy at the base; rays iew^ neutral; disk perfect; receptacle chatTy, flat; pappus of 2--4 awns, rough backwards. Lat. hidens, two toothed ; the seeds have two (or more) barbed teeth. Leaves opposite. Involucre scales parallel, concave or channelled on the back. Rays often wanting. Achenia quadrangular, 1. B. ce'rnua. Fhu'crs subradiate. cernuous ; outer involucre as long as the flower ; leaves lanceolate, subconnate, dentate. In swamps and ditches. Stem 1 — 2 feet hiirh, purplisii, branched, round at base, striate above, branches opposite, leaves opposite, somt'what connated at base. Flowers yellowish green, final!}' drooping, generally with yellow rays about 8 in number. Aug — Oct. It'ater Burr-Marigold- 2. B. chrysantiiemoi'des. Flowers radiate ; rai/s three times as long as the nearly equal involucre ; haves oblong, attenuate at each end, connate at base, dentate. A low plant with large yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places. Stem (1 — 20 inches high, round and smooth. Leaves smooth, v.-ilh lew remote teeth, narrow, opposite, with narrow connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large, spreading. Scarcely distinct from i^. fc;7i!ia. Sept. Oct. Ann. Radiate Burr-Marigold 3. B. FRONDO'SA. Flmccrs discoid ; outer involucre G times as long as the flower, its leaflets ciliate at base ; lou-er leaves pinnate; upper ones teinate, lanceolate, serrate. A common weed in moist, cultivated fields, often called beggar-ticks, from the 2-horned achenia wliich adhere to every one who passes by it. Stem 2 feet hinh, sending out many spreading branches. Lower leaves in Ms or os. Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches, witliout rays, yellow, surrounded by a large and leafy involucre. Aug. Sept. Ann. Leafy Burr-Marigold. COMPOSURE. 'ill 4. B. CONNA'TA. Muh. B. tripartita. Bte. Flowers discoid; outer involucre longer than the flower; achenia with 3 awns; leavis ix\M. In swainps and ditches. Stem 1 — 3 feet high, smooth and 4-furrowed, with opposite branches. Leaves opposite, smooth, serrate, llie lower ones often divided into 3 segments, the rest generaHy entire, lanceolate, sharply seirate and somewhat connate. Flowers terminal, solitary, without rays, consisting only of the tubular, yellow florets surrounded by a leafy involucre. Aug. Ann. TTifid Burr-Marigold. 5. B. bipinna'ta. Smooth; flowers subradiate, outer involucre the length of the inner; leaves bipinnate, leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid. Grows in waste places, 1 — 4 feet hicrh. Stem branching, smooth. Leaves nearly smooth, bipinnalely dissected. Heads with 3 or 4 obscure rays. July. Ann. Spanish A'eedlcs. 38. SEN E' CIO. Involucre of many equal Icaflels or invested with scales at base, the scales withered at the points ; receptacle not chailj' ; pappus simple. Lat. scncx, an old man. The word is synonymous with Erigeron. An extensive genus of herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. jnoslly yellow. Corollas longer than the involucre.. * Heads discoid. 1. S. vulga'ris. Sfem. paniculate, erect, angular ; /rares sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, amplex- icaul. A common weed growing about houses, in waste grounds, rubbish, &c. Introduced from Europe. Stem 16 inches high, leafy, branching generally smooth. Leaves alternate, thin, blight green, the radical ones stalked. Flowers without rays, terminal, scattered, yellow, appearing all summer. Ann. Common GroundseL * * Heads radiate. 2. S. au'reus. Radical leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, petiolate ; cuuline ones pinnatifid, dentate, te-rrninal, segments lanceolate ; ■prdnncles subumbellate, thick; rays 8 — 12. A handsome, but very variable plant, with bright yellow flowers, in meadows, woods, &c. Stern smoothish, erect, 1 — 2 feet high, simple, termi- nating in a kind of umbellate corymb. Lower stem leaves lyrale. Flower stalks thickened upwards. Scales smooth, acute, purplish at the apex. Rays Bpreading. May— Aug. Per. Golden Scnecio. ji. Ba'samitce (S. Balsamitffi Mu!i) : radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate-denlate, petioled ; {/^^/.icr 07)f5 lyrate and pinnatifid, sessile ; peduncles subumbellate. Stem about a fool high, nearly naked, densely woolly at base, with a terminal umbel of yellow flowers. Leaves pubescent, all small and distant. Flower-stalks villous at the base. Found in rocky hills and pastures, y. gracilis (S. gracilis P.) ; radical leaves very long petioled, orbicular, eubcordate, crenate; ca?z/(nc <;kcs few, very serrate, linear oblong, dilated at base, cut-dentate; peduncles very short, hairy, subumbellate; involucre smooth ; rays few, very short. A slender state of the species a foot high, with small flowers. Found on rocky shores o. ohovatus ; radical leaves oho\a\.e, crenate-serrate, petiolate; slcm leaves pinnatifid, dentate; peduncles elongated. Found in meadov/s, &c. COMPOSITE. 212 3. S. e'LEGANS. — Leaves pilose, viscid, pinnatifid, equal, spreading; comvion petiole narrowed below. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. Lin- nseus gave to tliis annual tlie name of clcgans on account of the beauty of its flowers, their rays being of the most brilliant purple and the disk yellow. A variety is cultivated in gardens and tlie green house with double flowers, of colors equally brilliant. Another double variety has white flowers. June — Aucr. Purple Jacohiea. Section III. Heads discoid. 39. ERE'CHTITES. Flowers all tubular, those of the margin pistillate, of the disk perfect; involucre cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate; receptacle naked ; pappus of numerous fine, capillary bristles. Gr. igi%&a), to trouble ; the species are troublesome weeds. Marginal corollas very slender, 2 — 3-toothed. Branches of the style tipped with a pubescent cone. Ach. striate. Annual herbs, with simple, alternate leaves and corymbs of whitish flowers. E. HIERACTFo'LIUS. Kfl/. Senicio hieracifolius., L. Stem paniculate, virgate ; leaves oblong, amplexicaul, acute, unequally and deeply toothed with acute indentures; involucre smooth; uclienia hairy. A well known, rank weed, growing in fields, particularly and abundantly in such as have been newly cleared and burnt over, and hence it is called fire- weed. Stem thick and fleshy, branching, 3 feet high, roughish. Leaves of a liglit green, large, irregulaily cut into many deep and acute teeth. Flowers terminal, crowded, destitute of rays, white. Involucre large and tumid at base. Aug. Sept. Ann. Fire-weed. 40. CACA'LIA, Flowers all perfect; involucre cylindric, oblong, often calyculate with small scales at the base; receptacle not chaify ; pappus capillary, scabrous. An ancient Greek name of an uncertain plant. Smooth, perennial herbs Lvs. alternate. Hds. of fls. corymbose, cyanic. 1. C. suave'olens. Glabrous; sa.(pa.\ov, cotton or wool ; from the soft cottony surface of the plant Marginal flowers pistillate, in several rows, central ones perfect. Leaves decurrcnt. COMFOSITiE. 214 ANTEKJJfARIA. 1. G. polyce'phalum. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth above, downy beneath; stem panicled, downy ; cor^/mts terminal. This species is very common, and is distinguishable by its strong, agreeable odor and its brownish color. Grows in fields, t&c. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, whitish, with a cottony down, much branched. Leaves sessile, cottony beneath. Flowers in crowded clusters at the ends of the branches. Involucre with whitish scales and yellow flowers. Aug. Ann. Fragrant Life- everlasting. 2. G. PURPU'REUM. L. G. Amcricanum. Jf'iUd. Stem erect, simple or branched from the base, tomentose ; leaves linear- spathulate or obovate-spathulate, downy-canescent beneath, green above ; Jiinvers sessile, crowded, terminal and axillary. Grows in sandy fields and pastures. Stem 8—12 inches high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads with purplish scales and yellow corollas. Jn. Ann. Purple Life- everlasting. 3. G. ULIGINO'SUM. Stem much branched, branches woolly, spreading ; haves linear lanceolate ; heads in terminal, leafy, crowded branches; achcnia smooth. A small, diffuse plant, clothed with whitish down, common in pastures, roadsides and culti- vated grounds. Stem 4 — 6 inches high, involucre scales oblong, obtuse, yellowish. Aug. Ann. Mart^h Gnajihalium. /3. pilulare (G. pilulare JVakl.) ; achenia minutely hispid, scabrous. 4. G. DECU'RRENS. Ives. Stem eiect, stout, much branched, viscidly pubescent; leaves linear-lanceo- late, very acute ; decurre^it naked above, white and woolly beneath; floicers in dense, roundish, terminal clusters. A stout species, covered with a dense, hoary pubescence. It grows in hilly pastures, 4"C. Stem 2 feet high, with scattered leaves and spreading branches. Leaves on the upper side green, scabrous and viscid. Scales whitish, with yellow corollas. Aug. Per. Decurreiit-leaved Life-everlasting. 43. ANTENNA' RIA. Heads dioecious; involucre of imbricate, colored scales; pistillate corollas filiform; receptacle subconvex, alveolate; pappus simple, bristly. Name in allusion to the awns of the pappus which resemble the autennte of some insect. Heads covered with conescent down. Lvs. alternate. 1. A. MARGARITa'cEA. Br. Graphalium margaritaccum. L. Herbaceous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, alternate ; ste7n branched at top; corymbs i:iist'igiaie; flowers pedicelled. This common plant derives its singular appellation from the imperishable nature of its dry pearl-white flowers. Grows in fields and pastures, 1 or 2 feet high, all parts covered with a white, cottony down. Stem round, erect, with numerous, sessile, scattered leaves, branching at top into a flat-topped, crowded corymb. Involucre scales white, with yellow flowers. The plant is slightly fragrant. Aug. Per. Cuvimoa Life-everlasting. 2. A. plantaginifo'lia. Slutons procumbent; 5fe?ft simple ; radical leaves ovtite, mucronate, 3- nervcd, silky-canescent. A small, early-flowering species, common iu dry woods and hilly pastures. The whole plant is tomentose-canescent. Leaves of the radical shoots larger than the rest; those of the stem sessile. Flowers COMPOSITE. 215 AMMOBIUM, in a small, terminal corymb, woolly, and of a purplish white. The flowers of Bome plants are all barren, of others all fertile. April — Sept. Per. Mouse-car Life- everlasting. 44. FI'LAGO. Heads heterogamous; involucre of few villose scales; marginal flowers pistillate ; receptacle columnar, naked at the summit, chaffy at base; achenia terete, the central ones with a hairy pappus. Downy-canescent herbs, apparently named from the Lat.^/a, thread, from its cottony-like fibres or hairs. Leaves alternate, entire. The scales of the involucre pass insensibly into those of the columnar receptacle, each embrac- ing a pistillate flower in its axil. F. GeRMA'NICA. L. Gnaphalium. Germanica. P. Woolly tomentose ; stem dichotomous or proliferously branched above ; haves linear-lanceolate, acute, crowded, erect; heads few-tiowered, in dense, capitate clusters, terminal and lateral ; scales cuspidate, the outer ones woolly. A European plant introduced into our roadsides, old fields, t&c, but not very common. The stem is 6 to 10 inches high, often branching above from the midst of the globose cluster of heads. Leaves numerous, less than an inch in length, sessile, woolly on both sides. Scales straw-colored, with a green line outside. July — Oct. Ann. Cudioeed. 45. TANACE'TUM. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, the scales all minute; receptacle convex, naked ; pappus a slight, membranous border; achenia with a large epigynous disk. A corruption oi Mhanasia, which is from the Gr. a, privative, and ^avciroi^ death ; from the durability of the flowers. Lvs. alternate, moch dissected. Fls. yellow. T. vulga're. Leaves doubly pinnate, incisely serrate. The common tansey is native of Europe, naturalized in old fields, roadsides, &c. Stems 2 — 3 feet high, terminating in handsome corymbs of yellow flowers. A variety with dense and crisped leaves occurs, called double tansey. The whole plant has a strong, aromatic smell and very bitter taste. The seeds are anthelmintic. Aug. Per. Tanseij. 46. AMMO'BIUM. Heads homogamous; involucre imbricate, colored, radiant; anthers with 2 bristles at base; receptacle distinctly chaffy ; pappus a toothed edge. Gr. cr^^o«, sand, [iico, to live ; referring to the place of its nativity in New- Holland. A. ala'tum. Leaves oblong, wavy, decurrent. Native of New-Holland. A pretty herbaceous, half hardy plant of easy culture in any garden soil. The stalks are branched, 2 feet high, curiously winged by the "decurrent leaves. Heads Bolitary, terminal, with dry, white, involucral scales. Per, IVinged Ammohiiivi. coMPosiTJi:. ai6 Tribe V. CYNARE^. Heaiis ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, homogamous (rarely dioecious)', or heterogamous vnth th« marginal flowers ina single series. Style in the perfect flowers often tumid near the summit. 47. CALE'NDULA. Heads radiate; involucre of many equal leaves, in about 2 series 5 receptacle naked ; achenia of the disk nnembranaceous; pappus 0. Lat. Calenda, the first day of the month, because this plant blooms every month in tiie year. An oriental genus of annual herbs. C. OFFICINA LIS. — Jlchr.nia carinate, muricate, incurved. A common and handsome garden plant, from S. Europe. It has double, lemon-colored and other varieties. The flower is commonly orange-colored. " It yields a distilled water, a kind of vinegar, and a conserve. The stem and leaves are good in soups and broths." June — Sept. Ann. Pvt-Marigold. 48. CENTAU'REA. Heads discoid; involucre imbricate; ray-flowers larger than the rest, sterile, often wanting; receptacle bristly; pap- pus hairy ; achenia compressed. It is said that with this plant the Centaur Chiron cured the wound made in his foot by Hercules. A genus of Eastern plants with alternate leaves. C. NIGRA. Involucre scales ovate, with an erect, capillary fringe ; lower leaves angular- lyrate ; upper ones ovate. Introduced from Europe. A troublesome weed in meadows and pastures. Stem branching, 2 feet high. Flowers large, purple, terminal, solitary. July, Aug. Per. Knapweed. C. cy'amus. Involucre scales serrate ; leaves linear, entire, the lowest ones dentate. Native of Europe. A hardy annual, justly popular for its beautiful flowers, which are very variable in color. It is sparingly naturalized in old fields. July — Sept. Bluc-holUe. Bachelor's Button. C. MOSCIIA'tA. — Involucre roundish, smooth, scales ovate; leaves lyrate dentate. A handsome border annual from Persia. Flowers purple. A variety has white flowers. July — Oct. Sweet Sultan. S. SUAVE'olENS. — Involucre round, smooth •, lotoer Scares broad, sub- spathulate, dentate ; upper ones lyrate at base ; /Zo*oc/-5 yellow, sweet-scented. From Levant. Yellow Sweet Sultan. 49. CNICUS. Heads discoid ; involucre vcntricose, imbricate with doubly spinous scales; ray-llowers sterile; receptacle very hairy; pappus in three series, the outer 10- toothed, the 2 inner each 10-bristled. Gr. fi'n^cOj to prickle ; well applied to this herb. COMPOSITJE. 217 C. BENEDl CTA. — Involucre doubly spinous, woolly, bractate ; Zea»es somewhat decurrent, dentate, spiny. Native of Spain. Its peculiar names are in consequence of its early reputation for curing fever, plague and cancers. it is at present in no estimation whatever. Naturalized intields. June. Ann Blessed Thistle. C SOLSTITIA'LIS. — Involucre palniate-spinous, terminal, solitary; spuje straight •, leaves lanceolate, decurrent, without prickles, radical ones lyrate. From Europe. Said to be naturalized. St. Baniaby's TIdstle. 50. ONOPO'RDON. Heads discoid, homogamoiis ; involucre vcntricose, imbri- cate with spreading, spinous scales ; receptacle deeply alveo- late; pappus copious, capillary, scabrous ; achenia 4-angled. Gr. o'joij and ttiq^o); the application of which to the present noble genus is not obvious. Lanre branching herbs with decurrent leaves. 0. aca'nthium. Involucre scales spreading, subulate ; leaves ovate-oblong, decurrent, sinuate, spinous, woolly on both sides. This fine looking thistle occurs naturalized in waste grounds, and is about 3 feet in hight. The whole plant has a while, cottony appearance. Stem winged by the decurrent leaves which are unusually large. Involucre round, cottony, spinous. Flowers purple. July, Aug. Bien. Cotton Thistle. 51. C Y N A' R A . Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre dilated, imbricate, scales fleshy, emarginale, pointed; receptacle setaceous; pappus plumose; achenia not beaked. Gr. x-voJv, a dng ; the stiif, hard spines of the involucre resemble the teeth of a dog. Natives of the Old World. 1. C. Sco'lymus. icatYS subspinose, pinnate and undivided ; involucre scales ovate. Native of S. Europe, naturalized in gardens and cultivated grounds. A well-known garden esculent. The parts used are the receptacle, (he lower part of the involucre and the upper portion of the stalk. It is cultivated from suckers placed in rows, 3 feet apart. Aug. Sept. Per. Garden Artichoke. 2. C. CARDU'NCULUS. — Lc«ye5 spiny, all pinnalifid ; involucre scales ovate. Native of Candia. Flowers purple. This plant is blanched by having earth heaped up around it, and then the petioles become tender, crisp and eatable, like celery. Aug. Sept. Per. Cardoon. 5 2. C I' R S I U M . Heads discoid, homogamous; involucre subglobose. cf many rows of spinose-pointed, imbricated scales; receptacle bristly; style scarcely divided; pappus copious, ()lumose ; achenia compressed, smooth. Gr. jttgo-to)', is a name given by Pliny to a certain kind of thistle. Herbs with alternate leaves generally armed with spinose Dtickles, Floweis cyanjc. T COMPOSITE.. 218 1. C. ARVE'NSE. Scop. Cnicus arvensis. P. Leaves sessile, pinnalifid, spinous; stem panicled; involucr erounA or ovate, with minute spines, scales close pressed, ovate-lanceolate. A very cominou thistle in fields, roadsides and waste places. It is one of the severest pests of the fanner, requiring his constant vigilance to extirpate it from his fields. In Enorland it is called cursed thistle. Root creeping, very long and e.xceed- ingly tenacious of life. Stem 3 feet high, with a branching panicle at top. Leaves alternate, thickly beset with thorns. Flowers rather small, purple, the involucre nearly thornless, and is the only part of the plant that can be safely handled. July. Per. Canada Thistle. 2. C. Dl'SCOLOR. Spreng. Cnicus discolor. Muh. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy beneath, the segments 2- lobed. divaricate, spinosc; involurre globose, the scales ovate, appressed, with spreadmg spines at the tips. A slender thistle, 3 — 5 feet high, much branch- ed, and Icjify at the summit. Found in thickets. Heads terminating the branches, an inch in diameter, with reddish purple corollas. July, Aug. Bien. Tall. Thistle. 3. C. MU'tiCUM. Mx. Cnicus glutinosus. Bw. Leaves pinnatifid with divaricate segments ; involucre ovate, with unarmed, villous-arachnoid, glutinous scales. A fine-looking thistle found in damp soils. Stem branching, 3—7 leet high. Leaves armed with spines at each angle. Heads half an inch in diameter, with deep purple corollas, the scales webbed and glutinous on the back. Aug. Sept. Bien. Glutiiwus Thistle. 4. C. HORRi'dULUM. Mx. Cnicus horridulus. Etc. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acutely cut, spinose ; heads invested with an external involucre of about 20 very spinose bracts; .wa/e^ unarmed. Found in meadows, &-C. The stem is 1 — 3 feet high, invested with wool. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairv, armed with stiff spines. Heads large, with yellowish-white corollas surrounded by a whorl of lanceolate or linear leaflets tipped with stiffthorns, the scales webbed. Aug. Bien. Yellow Thistle. 5. C. PU'mILUM. Spreng. Cnicus odoratus. JW;/A. Hairy; /cares green on both sides, clasping, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the seo-ments irregularly lobed,ciliate, spinose ; involucre round ovate, spinose, naked" A common, low, turgid thistle in roadsides, pastures, «Si:c. Stem 1— -2 feet high, stout, striate, with 1—3 very large heads of fragrant, purple flowers. Aug. Bien. Pasture Thistle. 6. C. LANCEOLA'TUM. Scap. Carduu."* lanceolatus. L. Cnicus Uuiceolatum. P. Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments divaricate and spinose ; involucre ovale, villous ; scales lanceolate, spreading. Common in borders of fields, roadsides, &c., always distinguished by the decurient leaves. Stem 3 4 feet high, winged by "the decurrent leaves which are white and woolly beneath, arnied with formidable spines at all points. Flowers numerous, large, purple. Involucre scales webbed, each ending in a spine. Ju|y— Sept. Bien. Common Thistle. 5 3. LAPPA. Heads discoid, homogamotis: involucre globose, the scales imbricated and hooked at the extremity ; receptacle bri:jtly ; pa[ipu3 bristly, scabrous, caducous. COMPOSITE. 219 XANTHinM. Lat. lappa, a burr, from Gr. Xa-,3fn', to lay hold of ; a term well character- izing' the burdock. Coarse European herbs. Root biennial. Leaves alter- nate, large. L. MAJOR. Gaert. Arctium Lappa. L. Leaves cordate, unarmed, petioled. Common in waste and cultivated grounds, fields. &c. Every one must necessarily be acquainted with the burdock. Each plant is a large, conical, ill-scented and coarse looking mass of vegetation, surmounted by a branching, irregular panicle of ovate beads with tubular corollas of an e,\ceedino-ly delicate pink color. The leaves are very large with wavy edges. This plant is an instance of design in the disseminating of seeds, such as cannot be mistaken. The scales of the involucre all end in a minute, firm hook, which seizes hold of every thing that passes by. Thus men and animals are made the unwilling agents of scatterinrr vvidely the seeds of this unsightly plant. July. Aug. Burdock. 54. IVA. Heads discoid; involucre 3-Ieaved ; marginal flowers 5, fertile, the others sterile ; receptacle, hairy ; achenia obconic, obtuse ; pappus 0. A name of barbarous origin. Herbs or shrubs. Lower leaves opposite. I. frute'scens. Leaves lanceolate, punctate, deeply serrate, rough ; stem shrubby. In the borders of salt marshes. Stem thick, 3 — 8 feet high, with numerous oppo- site branches. Leaves numerous, 3-nerved, upper ones entire. P^lowers green, small, drooping, in close, leafy clusters. Aug. Per. High-water Shrub. 55. XA'NTHIUM. Heads heterocephalous. Slerile. — Involucre innbricate; anthers approxinnate, but distinct ; receptacle chaffy. Fer- tile.— Involucre 2-leaved, clothed with hooked prickles, 1 or 2 beaked, 2-flowered; stamens 0. Gr.^civdoi, yellow; a color which Dioscorides asserted to be communicated to the liair by an infusion of these plants. Coarse, annual weeds, with alter- nate leaves. 1. X. Strum a'rium. Stem unarmed, branching; leaves cordate, lobed, 3-nerved, unequally serrate, rough; fruit elliptical, armed with uncinate, stiff thorns, and ending with 2, spreadmg, straight horns. A coarse, rough plant, in old fields, &c. Stem branched, bristly, spotted, 2 — 3 feet hiu-h. Leaves large, on long stalks, rigid. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, green. Fertile in sessile, axillary tufts. Fruit a hard, 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff, hooked prickles, which, like those of the common burdock, serve to disperse the seeds. Aug. Ann. Clot-weed. 2. X. ECHINA'tUM. Murray. X. macrocarpon. Dc. Stem, rough and strigose, spotted ; leaves scabrous, obscurely lobed, obtuse, broad and subcordate at base, repand-toothed ; fruit ov&\, densely armed with rigid, uncinate bristles; horns incurved. A very coarse plant in marshes near the seacoast. Stem thick 1 — 2 feet high. Fruit very large, hairy. Aug. — Oct. , COMPOSITJE. 220 CICHORIUM. 3. X. SPINO'SUM. 5'fe7« branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat 3-lobed, armed with ternate spines at the base of the stalks. Waste grounds, Ms. Heads few, axillary, sessile. Sept. — Nov. Prickly Clot-iceed. 56. AMBRO'SIA. Ilead-s heterocephalous. Sterile. — Involucre of several united scales, hemispherical, many-flowered ; anthers approx- imate, but distinct; receptacle naked. Fertile. — Involucre 1-leaved, entire or 5 toothed, ] -flowered corolla 0; styles 2 ; stamens 0. Af/,fi^o(ria,, signifies in Greek, the food of the gods ; a term strangely m\a- applied in these herbaceous weeds. Lvs. generally opposite. 1. A. tri'fida. Hairv, rouo-h; leaves three lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; /rwif with ti lines below tiie summit. A very tall, herbaceous plant, not very common, found in hedges and low grounds in the valley of Connecticut river. Stem .5 — 10 feet high, erect, branching, furrowed. Leaves opposite, in 3 large, deep lobes with long points and close serratures. Flowers mean and obscure, in long, leafless spikes, axillary and terminal. Aug. Ann. Trifid-leaved Jlinbrosia. 2. A. ARTEMISLEFO'LIA. L. A. elatior. P. Leaves twice-pinnatifid, nearly smooth ; petioles ciliate ; racemes terminal, panicled ; stem virgate. A common and troublesome weed of the gardens, «5i.c. far more worthy of its English than its Latin name. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branching, pubescent when young. Leaves with segments acute and pa'rallel. Barren flowers, small, green, in terminal racemes, the fertile ones sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. Aug. Sept. Ann. Hog-iceed. fi. intcgrifolJa, (T. &^ G. A. integrifolia, Muh). Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliate at base, often some of them 3-lobed ; racemes terminal, single or ternate. SrBOKDER IL LIGULIFLOR.E. Floicers all perfect, ligulate, in a radiatiform head. Tribe VL CICHORACEiE. Branches of the style uniformly pubescent. Plants with a milky juice. Leaves alternate. 57. CICHO'RIUM. Involucre double, the outer of o leafy scales, the inner of about S linear ones; receptacle chaffy ; pappus scaly ; achenia not rostrate, obscurely 5-sided. The ancient Egyptian name was chikourych, whence Or. >tt%a scales and about 5-flowered. A tail species with cylindric, yellowish, nodding flowers, found in woods. Stem li — 5 feet high, bearing a narrow and elongated panicle. Heads in short, tiiUary and terminal racemes. Aug. Per. Tall JYabalus. coMPOsiT-E. 224 /3. ovalus (Riddcll) ; caulinc leaves nearly all ovate, on slender petioles. y. cordalus (Prenanthes cordata. WiUd) ; leaves cordate, on slender petioles. 5. (ZeZ^oirfea (Prenanthes deltoidea. Ell.); Ze«rc5 deltoid, acuminate, acutely denticulate. i. dissectus {T. &/• G.) ; Jeaues mostly 3-parted or divided, segments entire or deeply cleft into 2 or 3 narrow lobes. 3. N. Fra'SERI. Prenanthes rubicunda. P. Stem smooth, corymbosely-paniculate above ; leaves subscabrous, mostly deltoid, often pinnately lobed, on winged petioles, the upper ones lanceolate, subsessile ; involucre of about 8 scales, 8 — 12-flowered; jL. Agathyrsus leucophacus. Don: Leaves numerous, lyrate-runcinate, coarsely dentate ; heads paniculate on squamose-bracteate peduncles. Moist thickets. A tall, leafy plant, nearly smooth. Stem 4 — 10 feet high. Leaves 5 — 12 inches long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the segments repand-toothed, the radical ones on long stalks, the upper ones sessile, often undivided. Heads small, with pale blue or yellowish corollas, a dirty white pappus, and arranged in a long, slender panicle. Aug. Sept. Shining Mulgedium. ORDER LXXVII. LOBELIACE^. The LoMia Tribe. Cat. — Superior, the limb 5-lobed oreiilire. Cor. — Limb irregular, 5-lobed, tlie tube inserted into the calyx. Sta. — 5, inserted with the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Anth. — Coherent into a tube. Pollen oval. Ova. — Adherent to the calyx tulie. Style simple. Stig. surrounded with a fringe. Fr. — A capsule, 2 or3-(rarely l-)celled, many-seeded. Herbs, sometimes shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves. They are most abundant in countries near the tropics, as AV. Indies, Brazil and the Sandwich Islands, but lliey are found also throughout the temperate zones. Properties. All the species are poisonous, being pervaded by an acrid, narcotic juice. The common /nrfia/i tobacco (Lobelia inflata) is an exceedingly active medicine, emetic, sudorific and expectorant. It should be used, however, with great caution, since "less than a teaspoonfulof the seeds or the powdered leaves would destroy life in a few hours." Di. Gray. The other species produce similar elfects, but in a less degree. This order contains comparatively few genera and is represented in the Northern States by the following genus only. LOBELIA. Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on the upper side; stamens with the anthers united above into a curved tube ; stigma 2-lobed ; capsule opening at the summit ; seeds minute. LOBELIACE^. 227 Named in honor of Matthias de Lobel, physician and botanist to James I. Died at London, 1616. Herbaceous plants. Flowers solitary axillary, or in terminal, bracted racemes. The corolla limb is apparently 2-lipped, the lower lip of 3, spreading, lanceolate segments, the upper of 2 smaller segments. 1. L. cardina'lis. Stein erect ; Zea^je* broad-lanceolate, serrate ; racemes terminal, secund. A tall plant of superior beauty, native of our meadows and streams. It has been introduced abroad, and is highly prized by the florists of Europe. The stem is commonly 2 feet high ; but by the railroad side west of Utica, numerous plants of this species occur 3 and 4 feet. The leaves (as well as the whole plant) are smooth, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, becoming minute amontr the flowers. At the top of the stem there are about a dozen large, scarlet flowers, on axillary peduncles. In favorable circumstances their number increases to near a hundred, forming a superb racemose spike, equalling in length and excelling in beauty the proudest plume that the warrior ever wore. July, Aug. ?er. Cardinal flower. 2. L. INFLA'TA. Stem hairy, branched, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, serrate, pilose ; capsule inflated. Root fibrous. Stem erect, very rough, angular, simple, becoming branched in proportion to the luxuriance of its growth, 10 — 15 inches high. Leaves elliptical, sessile, hairy and veiny. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary, peduncled. Corolla small, pale blue, leaving an oval, turgid capsule in the calyx. Grows every where in pastures and roadsides. This plant has been rendered famous by the Thompsonian doctors, in whose practice it constitutes the " grand catholicon" for the cure of '• all diseases." Its specific action, as above stated, is that cf a violent emetic. In small doses it is powerfully expectorant. To its salivating property is probably owing the drivelling of horses in autumn. July— Sept. Ann. Indian Tobacco. 3. L. Dortma'nna. Leaves linear entire, fleshy, 2-celled ; scape simple, naked, racemose. A curious aquatic, growing in ponds, the flowers only rising above the water. Stem erect, hollow, nearly leafless, long, bearing above the surface a raceme of 3 or 4 remote, pedicellate flowers. Leaves mostly radical, spreading, obtuse, submerged, having 2 longitudinal grooves. Flowers droopino-, pale blue. July. Per. JVater Lobelia. 4. L. siphili'tica. Leaves ovate-oblong, unequally serrate ; calyx hairy, shorter than the tube of the corolla, the sinuses reflexed. A fine, showy plant, but inferior in beauty to L. cardinalis, growing in wet meadows. Stem erect, 2 — 4 feet high, simple, angular, with short hairs. Leaves lanceolate, broader at base, acute at each end, somewhat erosely dentate, pilose. Flowers large, on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish. Capsule half superior. Jl. Per. Blue Cardinal flower. 5. L. pube'rula. Pubescent; stem erect, simple ; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, sessile, repand-denticulate ; r«ccH(e spicate, .secund ; calyx ciliate, the seg- ments longer than the tube of the corolla. Native of mountains, &c. Stem 12—30 inches high, scarcely furrowed. Leaves covered with a short, downy or silky pubescence, 1 — 2 inches in length and half as wide, the lower ones broadest towards the end. Flo v/ers large, on very short pedicels, each solitary CAMPANHLACEJE. 228 CAMPANDLA. in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract, forming a somewhat one-sided raceme, leafy below. Calyx hairy at base. Corollaof a bright, purplish blue. Jl. Per. 6. L. ClAYTO'NIA. Mx. L. palida. Muh. Leaves oblonir, sessile, pubescent, nearly entire, the radical ones spathulate ; stem erect, simple, pubescent; raceme spicate. Pastures and roadsides. Plant slender I5 — 2 feet high, pubescent or nearly smooth. Stem somewhat grooved, few-leaved, ending in a long, wand-like raceme. Flowers numerous, on short pedicels, crowded, each axillary to a linear-lanceolate bract. Corolla pale blue. Calyx segments subulate, long as the tube of the corolla. Auo'. Per. Clayton's Lobelia. 7. L. Ka'lmia. Smooth; stem simple, slender, erect; radical leaves spathulate, stnn leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, remotely denticulate ; raceme lax, few-flowered, leafy ; floioers pedicelled. A small and delicate species, inhabiting the rocky banks of streams. Stem 6 — 12 inches high, commonly simple. Leaves mostly linear, sessile, an inch long and 1 — 2 lines wide, upper ones entire, lower wilii minute teeth. Flowers remote, alternate, on axillary pedicels which are but little shorter than the leaf-like bracts. Corolla pale blue, the 3 lower segments obovate. Aug. Kalm's Lobelia. L. SPLENDENS and FULGENS, natives of Mexico, both with scarlet flowers, are two other brilliant ornaments of this genus. They are occasionally cultivated, as well as L. cardinalis. They require copious supplies of water, in sanded bog-earth. ORDER LXXVIII. CAMPANULACE.E. The Bdl-floicer Tribe. Col. — Superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent. Cor. — Regular, campanulate, generally 5-cleft, withering, valvale in snstivalion. [lobes. ,S"(a.— Inserted with the corolla upon the calyx, equal in number to, and alternate with, its Anth. — Distinct, 2-cel!ed. Pollen spherical. Ot^a.— Adherent to the calyx, 2 or more-celled. Style covered with collecting hairs. Pr. — Capsule crowned with the remains ol the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many. Herbs with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, exslipnlate. Flowers mostly blue, showy. It is a small order, chiefly abounding in the northern temperate zone and in South Al'riea. Of its 300 species, according to Alphonse DeCandolle, only 19 inhabit the torrid zone. The campanulticea; are interesting cliiefly for their beauty, being destitute of any inip>!r- lant known properties. They are represented among us by a single genus. C A M P A' iN U L A . Calyx mostly S-cleft ; corolla campanulate, S-lobed, closed at base by 5 stameniforous valves; stigma 3 — 5-clcft; capsule 3 — 5-celled, opening by lateral pores. A Latin diminutive, from c«77i;>«n«, a bell ; a term singularly applicable to the elegant form of the flowers. The divisions of the siigi7ia, as well as the cells of the capsule are very generally 3. Seeds numerous and small. 1. C. rotundifo'lia. Strm weak, slender ; radical leaves reniform-cordate ; cauline ones linear, entire; flowers few, nodding. An exceedingly delicate plant, with blue, bell-shaped flowers. On damp rocks and rocky streams. Stem a foot or more high, smooth. The root leaves decay on the opening of the floweis, so that only those of the stem are then visible. These are rather aumerous, CAMPANULACEiE. 229 CAMPANULA, smooth, linear, 2 inches lon^and scarcely a line in width. Flowers terminal, in a loose panicle, drooping. Root creeping, perennial. June, July. Covinwn Bell-Jiowcr. Hair Bell . 2. C. AMPLEXICAU'LIS. Mx. C. perfoliata. L. Stem simple, rarely branched, erect; leaves cordate, crenate, amplexicaul ; fimcers sessile, aggregate, axillary. Plant somewhat hairy, a foot high, found in fields and roadsides. The strict, upright stem, is furnished with distant, short, alternate, heart-reniform, veiny, stem clasping leaves, containing 1 — 4 crowded flowers in the concavity of their upper surface. Flowers axillary and terminal, the upper clusters larger. Corolla blue or purple, with spread- ing segments, calyx segments acute, lanceolate. June, July. Ann. Slcm-dasping Bell-Jiowcr. 3. C. APARINOI'deS. p. C. erinoides. Mx. Stem flaccid, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles inversely aculeate; /e«Be5 linear-lanceolate ;jZ(;icers terminal. A slender annual, found in wet meadows. Stem 12 — 18 inches high, its 3 angles rough backwards, by means of which it supports itself upright among the grass. Leaves smooth on the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and nerves rough backwards. Flowers small, white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the top of the stem. June— Aug. Prickly Bell-flowLr. 4. C. america'na. Stem erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately serrate, the lower ones often cordate ; pelidles cihate ; floiccrs axillary, sessile ; style exsert. A tall, erect, ornamental species in fields, hills, &c., in Western IV. Y. and Penn. Also cultivated in gardens. Stem 2— 3 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves ending in a long point, smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers blue, flat, on short stalks or sessile, numerous, solitary or several in each upper axil, forming a terminal, leafy raceme. Corolla spreading. Aug. Per. Jlvicricaii Bell-flaiccr. 5. C. ME'dIUM. — Sfcm simple, erect, hispid ; /farrs lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-nerved at base ; flvwers erect. An ornamental border flower, from Germany, and of the easiest culture. Root biennial. Stem several feet in hight, undivided, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very large, the base broad, limb reflexed, of a deep blue. Several varieties occur with double or single flowers, of blue, red, purple and white corollas. June — Sept. Canterbury Bell, 6. C. SPE'cULUM. — 5;cmdiffuse, very branching; Genres oblong-crenate ; jloicers solitary ; scales at the base of the corolla sometimes wanting. A pretty border flower named from the form of the blue corolla, which resembles a little, round, concave mirror (speculum). Aug. Ann. Venus' Looking-glass. Several other foreign species of this genus are beautiful objects in cultiva- tion, as C. lanugiaosa, with ovate, crenate, rugose and somewhat woolly leaves, tapering into the petiole ; flowers blue, an inch long. C. Ulifulia, with lanceolate leaves and pale blue flowers. C. glomeruta, with crowded, sessile violet-colored flowers. C. jicrsicifolia, peach-leaved, with broad, blue flow- ers; «S:c. u ERICACEJE. 230 ANDROMEDA. ORDER LXXIX. ERICACEiE. The Heath Tribe. Cat. — Inferior or superior, 5 (seldom 4 — 6-)leaved or cleft, rarely entire. Cor. — Regular or somewhat irregular, 4 — 5 (rarely G-) cleft, the petals rarely almost distinct. Sta. — Generally distinct and inserted with the corolla. Anth. — As many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, 2-celled, generally opening by pores, ot'ten appendaged. Ova. — Free or rarely coherent with the calyx, 2-^several-eelled. fStylt'S and stigmas united into one. Fr. — Capsular or baccate, with (usually) indefinite and minute seeds. A moderately large family, consisting of shrubs with a few herbs. It is diffused throughout all countries, but comparatively rare in the torrid zon*. The true EricacejE (Heatlis) are chiefly native of the Cape of Good Hope, there being none in Asia, NeW- HoUand or America. The Tribe vaccinefG arjj chiefly natilves of N. America. Properties. The Ericaceae are, in general, astringent and diuretic. Some of them yield a stimulating and aromatic resinous matter. The Bearberry, (Arctostaphylos uvo-ursi) is a well known remedy in nephritic complaints. An infusion of the leaves is astringent, denulcent and diuretic. Snnilar properties are also possessed by the Pipsissewa (Pyrola umbellata). The species of Rhododendron and Kalmia are pervaded by a narcotic princi- ple, rendering them (particularly their leaves) often actively poisonous. The lioney collected from their flowers by bees appears to have been so to some of the soldiers iri the retreat of the immortal ten thousand (Xenophon's Anabasis.) The berries of the Vaccinece (AVhortleberries, Blaeberries and Cranberries,) and of Gauetheria procumbens (spicy Wiiitergreeii) are esculent and wholesome. Conspectus of the Genera. i Flowers regular. ! Leaves ( smooth. ) Flowers irregular, cauline, ( rusty downy beneath. Leaves radical, evergreen, distinct. ( Capsule 3-celled. Leaves deciduous, smooth. . ( Calyx glandular. If Fruit a capsule., j Calyx smooth. . •^ Corolla j Drupe the matured ovary, 5-seeded. ovoid. . . . ( Berry the matured, fleshy calyx. ( holding the anthers in 10 pits. Corolla salver-form, | anthers free. Calyx calyculate. Corolla somewhat lunnel-sliaped or campanulate. m \ ' I Corolla ovoid-campanulate. J I Calyx adherent to the ovary ) Cor. rotate, with reflexed seg. I Petals distinct. . Plants destitute of leaves or verdure. | Petals united. Suborder 1. ERICINE^. Ovary free from the calyx. Testa conformed to the nucleus of the seed. Mostly shrubs . Leaves often evergreen. 1. ANDRO'MEDA. Calyx minute, 5-partecl, persistent ; corolla ovoid-cjlindrlc ; the limb S-cleft, reflexed; stamens 8 — 10; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. the dissipiments produced from the middle of the valves. Named for the virgin Andromeda, of ancient fable, who, like these shrubs, was confined in a marsh and surrounded by the monsters of the waters. Leaves mostly alternate. Cal. colored, of 5 deep, acute segments. Cor. smooth. Fil. shorter than the corolla. Anth. 2-horned at the summit and opening by 2 terminal pores. Caps, roundish, 5-cornered, many-seeded. * Leaves evergreen. 1. A. hypnoi'des. Stems filiform, spreading; leaves subulate, smooth, crowded; peduncles solitary, terminal ; co?-oZ/ft globose, campanulate. One of the smallest and most delicate of shrubs, a tree in miniature, resiMTibling some of the mosses, found on the alpine summits of the White Mis. Stems woody, much Chimaphila. 13 Rhodora. 3 Led>tm. 9 Pyrola. 12 CUthra. 6 Menziesia. 2 Andromeda. 1 Arctostaphylos. ■J Gaiiltheria. 4 Kntmia. 7 Epi^ita. 5 Rhododendron 8 Vacciniinn. 10 Oxycoceus. 11 Monotropa. 14 Pterospora. 16 EKICACEJE. 231 MENZIKSIA. branched at base, 2 — 3 inches high. Leaves minute, evergreen, spirally- arranged, and so closely as to conoeal the stems. Flowers small, but large in proportion, nodding ; peduncles colored, smooth, round, an inch long in truit. Calyx purple. Corolla light red, twice as long as the calyx, lobes erecL Stamens included. June. J\}ussi/ Jlndromcda. 2. A. polyfo'lia. Leaves linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, revokite on the margins, glaucous beneath ; jioioers subglobose, in a dense, termiraa!] corymh. A beautiful ever- freen shrub, 1—2 feet high, growing by the side oi" ponds, and in swamps» ,eaves very smooth, 2 — 3 inches long and less than half an inch wide, on very short petioles, dark green and smooth above, bluish white beneath. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with red. Corolla rose- eolared. June. JVild Rosemary. Marsh Andromeda. 3. A. CALYCULATA. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, obsolelely serrulate, subrevolute, ferruginous bcHeath ; racemes terminfJ, leafy, subsecund. An evergreen shrub, 2- — 4 feet high, flowering early, in wet situations. The leaves are coriaceous, shining., dotted, about an inch long and half as wide, those of the racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous, 20 — 30 iB each raceme, white, each from the axle of a small leaf. Calyx double, tke outer of 2 bracts, the Inner of 5 acute sepals. April. May. Dtcarf Jlndromcda^ * * Leaves deciduous. 4. A. RACEMO'SA. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, serrulate ; racemes terminal, secund elongated, son'ietimes branched; calyx acute; corolla cylindric; anthers 4- awned at the summit. A shrub 4 — 6 feet high, growing in wet woods. It is remarkable for its naked racemes, 2—4 inches in length, consisting of about a dwien^flowers, which are arranged in a single row, with much regularity. Leaves -1 -^2 inches in length, one third as wide, minutely notched. Pedicels short, with two ovate-acuminate bracts at the base of the colored calyx. Corolla white, 4 or 5 times as long as the caly?. Anthers 2-cleft, about lialf as long as the corolla. June. July. Chistered Andromeda. 5. A. LIGUSTRi'nA. jtfj/A. Lyonia paniculata. Kutt. Pubescent; leaves obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrulate ; ^oioe?-* somewhat paniculate, in terminal, leafless racemes; anthers avvnless. A deciduous shrub, 4 — S feet high, in swamps, ttc. Leaves abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 — 3 inches long and nearly half as wide, on short petioles. Flowers small, nearly globose, white, in dense panicles, succeeded by globular capsules. Jane. Panidcd Andromeda. 2. MENZIE'SIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla ovoid 4 — 5-cleft ; stamens 8— 1,0, inserted into the receptacle; capsule 4 — S'-celled, the dess-jpiments made by the inflexed margins of the valves j seeds many. Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, botanist and physician, who accom- panied Vancouver in his voyage round the world. Little heath-like, shrubby plants, with evergreen leaves. Cal. inferior. Cor. inflated, limb in 4 or 5 segments. Fil. shorter than corolla. Style angular, erect. Stig. obtuse, notched. ERICACE^:. 232 GAULTHERIA. M. CCERU'lEA. Erica Coerulea. Stems prostrate at base ; Icarcs linear, obtuse, with minute cartilaginous teeth; peduncles terminal, aggregate, one-flowered; flowers campanulate, decandrous ; c«///z acute. A small shrub, a few inches high, found on the summit of the White Mis. It resembles a Heath in its flowers and some of tlie fir tribe in its leaves and stems. Stem decumbent at base, with crowded, scattered leaves above, which are 5 — 7 lines in length. Flowers drooping, purple, at the top of the highest branch, on colored peduncles. Calyx in 5 segments, purplish. Corolla of 5 segments, emarginate, rather longer than the stamens. July. Mountain liealh. 3. ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS. Calyx 5-partetl, persistent ; corolla ovoid, diaphanous at the base, limb with 5 small, recurved segments ; drupe with a 5-celled pulamen, the cells 1 -seeded. Gr. arx-Toi, a bear, (TTci(pv\oi, a cluster of grapes, that is, bear-berry. Trail- ino- shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Cal. small. Seg. obtuse. Fil. swelling at the base, half the length of the corolla. Anth. with two distinct cells, each with a terminal pore. Conncelile with two terminal awns. Ova. superior, upon a 10-dotled receptacle. Style as long as corolla. A. UvA UrSI. Mans. Arbutus Uva Ursi. L. Stem procumbent ; leuxcs entire, obovate, smooth, alternate, on short petioles, evergreen, coriaceous, sliining aljove, paler beneath ; flowers in short, termi- nal, drooping clusters ; drupe globular, about as large as a currant, deep red, nearly insipid ; the nucleus consists of 5 bony seeds firmly united together. A shrub growing on mountains, in the N. States and British America. Stem prostrate e.xcept the younger branches, which arise 3 — 8 inches. The leaves are about dn inch in length, 2 — 3 lines wide, often spathulate inform; medicinally they are astringent, and much valued in nephritic complaints. May. June. Bear-berry. 4. GAULTHE'RIA. Calyx S-cleft with 2 bracts at the base; corolla ovoid- tubular, limb with 5 small, revohite lobes; filaments 10, hir- sute; capsule 5-cclled, invested by the calyx which becomes a berry. Named for one Gaulthier, a French physician at Quebec. Suflfruticose, evergreen. Lvs. alternate. Fls. solitary. Limb of corolla small, 5-cleft. Seg.°rellexed. Fil. hairy. Nect. 10-toothed. Berry scarlet. 1. G. procu'mbens. S^cm with the procumbent branches erector ascending; /ca»e5 obovate, mucronate, denticulate, crowded at the top of the stein ; flowers few, droop- ing, terminal. A little shrubby plant, well known for its spicy leaves and its well-flavored scarlet berries. The branches ascend 3 inches from the pros- trate stein, or rhizoma, which is usually concealed. Leaves evergreen, thick, shining, acute at each end, with remote and very obscure teeth. Calyx white, subtended by 2 minute bracts at base. Corolla white, contracted at tlie mouth. Filaments white, bent towards the corolla. Fruit well-flavored, consistiniT of the capsule surrounded by the enlarged calyx, which becomes of a brio-ht scarlet color. Woods and pastures. June — Sept. Chcckerhernj. ERICACEiE. 233 CLETHRA. 2. G. HISFI'DULA. Miih. Vaccinium hispidulum. Mx. Stem oreepinjr, hispid ; leaves roundish-oval, acute \JioiDers solitary, axillary, subsessUe^ ftctandrous ; coro//a short, cainpanulate. A delicate evergreen, prostrate shrub, found in old woods in many parts of N. England. The slem3 are woody, filiform, creeping extensively, with numerous brandies, and clothed with short, appressed, reddish hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, A_i inch long and nearly as wide, abruptly acute, dark evergreen above, paler beneath. Corolla white, and, like the calyx, with 4 acute segments. The leaves have the same agreeable spicy flavor as those of G. procumhens. Fiowers in May. Creeping WlnLergrecn. 5 , E P I G iE' A . Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base; corolla hjpocratcriform, tube villous within, limb 5-partecl, spread- ing; stamens 10; anthers dehiscent by 2 longitudinal open- ings; capsule 5'Celled, 5-valved. Gr. iTfi, upon, and yr\, the earth ; from its prostrate habit. Suffruticose, trailing. Lvs. alternate, evergreen. Fls. fascicuhite. Fil. hairy, inserted into the base of the tube. Style straight, Stig. 5-lobed. Caps, with dissepi- ments forn^ed by the introflexed margin of the valves. E. REPENS. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire ; corolla tuhe cylindrical. This little shrubby plant grows flat upon the ground, 10 — 15 inches in length, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts. Leaves alternate, 2— 2^ inche.s in length, 1^ inches in width, roundish at the end and abruptly tipped with a very short point. Flowers yery fragrant, white or tinged with various shades of red, in small clusters oii short stalks. Calyx green, supported by 3 large bracts at base. Tube of the corolla hairy within, longer thari the caly.x, the border in 5, rounded, spreading segments. Grows in woods, Apr, May. Per. Trailing Arbutus. May Flower, 6. CLETIIRA. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; petals 6 ; stamens 10, exscrted ; gtyle persistent; stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 3-celled, S-valved, enclosed by the calyx. A name given by the Greeks to the alder, which these shrubs somewhat resemble. Lvs. alternate, deciduous. Fls. racemose. Cal, colored, erect. Pet. roundish or oblong, l\\ice the length of the calyx. Fil. length of corolla. Antli. cleft at top. C. alnifo'lia. Leaves cuneilorm-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both sides, smooth or slightly pubesceAt beneath ; powers in terminal, elongated, simple or branched racemes ; bracts subulate. A deciduous shrub, 4 — 8 feet high, growing in swamps. Leaves 2—^3 inches long, one half as broad above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short petiole. Racemes 3—5 inches long. Peduncles and calyx hoary-pubescent, the former 3 lines in length, and'in the axil of a brsct about as long. Corolla white, spreading, about equaling the stamen,a and s,tyles. Jl. Aug. Swcit-pcvp.ii Bush. u* ERICACE^. 234 RHODODENDRON. 7. KA'LMIA. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla with 10 prominences beneath and 10 corresponding cavities within, including the 10 anthers j border 5-lobed ; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Named by Linnaus in honor of Peter Kalm, prof, at Abo. Finland. A genus of beautiful shrubs, native of the U. States. Lvs. entire, evergreen, coriaceous. Fls. in racemose corymbs, white and red. Cor. between wlieel- forni and salver-form. Stam. curving outwards, the anthers confined in the 19 cavities until, at length, being liberated, they spring forcibly against the stigma. 1. K. latifo'lia. Leaves alternate and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides; corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent. One of our most beautiful shrubs, sometimes attaining the hight of a small tree. It is found in all the Atlantic Slates from Maine to Georgia. The woodi.? usually very crooked, fine-grained and compact. The leaves are 2 — 3 inches long, smooth and sliining, acute at each end and entire. In May and June it puts forth from the summits of the branches, its splendid corymbs of flowers, which are white, or variously tinged with red, and so abundant as sometimes almost to cover the whole busli. The corolla has a short tube with a spreading limb 3-4 inch in diameter and a 5-lobed margin. Grows in woods, often on rocky soils. Leaves narcotic, and poisonous to some animals. Mountain Laurd. 2. K. angustifo'lia. Leaves ternate and opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse at each end, smooth ; coripnlis lateral ; bracts linear-lanceolate. A beautiful little shiub, smaller than the foregoing, 2 — 4 feet in higlit. The leaves are acurately and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, entire, smooth, 1 — 2 inches long and a third as wide, on short petioles. The flowers are of a deep purple, growing in small, axillary fascicles and apparently whorled among the leaves, in structure re- sembling those of the last species, but about half as large. Bracts minute, about 3 at the base of each pedicel. This is also said to be poisonous to cattle. Low, wet grounds. June. Sheep-poison. jXarrow-lcaved LaiireL 3. K. GLAUCA. Branches ancipitous; leaves opposite, subsessile, lanceolate, polished, glaucous beneath, revolute at the margin; ro?-?/;/?//.? terminal, the peduncles and bracts smooth. A delicate shrub, "2 feet high, found in swamps, «&c. Stem slender, the branches rendered distinctly 2-cdged by an elevated ridge extending from the base ot each opposite leaf to the next node below. Leaves smooth and shining, white underneath, about an inch in length. Flowers 8 — 10 in each corymb. Corolla about half an inch in diameter, pale purple. Calyx red, as is also the very slender peduncle. At the foot of each peduncle is a pair of concave, obtuse bracts. June. Glaucous luilmia. Swamp Laurel. /3. rosmarinifolia ; leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 8. RIIODODE'NDRON. Calvx Scleft ; corolla somewhat funnel-form or campanu- late, limb variously 5-c!eft or lobed (raiely equal); stamens 5—10, declined, (rarely erect); anther.s opening by 2 terminal pores ; capsule 5-ce!!ed, 5-valvcd, opening at the summit. ERICACEJE, 235 RHODODENDRON. Gr. go^ov, a rose, 2ivlgov. a tree; the species are all ornamental, and some even splendid flowering shrubs. Lvs. alternate, entire, deciduous or ever- green. Flowers mostly in terminal, corymbose clusters. Corollas variously shaded from white through red to blue. Caps, with dissepiments introflexed from the margin of the valves. * Corolla very irregular, deeply 3-paned, upper segment broadest. Stamens 10, unequal. Rhodora. 1. R. CaNADE'NSIS. Torr. Rhodora Canadense. L. Leaves alternate, oval, entire, subrevolute on the margins, glaucous- pubescent beneath ; corolla deeply divided into 3 segments, of which the upper one is much the broadest, 2 or 3 lobed at the end, in testivation enfold- ing the 2 lower entire petals. A handsome flowering shrub, remarkable for the appearing of the flowers in May, before the leaves are expanded. Sterna about 2 feet high, dividing at their tops into many erect, slender, flowering branches. Each branch, while yet naked of foliage, bears a terminal, corymbose cluster of half a dozen purple flowers. Corolla about an inch long. Stamens curved downwards, about equal to the corolla, rather shorter than the style. This plant corresponds with the Linnaean Rhododendron in all respects save the very irregular corolla ; and even in this it is not essentially different. * * Corolla somewhat funnel-form, tube long, cylindric, more or less viscid, limb unequal, spreading. Stamens 5 or G. Azalea. 2. R. NUDIFLO'ra. Torr. Azalea nudiflora. L, Leaves oblong-lanceolale and oblanccolale ; j7o?ccv5 rather naked, slightly viscid ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes; stamens much exserled. A beautiful and fragrant flowering siirub, 4— (3 feet high, rather frequent in the forests and thickets of the Northern Slates as well as the Southern. Stems crooked, much branched above, the young branches hairy. Leaves elliptical, 2 inches or more in length, 1 in width, margins ciliate, upper surface with minute, scattered hairs, lower paler and pubescent, with the midrib hispid. Flowers appearing before the leaves are fully grown in rather naked umbels. Peduncles G— 8 lines long. Calyx minule, with rounded, ciliale segments. Tube of corolla C— 8 lines in length, hairy, and, with the spreading, unequal limb variously shaded from pale pink to purple. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla. Style nearly 3 limes as long. It varies in the number of stamens, color of corolla, «SfC. Apr. May. Sicavip Pink. 3. R. VISCO'SA. Torr. Azalea viscosa. L. Leaves obovate and oblong-lanceolate ; fioxcers accompanied with leaves, very viscid ; tube of the corolla twice as long as the lobes ; stamens a little exserted. Less frequent than the last, in rorky woods, &c. Shrub 4 — 6 feet high, much branched above, the branches hispid. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long and about half as wide, smoothish, hispid, ciliate on the petiole, midrib and margin. Flowers fragrant, in terminal umbels, on hairy pedicels, not appearing untiTthe leaves are fully grown. Calyx minute and ciliate. Corolla white, tube an inch in length, clothed with glandular hairs, and very clninmy, limb unequal. Stamens and style declined, the latter longest. May, June. Clammy tiwainp Pink. 4. R. NI'tIDUM. Torr. Azalea nitidum. L. Leaves oblanceolate, coriaceous, smooth both sides, shining above, margins revolute ; _/Zo)oe/-5 accompanied with leaves, viscid; Zh/>c much longer than the segments ; s<« mens exserted. In mountain swamps, Ms. and N. Y. Shrub 3 — G feet high, with nearly smooth branches. Leaves dark green above, 1 — 2 inches in length and one third as wide, roundish and submucronate above, tapering at the base into very short petioles, midrib hispid beneath. Flowers ERICACEJE. 236 J^EDUM. ■large, pale pink, fragrant. Tube an inch or more long, glandular-hairy. Pedicels half an inch long. Calyx segments obsolete. Style 2 inches in length. June, July. Shining Swajnp Pink. * ** Corolla somewhat funnel-form, tube short, smooth, limb in 5 rounded, unequal, spreading lobes. Stamens 10, declinate, unequal. Rhododendron. 5. R. ma'ximum. Leaves obovate-oblong, smooth, coriaceous, discolored beneath, subrevolute on the margin ; umbel terminal; corolla somewhat campanulate, unequal; petals roundish. A splendid flowering shrub, not uncommon in N. England, out most abundant in the Middle States, It is found in Medfield, Ms., Gil- manton, Grantham, Fitzwilliam, N. H., &c. It attains the hight of 20 feet. The young leaves are downy, becoming very smooth when full grown and 4 — 6 inches long, oblong-oval, rather broader above, entire, thick and leathery, permanent, remaining on the stem 2 or 3 years. In July it puts forth its •noble clusters of flowers at the ends of the branches in the midst of the ever- green leaves. At first each cluster appears in the form of a large compound bud enveloped in numerous bracts. These bracts are near an inch long, abruptly acuminate. When expanded the corolla is pink or rose-colored, sometimes dotted with yellow, segments large, roundec^ The wood is hard and fine grained, but crooked. July, Aug. lUld Rose Buy. Spoon-vwod. Several varieties occur in various parts of the United States. The dried and powdered leaves form a snufF which is much valued for catarrh. • * * * Corolla campanulate, limb erect or spreading, equal. St-amens 5, equal, erect. Azalea. 6. R. LaPPo'NICUM. Wukl. Azalea Lapponicum. i. Dwarf; Zea»es elliptical, roughened with excavated punctures ; ^ojcer* in terminal, leafy clusters, campanulate, limb spreading, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, exserted. An erect shrub 8 — 10 mcheshigh, native of the White Mts., &g. Brandies numerous, with a rough bark. Leaves about 5 lines in length, one half as wide, acute with an obtuse angle, revolute, ferruginous beneath, all fasciculated at the summits of the branclies. Flowers large. Peduncle bracted at base. Calyx pubescent. Corolla deep purple, regular, lobes roundish, as bioad as the leaves. Style very long, ascending. June, July. 7. R. PROCU'MBENS. Azalea procumbens. L. Stems procumbent, diffusely branching ; leaves opposite, oval-oblong, smooth, xevolute on the margin ; flowers campanulate, regular ; stamerLS included. An exceedingly delicate shrub, native on the alpine summits of the White Mts. ofN. H. Stems 3 — (i inches long, smooth, very branching and leafy above. Leaves evergreen, thick, obtuse, not more than 3 lines in length and less than 1 line wide, strongly revolute. Flowers glabrous, small in ter- minal clusters enveloped in leaves. Pedicels very short, purple. Calyx purple, the segments ovate-lanceolate. Corolla reddish white, 5-cleft, the divisions ovate, erect-spreading, as long again as the calyx. Stamens 5. Anthers opening by an oblong pore or cleft. Jn.,Jl, Trailing Rhododendron. 9 . LEDUM. Caljx minute, 4-toothecl ; corolla S-petalcd, spreading; stamens 5 — 10, exserted; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores ; capsule 5-cclled, 5-valved, opening at the base. The Lat. name of the same or a similar plant. Shrubs with alternate leaves. Fls. in terminal clusters. Caps, pedicellate. Sds. numerous, linear, com- pressed, scabrous, with a membranaceous wing at each end. ERICACE^. 237 VACCINIUM. L. LATIFO'LIUM. Leaves oblong, revolute at the margin, ferruginous-tomentose beneath; stiirrirns mostly but 5, as long as the calyx. Grows on the White Mts. covering a large area; also on other high mountains, and in swamps. A shrub 2—3 feet high, readily known by its leaves, which are smooth above, clothed beneath with a dense ferruginous down, and strongly revolute or replicate at the margin. The petioles and the younger twigs are also covered with down. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, nearly a third as wine. Corymbs terminal, of about a dozen flowers. Petals 5, white. Pedicels nearly as long as the leaves. Stamens 5—10, as long as the petals. Style somewhat declin- ed. July. Labrador Tea. fi. palustrc; leaves narrower, almost linear; stamens mostly 10. I have specimens of this variety which I cannot characterize as a distinct species. Suborder 2. VACCINES. Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or di-upelike fruit. Shrubs with scat- tered hares. 10. VACCI'NIUM. Calyx superior, 4 — 5-toothecl ; corolla monopetalous, ovoid- campanulate, with 4 — 5 revolute segments; stamens 8 — 10, perigjnous; berry globose, 4 — 5-cellecl, many-seeded. A Lat. term of uncertain origin and application. A fine genus of under- shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. Flowers racemose or solitary, nodding, flesh-colored. Berries mostly eatable. * Leave.s deciduous, t Corolla urceolate. t Inflorescence racemose orl'asciculate. 1. V. RESINO'SUM. Leaves oblong-oval, mostly obtuse, petiolate, entire, sprinkled with resinous points and spots beneath ; racemes bracteate, short, secund; corollas tubular, ovoid, .5-angled. This common shrub of our woods and pastures is about 2 feet high, very branching. Lvs. 1 — 2 inches long, one third as wide, rarely acute, shining beneath with resinous patches and spots. Petioles a line in length. Flowers in lateral, dense, corymbose clusters, small, drooping. Pedicels as long as the corollas. Corollas contracted at the mouth, greenish or yellowish purple, longer than the stamens but shorter than the style. Berries black, globose, sweet and eatable, ripe in August. May. Black Wliortleberry. 2. V. CORYMBO'SUM. L. V. fuscatum. .4i^ V. dismorphum. J^/x. Flowiering branches nearly leafless ; leaves oblong-oval, acute at each end, mucronate, subentire, pubescent when young ; racemes short, sessile ; corolla ovoid-cylindrical. A tall shrub, 4 — 8 feet high, growing in shady swamps and by mud ponds. Branches few, the young ones green or purplish. Leaves Bmoolh on both sides except a slight pubescence on the veins beneath, tipped with a glandular point, formed by the prolonged midrib. Flowers numerous, in short, nodding corymbose clusters, appearing in advance of the leaves. Pedicels shorter than the corollas, with colored scales or bracts at base. Corolla large for the genus, purplish-white, slightly contracted at the mouth. Stamens included. Style often exserted. Berries large, black, often with a tinge of purple, subacid. June. Hig/i Whortlebe.rry. ER1CACE5:. 238 VACCINIUM. 3. V. PeNNSYLVA'NICUM. Lam. V. tenellum. A. Leaves subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, often serrulate ; rticevies fasciculate, bracteate, subterminal, sessile ; corolla ovoid ; branches angular, freen. The common blue-berry is abundant in dry, hilly pastures, and on io-h mountains, covering extensive patehes. Stems seldom more than a foot high, very branching and leafy. Leaves shming, thin, smooth, an inch or more in length and half as vi^ide. Flowers numerous, in terminal and lateral racemes, often naked. Pedicels shorter than the corolla. Corolla reddish white, contracted at the mouth, longer than the stamens but equaling or shorter than the style. Berries large, blue and somewhat glaucous, sweet and nutricious. May, June. Low Bive-berry. * Leaves deciduous. 1 Corolla urceolate. X X Inflorescence solitary. 4. V. ULIGINO'SUM. L. V. uliginosum, /3. alpinum. Bid. Procumbent; leaves obovate, very obtuse, entire, smooth, glaucous and veiny beneath; flowers mostly solitary, axillary; corolla ovoid-globose, 4-eleft; stamens 4 ; anthers a.wned at the base. A low, alpine shrub. White Mts. Stems with numerous, rigid branches. Leaves 3 lines long, 2 lines wide near the apex, scarcely petiolate, crowded near the ends of the branches and of a bluish green. Flowers half as long as the leaves, subsessile, some- times 2 together. Berries oblong, deep blue, crowned with the style. June, July. (April, May. Deck.) Mountain Blue-berry, * Leaves deciduous, t t Corolla campanulate. 5. V. STAMI'NEUM. L. v. stamineum &■ album. P. Young branches pubescent ; Ipmvcs oval-lanceolate, acute, glaucous beneath ; perficcis solitary, axillary, nodding; corolla campanulate-spreading, segments acute, oblong ; a^iZAcrs exseiled, 2-awned near the base. Dry woods. Shrub 2 — 3 feet high, very branching. Leave.s 1—2 inches long, one fourth to ene halt as wide,broadest in tlie upper half, mostly rounded at base and on very short petioles ; those on the slender flowering-branches very much smaller. Flow- ers on long, slender pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spreading, stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the style. Ber- ries large, greenish white, bitter. May, June. Deer-berry. 6. V. FRONDO'SUM. L- V. glaucum. Mz. Leaves oblong-obovate, .obtuse, entire, glaucous beneath, covered with minute, resinous dots; ractmes loose, bracteate; perf/cc/^ filiform, bracteate near the middle ; corolla ovoid-campanulate, including the stamens. Grows in open woods. A shrub 3—5 feet high, with round, smooth and slender branches. Leaves twice as long as wide, tapering to each end but broadest in the upper half, the margin slightly revolute. Racemes lateral, few-flow- ered. Pedicels 5—10 lines in length. Flowers emal], nearly globose, reddish white, succeeded by large, globose, blue and sweet berries, covered with a glaucous bloom wlien mature. May, June. High Blue-berry. * * Leaves evergreen. 7. V. VlTlS-lDiE'A. Stem creeping ; leaves obovate, denticulate, revolute, dotted underneath, sessile; rorcmcs terminal, nodding. A low, creeping, evergreen shrub, with erect, angular branches. Leaves coriaceous and shining, dark green above, pale bent'ath, 1-2 inch in length, rounded at the apex, and tapering -to the base. Flowers small, nearly sessile. Corolla pale red, oblong-campan-ulate, 4-cleft, including the 8 stamens. Berries deep red, very acid and astringent. Grows near the notch of the White Mts. June, July. Cow-berry. KRICACE^. 239 11. OXYCO'CCUS. Calyx superior, 4-cIeft J eorolTa 4-parted, wilh sub-linear, revolute segments ; stamens 8, convergent; anthers tubular 2-parted ; berry globose, many-seeded. Gr. ol'Ji, acid, and Mx.x.oi, fruit. Slender prostrate shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves and eatable berries. Cal. very small, perma- nent. Cor. almost wholly rolled back to the base. 1. 0. macroca'rpus. Stem creeping, filiform ; leaves oblong, scarcely revolute, obtuse, glaucous beneath; /^erfjcc^s axillary, elongated, J -flowered ; segments of the corolla linear-lanceolate. A prostrate, shrubby plant, in sphagnous swamps and meadows. Stems 8 — 15 inches in length, browii;- with' ascending branches. Leaves numerous, 3 — 4 lines long, 1 — 2 lines wide, rounded at each end, on very short petioles, smooth both sides, subentire. Flowers flesh-colored, pedicels 5—15 lines long, solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments generally abruptly reflexed. Berry large, bright scarlet, ripe in Oct. flowers in June. Large-fruited Cranberry. 2. 0. vulga'ris. Stem filiform, prostrate ; leaves ovate, entire, revolutg on' the margin ; pedicels terminal, 1-flowered ; segments of the corolla ovate. A prostrate shrub, found in alpine bogs, very distinct from the last species. Stems creep- ing extensively, smooth, purple, with erect branches. Leav-es^ somewhat remote, 2 — 3 lines long and half as wide, smooth and shining above, paler beneath. Flowers several togetlier on the summits of the branches: Pedicels red, an inch in length, with 2 nearly opposite bracts in the middle. Corollas light-pink, the 4 segments abruptly reflexed. Stamens purple. Fruit smaller than in the former species, crimson, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. Suborder 3. PYROLEiE. Ovary/reffrom the calyx. Petals nearly distinct. Fruit a capsule. Mostly herbaceous. 12. PY'ROLA. Calyx small, of 5 deep segments ; petals 5, equal ;: stamens 10; anthers large, pendulous, fixed by the apex; capsule 5-celled, opening at the angles, many-seeded. Pyrola is the Latin diminutive of Pijrus, the Pear-tree, which this genua often resembles in respect to tiie leaves. Low, scarcely suff'ruticose, ever- green herbs. Lvs. radical ornearly so, entire. Scape mostly racemose. Pet. roundish, spreadmg. Fil. shorter than cor. Anth. 2-horned, opening by 2 pores atthe'sumniit. Style longer than stem, straight or declinate. Seeds numerous, arillate. * Stamens ascending. Style declinate, longer than the petals. 1. P. ROTUNDIFO'LIA. Leaves orbicular-ovate, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole; scape 3-angled ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, acute ; stigma clavate, obscurely o-toothed. Common in woods. Leaves all radical, round or inclin- ing to ovate, nearly 2 inches in diameter, smooth and shining, with conspicu- ous, reticulate veins. Petioles margined, as long as, and sometimes much longer than, the leaf Scape 6 — 12 inches high, bracteate at base and in the middle. Flowers drooping, large, fragrant, in an oblong, terminal raceme. ERICACEAE. '240 Pedicels as long as the bracts at base. Petals white, variously tinged with red, longer than the stamens. June. Round-leaved Pijrola. Shin-leaf. 2. P. asarifo'lia. Leaves reniform-orbicular, coriaceous, entire or crenulate, shorter tlian the dilated petiole ; scape angular, furrowed ; raceme lax, many-flowered ; seg- ments of tlie calyx ovate, acute, appressed ; stigma clavale, with the disk elono-ated and 5-lobed. In old woods. Leaves all radical, ]2 — 18 lines in diameter, coriaceous, smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, lono-er than, but not twice as long as, the margined petioles. Scape 5 — 10 inches high, purplish, bracteate at base and near the middle, racemose one half its leno-th. Flowers nodding, remote, large, deeply tinged with purple in all their parts. Pedicels half an inch long, equaling the bracts at base. Style of about the same length and curvature as pedicel, but thicker, tipped with 5 elongated teeth. June. Very distinct from P. rotundifolia, or any other species. Jlsarum-leaved Pyrola. 3. P. CHLORA'NTHA. Sicartz. P. rotundifolia. JlfuA., <^-c. Leaves orbicular, crenulate, half as long as the narrow petiole ; raceme few- flowered; segments of the calyx very short, obtuse ; petals ohXong; •pores of the anthers inhxAs.! ; stigmas ciavate, with the disk elongated, and olobed. In woods, common. Leaves smaller than in either of the preceding species, often perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, one half to one inch in diameter, smooth, shining coriaceous. Petioles 1 — 2 inches long. Scapes erect, angular, 6 — 12 inches high, bearing a long, open raceme. Flowers nodding, large, remote, pedicels half an inch long, each in the axil of a very short bract. Petals greenish white. Anther tubes conspicuous. June, July. Green-flowered Pyrola. 4. P. ELLl'PTICA. Leaves elliptical, membranaceous, obscurely dentate, longer than the petioles-, scape mosWy naked; calyx small, with ovate, obtuse segments; pores of the anthers short, tubular. In woods. Leaves 1 — 2 mches long, more than half as wide, mostly acute and subentire, thin, smooth and light green. Scape 5 — 9 inches high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes. Flowers nodding, very fragrant. Pedicels longer than the bracts, but only half as long as the declinate, recurved style. Petals white. July. Pear-leaved Pyrola. * * Siameus erect. Style straight. 5. P. secu'nda. Si?//e straight ; leaves ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the petiole; raceme secund. In dry woods. Stem 2 — 3 inches high, bearing one or two fascicles of leaves near the summit. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at each end, with appressed, pointed, serratures. Petioles an inch long. Peduncles scape- like, .5 — 7 inches high, bearing a I-sided cluster of 10 — 1-5 greenish white flowers. Petals oblong, shorter than the style. Jn. Jl. One-sided Pyrola. 6. P. UNIFLORA. Leaves suborbicular, petiolate, smooth, serrate ; scape l-flowered ; stijle Btraight. Woods, in Keene, N. H., according to Dr. Bigelow, but I have sought it there in vain. Scape but 2—:? inclu's higii, erect, bearing a single, large, white, fragrant flower. Anthers with the pores elongated-tubular. Style short, stigma peltate. June. Per. One-flowered Pyrola. ERICACEa:. 241 MONOTROPA. 13. CHIMA'PHILA. Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens 10, erect ; anthers fixed by the middle; style very short and thick; capsule 5-celled, opening from the summit. Gr. X,fiji*«, winter, and ^iXfiw, to love ; equivalent to the English name, Wintergrecn. Small, suffruticose plants, resembling Pyrola in habit. Stems branching. Lvs. cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or somewhat verticil- late. Fls. terminal. Fil. bearing a roundish, hairy disk in the middle. Anth. 2-beaked, and opening by 2 pores at base. 1. C. UMBELL.\'TA. p. Pyrola umbellata. L. Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in 4s — 6s ; flowers corymbose ; Iracts linear-subulate ; style immersed in the ovary. In diy woods, flowering in July. A common and beautiful evergreen. Leaves in 2 or more irregular whorls, 2 — 3 inches long and one fourth as wide, remotely and distinctly ser- rate, on short petioles, coriaceous, shining', of a uniform dark green color. Pe- duncle terminal, erect, 3 — 4 inches long, bearing 4 — 7 light purple flowers on nodding pedicels 8 lines long. Both tliis and the following species are tonic and diuretic. Bw. July. Per. Prince's Pine. 2. C. MACULA'TA. p. Pyrola maculata. L. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, remotely serrate, discol- ored, opposite or in 3s ; peduncles corymbose, 2 — 3-flowered ; filaments woolly. Habits much like the last, but it is readily distinguished by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 — 4 inches high. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long and one third as wide, marked with a whitish line along the midrib and nerves. Flowers pur- plish white, on nodding pedicels. June, July. Spotted H'inttrgreen. Suborder 4. MONOTllOPEiE. Ovary fret fiorn the calyx. Leafless lierbf, destitute ofvenlnre. 14. MONO'TROPA. Calyx 4 — 5-sepaled, gibbous at base; corolla 4 — 5-petaled or 0 ; stamens 8 — 10 ; stigma peltate ; capsule 5-celled, many- seeded. Gr. fJkovoi, one, and, TgfTr^y, to turn ; because the flowers of some species are all turned one way. Leafless herbs, without verdure, of a pale, uniform hue. Scape scaly, racemose or I -flowered. Pcriantli inferior, regular, oblong, deciduous. Style thick, as long as, or longer than the stamens. 1. M. uniflo'ra. Scape erect, straight, 1 -flowered ; flowers decandrous, erect or cernuous. A fimall, succulent plant, about 6 inches high, yellowish white in all its parts Stem furnished with sessile, lanceolate, semi-transparent leaves, or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal, solitary flower. Common in woods, near the base of trees, on wliose roots it is said to be parasitic. Jii. Indianpipe. Bird's-Jiest. 2. M. LANUGINo'sA. Mx. Hypopithys lanuginosa. JVu«. ;?crt»)e erect, pubescent above, bearing a raceme of woolly flowers ; bracts woolly. "^I'he whole plant is of a tawny wliite, similar to the last. The root is a tangled mass of fibres. Scape G — 10 inches high, with many concave scales, covered with down. Flowers 7 — 12, in a terminal raceme, yellowish, drooping at first, becoming erect. Pedicels 1 — 2 lines long, bracts and floweiB V A^UIFOLIACE^E. 242 If^E?. 3 times as long. Only the terminal flower is generally decandrous ; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4 petals. Woods. Aug. Pine Sap. 15. PTERO'SPORA. Calyx 5-parted : corolla roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-(oothed[ and reflexed ; stamei.s 10 ; anthers peltate, 2-cclled, 2-awned ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved 5 seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex. Gr. •frtiQoi, a wing, crTrogo., a seed ; alluding to the v.'inged seeds. A perennial Meafless herjj. FIs. racemed. Cor. monopetalous. Caps, subglo- l)ose, valves with dissepiments from the middle. Recep. 5-lobed. P. Andro'.MEDA. Kutt. Monotropa procera. Eaton. Tall, erect, leafless, found in various localities in N. Y. in clayey soil, rare. Scape 12 — 30 inches high, dark purple, clothed with short, viscid vvool. Raceme 6 — 12 inches long, with 50 or more nodding flowers. Pedicels irregularly scattered, G — 8 lines long, axillary to long, linear bracts. Corolla shorter than the pedicels, somewhat campanulate, oj)en at the throat, white, tipped with red at the summit. . July. (Ann. A'lM. I'ex.torr.) Albany Beech-drops. ORDER LXXX. AQUIF0L1ACE.E. The miiy Trii,e. Cai. — Sepals 4 — 6. imbricate in restivation. Co7. — Regular, 4— 6-clefl or parted, liypogynous, imbricate in aestivation. •Sta. — Insertetl into the tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments. Anth. adnata. Ova. — Free from the calyx^ 2 — G-celled, with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell. Fr. — Drupaceous, with 2-^ stones or nucules. Albumen large, fleshy. A small order of trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, commonly coriaceous. Flowers small, axillary. The species are natives of America and S. Africa, one only, Ilex (the Holly), being found in Europe. Properties. The bark and leaves of Prinos verticillatus (black alder) are eminently astringent and tonic, as well as those of the holly. The berries are emetic and purgative. Tlie leaves of Prinos glaber, and Ilex Paraguensis are used for tea. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Petals united, mostly hexamerous. . . . Prinos. 0 ( unarmed. | Petals distinct, mostly penlamerous. . . • Nemnpanthes. 2 Leaves \ spinose, evergreen, coriaceous Hex. 1 1. ILEX. Calyx 4 — 6-tootlied, persistent; corolla suhrotate, 4 — b- parted; stamens 4 — 5; stigmas 4 — 5, subsessile, united or distinct; berry 4 — 5seeded. The ancient Latin name of the Holm Oak, the derivation uncertain. A genus of handsome shrubs and trees. Leaves mostly alternate, evergreen and spinose-tootiied. Flowers often dioecious by abortion. I. opa'ca. icrti'gA- evergreen, oval, acute at end, with strong, spinous teetn, coriaceous, smooth and sliining; fascicles oi' Jloicrrs lax, peduncles compound; c/ilijx teeth acute; fruit ovate ; _//«?/v7-.< sninll, greenish white. A tree of middle size, quite generally diffused tlirougliout liie U. S. but no wliere very abun- dant. It is chiefly interesting for its foliage, which is of an exceedingly rich, AftUAFOLlACEiE. :143 shilling, perennial green. The flowers appear in June, in scattered clusters at the base of the older branches, and the fertile ones are succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn. The wood is fine grained and compact, useful in turnery, Scales ( 5 (sterile filaments), alternate with the 5 stamens. ,. . . Samolus. 7 1 . P R 1' M U L A . Corolla salver-form, with an open orifice; capsule opening with a 10-cleft dehiscence 5 stamens 5, not e.xserted ; stigma globose. Lat. primus, first, because its blossoms appear earliest in spring. Herbs (mostly Europeati), with radical Ivs. Fls. in involucrate umbels. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed. Cor. 5-lobed, lobes emarginate, tube cylindric. 1. P. VULGA'RIS. — Lfflvesobovate, oblong, rugose, villous beneath, tooth- ed ; umbel radical ; jioicer stalks as long as the leaves ; corolla flat. Native of Europe. An interesting garden plant, esteemed for its early flowering, and for its being prolific in variation. In its wild state its flowers are yellow and single, but by cultivation they become double, and in the numerous varieties, red, pink, white, orange, purple, &c., and the umbels, in numerous instances, are on a scape. The roots and leaves smell of anise seed, and wiien dried and powdered are used as a snuff, and also as an emetic. The number of varieties is vast, and is readily increased by cultivation from seed. April. May. Per. Common Primrose. 2. P. ELA'tioR. — Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy on each side ; wmW many-flowered, with the outer flowers nodding ; corolla flat. Native of Britain. Flowers yellow, scentless, in a simple umbel elevated upon a scape a foQt high. Apr. May- Per. Oilip Prirnrasf. V* PRIMULACEiE. 246 LYSIMACHIA. 3. P. VERIS. — Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy beneath ; wmicZs many-flow- ered, flowers all nodding ; cfl/j/z angular ; corolla concave. Native of Britan. Flowers yellow. The plant smells strongly of anise. Leaves are used as a potherb, and are recommended for feeding silkworms. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seed. June. Per. Cowslip Primrose. 4. P. AURl'CULA. — Leaves obovate, entire or serrate, fleshy; sca-pe many-flowered, central, as long as the leaves ; involucre of short leaves ; cahjx powdery. Native of the Alps. A well known favorite of the florist. The cultivated varieties are innumerable, and many of them of exquisite beauty and fragrance. May. Per. Auriculate Primrose. 2. HOTTO'NIA. Corolla salverform, 5-lobed with the 5 stamens inserted on its tube ; si ij^ma globose ; capsule globose-acuminate. In honor of Peter Hotton, professor in the University of Leyden, died 1701). Flesiiy, aquatic herbs, with radical leaves. Cal. deeply 5cleft, divisions linear. Cor. seg. 5, equal, oblong, notched; tube cylindric, open. Fil. short. Style short. Caps. 5-valved. Seeds many. H. INFL.\'T.4.. Ell. H. palustris. P. Scape articulate, the internodcs and lower parts inflated ; flowers verticil- late, pedunculate. A curious aquatic plant, in swamps and stagnant waters. Ms., R. I. and Ct. Stem immersed, round, thick, spongy with a whorl of long and beautifully pectinate leaves at or near the surface of the water. Peduncles or scapes several (6 — 10) together, arising in a sort of umbel from the top of the stem, 8 — 10 inches long, inflated between the joints, forming the most remarkable feature of the plant. Flowers small, white, in numerous verticils, generally 4 in each. Pedicels half an inch long. June. Per. Water Feather. 3. LYSIMA'CHIA. Corolla rotate, deeply S-cleft; stamens 5; stigma obtuse; capsule globose, pointed, 10-valved. Gr. Kvaoi fiax.'l.the translation of wiiicii is the English name. Loosestrife. from the absurd nation of the ancients that it quieted oxen impatient of the yoke, or according to Liunajus, and also Pliny, from [.lysimachus, king of Sicily. Herbs with opposite orverticillate leaves. Flowers solitary, racemose or corymbed. Cal. deeply cleft into 5 acute segments, Fil. dilated and partially united at base. Anth. notched at bothends. Style long as stamens. Seeds few or many. 1. L. THYRSIFLO'RA. L. L. capitata. p. Racemes lateral, stalked ; s/c7« simple, smoilh; leaves sessile, opposite, lanceolate, acute, punctate, somewhat hoary beneath; fnirers small, yellow, the number of the parts variable. Grows in swamps about 2 feet high, with an erect, simple stem, bearing many pairs of narrow lanceolate leaves. Clus- ters somewhat capitate on long, axillary peduncles. Stamens 6 — 7, much exserted, united into a tube at base. Jn. Per. Tufted Loosestrife. 2. L. STRICTA. WilUl. L. racemosa. Mx. Raceme terminal, long and lax; petals lanceolate, spreading ; /r^^sfs lanceo- late, sessile, opposite or in os. A very distinct sjjecies, found in low. wet grounds. Stem upright, smooth as likewise is i^vtery other part of the plant. PRIMULACEJE. 247 ANAGALLIS. 1 — 2 feet high, bearing at top a regular, cylindric or conical raceme, 6—8 inches long. Peduncles an inch in length, quite spreading, each with a subulate bract at base. Stamens 2 long and 3 short, united at base. Flowers yellow, spotted with purple. Capsules 5-.seeded. After flowering it throws out bulblets from the axils of the leaves, which' will produce new plants the following spring. July. Per. Upright Loosestrife. 3. L. cilia'ta. Flowers nodding; peduncles chiefly in pairs; /ertres cordate-ovate, opposite; petioles ciliate. A handsome species, larger than the foregoing, found in gravelly soils, and near rivulets. Root creeping. Stem somewhat 4- sided, 2 — 3 feet high, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves large, pointed, somewhat cordate at base, on petioles fringed wnth cilese, the upper ones ap- parently quaternate. Flowers large, yellow, axillary. Stamens inserted into a ring, nearly equal, with 5 alternate and intermediate rudimentary filaments or teeth. July. Per. Heart-leaved Loosestrife. 4. L. hy'brida. Flowers nodding ; peduncles axillary ; corolla crenulate ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, petiolate, acute at each end ; petioles ciliate ; stem smooth, 1 — 2 feet high, somewhat branched. Grows in swamps. Its stem and flowers resemble those of L. ciliata, from which species it is chiefly distinguished by its narrower, lanceolate, never cordate leaves, and its more numerous and leafy branches, each of which bears a whorl of 4 leaves and 4 flowers at the end. Stamens with intermediate processes. Jl. Per. Hybrid Loosestrife. 5. L. QUADRIFO'LIA. Peduncles 1-flowered, a-xillary, in 43 ; haves verticillate, in 4s and Ss, sub- sessile, oval, acuminate, punctate ; segments of the corolla oval, entire, often obtuse. Grows in low grounds, on river banks, &c. Stem 16 inches high, somewhat hairy, simple, with many whorls of 4—5 leaves, each bearing a flower-stalk in its axil. Corolla yellow with purple lines. Stamens unequal, united at base into a short tube. Anth. purple. Jn. Per. Four-leaved Loosestrife. 4. ANAGA'LLIS. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft; stamens 5, hirsute; capsule globose, circumscissile. Gr. a,vct.yi\a,ci), to laugh ; from its reputed medicinal eflicacy in expelling hypochondria. Herbs with square stems and opposite leaves. Fls. solitary, axillary. Cal. deeply cleft in 5 acute, spreading seg. perm. Fil. shorter than cor. erect, slender. Anth. cordate. Slig. capitate. Sds. numerous. A. arve'nsis. Stem procumbent; 1 eaves oxvLie, sessile, dotted beneath ; segments of coroZ/a crenate-glandular. Stem square, G inches high, branching, with sessile leaves and small but beautiful scarlet-colored flowers in their axils. Capsules globular 1-celled, splitting across into 2 valves. Corolla scarlet, throat pur- ple. A beautiful trailing plant in sandy fields, &c. It has been called " the poor man's weather-glass"; for its flowers either do not open, or close up again in wet weather, being affected by the moisture of the atmosphere. In fair weather its flowers open at about 8 o'clock, A. M., and close few, capillary, appendaged with few air vessels. Scape a foot high, generally with 2 flowers. June. Ann. 3. U. GIBBA. Floating ; scape 2 — 7-flowered ; spur shorter than the lower lip of the corolla, obtuse, gibbous in the middle. In ponds. Roots dichotomous, the radicles with few air vessels. Scapes 2 — 3 inches high, bearing generally but 2, small, yellow flowers. Spur obtuse, tumid in the middle. July. Per. 4. U. VULGA'RIS. L. U. macvorhiza. Le Conte. Floating; spur conical; stem submerged; leaves multifid, bristly; spur incurved ; scape few-flowered. A curious inhabitant of ditches and standing waters, slightly rooting in the mud below and blossoming above the surface. The root is much branched, floating by means of the vessels attached to it at intervals. These vessels are oval, furnished with an aperture which is closed by a valve and bearded at the margin, and are usually inflated with air. The leaves (radicles.') are minute, with capillary divisions. Scape erect, rising out of the water, and bearing a cluster of 5 — 9 handsome, yellow flowers. Corolla personate, lower lip larger, with a projecting palate striped with brown ; spur of the nectary curved upwards, striated. June, July. Per. Common Bladderwort. 6. U. purpu'rea. Floating ; scapes 1 — 2 flowered, axillary ; spur entire ; flowers purple, yel- low within ; ca/?/z obtuse, gibbous. In ponds on mountains. Stems (root.') 2 — 3 feet long. Scapes 2 — 3 inches commonly 1-flowered. Upper lip trun- cate ; lower lip inflated, 3-lobed. Spur short, obtuse, flattened, bending upwards against the middle segment of the lower lip. The leaves, which Bome consider bracts, are capillary. Aug. Purple-flowered Bladderwort. 6. U. cornu'ta. Scape rooting, rigidly erect, scaly, with about 2 sessile flowers ; spur subulate, acute, longer than the corolla. Native of damp, boggy soils, but never floating, growing abundant in its localities. Scape 8 — 12 inches high, leafless, but furnished with a few small, distant, pale, ovate scales, and bear- ing at the top 2 — 3 large, yellow flowers issuing from between bracts. The calyx consists of 2, ovate, colored leaves. Lower lip of the corolla much larger than the upper, broad, deflexed, emarginate ; spur rigid, acute, twice the length of the calyx. Jl., Aug. Per. Homed Bladderwort. 7. S. seta'cea. Scape filiform, rooting, 2— 3-flowered ; upper lip of the corolla ovate, revolute, entire ; the lower, deeply 3-lobed ; spur subulate, as long as the lower lip, entire. Swamps. Very slender, leafless. Scape 4 — 6 inches high, furnished with scales. Flowers yellow, small, the upper lip much smaller than the lower. June. Per. 8. U. PERSONa'TA. Le Conte. Scape rooting, many-flowered ; upper lip of the corolla emarginate, reclined ; lower small, entire ; palate very large ; s/vwr linear-subulate, subacute. Bogs, Scape 12 — 18 inches liigh, 4 — 10-flowered, furnished with scales. Flowers yellow, rather large, spur more slender and acute than in U. cornuto. Beck. Snap-dragon Bladderwort. OROBANCHACEiE. 253 EPXPHEGUS. ORDER LXXXVIII. OROBANCHACE/E. The Brocn-rape Trite. Oil. — 4 — 5-loothed, inferior, persistent. Cor.— Irreffular, persistent, imbricote in aestivation. JSta. — ^J, diilynainous. Anth. 2-cellecl. Oca.— 1-celled, free from the calvx, with 2 parietal placenta. Stijle 1. Stig. 2-lobed. j.>._Capsule enclosed within the witliered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved, each valve bearing one simple or 2-lobed placenta in the middle. S(ls. — Very numerous and minute. A small order of herbs, destitute of leaves or other green foliag-e, growing parasitically on tlie roots of oilier plants. Stem sfurnished with scales, and bearing solitary or spicate flow- ers. The species are mostly natives of the northern temperate zone. Properties astrmgeiit and bitter. Genera. Flowers perfect. Stem simple or divided. Orobancke 1 Flowers monccciously polygamous. Stems branching Epiphegus. 2 1. OROBA'NCHE. Calyx 2 — 5 cleft, tlic segments often unequal ; corolla rin- gent, limb 4 — 5-lobed; ovary sealed in a fleshy disk ; capsule ovoid, acule, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gr. oQo/ioi, a vetch or some other lejruminous plant, and ayy,civ, to strangle ; because tliese parasites were supposed to destroy whatever they grew upon. Herbaceous, parasitic.' destitute of green herbage, leafless, the stem clothed with scales. Ficwers spicate or solitary. Cor. lube curved, inflated, limb spreading ; upper lip concave, notched, lower reflexed, 3-cleft. Fil. concealed under the upper lip. Anth. ajjproximate, awned. 1. 0. UNIFLO'RA. L. O. biflora. .Kutt. Scnprs in pairs, naked, each l-flowered. A small, leafless plant, with the o-eneral aspect of a Monotropa, found in woods and thickets. Root short, thick, smooth, scaly, surmounted by a stem not exceeding halfaa inch in lenii-tl). This divides at its top, generally into 2, scape-like, erect, round, simple, naked peduncles, 4 — 5 inches high, downy, purplish white, with a iioddinii- flower at the top, of tlie same hue. A dozen or more such flower stalks are often found clustered together. June, July. Per. Oac-Jlowcred Broumnipe. 2 0. American'a. filcm simple, covered with oval-lanceolate, imbricated scales ; spike smooth, terminal; coro/Za recurved ; staincns exi^exi. Woods. Stem very thick, 4 — G inches hiirli, very sinootii, brownish yellow, leafless, closely imbricated with pale, polished, oval scales. The spikes are dense. Bracts pale and smootli like the scales oi the stem. Corolla tubular, bent downwards, tiie upper lip vaulted, yellow. Calyx irregularly divided into jagged segments, with 2 bracts at base. July. Per. Jmcrican Brouiarupc. 2. EPIPHE'GUS. Monccciously polygamous ; calyx abbreviated, 5-toothcd. Slcrilejl. — Corolla ringent, compressed, 4-c!eft, lower lip flat. Fertile fls. — Corolla minute. 4-toothed, deciduous ; capsule truncate, oblique, 1-celled, 2-valved, opening only on one side. Gr. £7ri, upon, and (ff.yj?, the beech ; beinjr supposed parasitical on the roots of that tree. Herbs, destitute of green herb:ige, leafless, with virgate, simple branches which are floriferous in their whole length. w BIGNONIACEJS. 254 E. AmERICANUS. J^utt. Orobanche Virg. L. Stem branched leafless; Jioioers rcmoie , alternate; corolla 4-toothed, decid- uous. This is said to be a parasitic plant growing from the roots of beech treea. It is indeed often found in beech woods, but [ lra:ve seen it in situations too remote from any tree of that kind to consist with the notion, that it grows exclusively in such localities. Root a scaly ball covered with stiff, short and brittle radicles. Stem a foot high, with slender and irregular branches given off the whole length of it. Instead of leaves it has only a few small, ovate scales, one at the base of each branch. Flnwers alternately scattered on each branch, the upper ones barren, with recurved corollas, brownish white, with darker stripes above. Fertile ones smaller, deciduous. The whole plant is of a dull red color, Aug. Sept. Beeclt-drops. ORDER LXXXIX. BIGN0NIACEJ5:. m jyumpet.Jlo^verTVe. Cal. — .5-partetlor bilabiate, sonietimes spathaceons. Cor. — Tube broad, uiili un irretrular, .5-lobetl or bilabiate limb. Sta. — 5, 1 or 3 sterile, ut'teii iliilynamous. Anthers 2-eelled. Ova. — S-celled, seated in a fle.sliy disk. Style \. Stigma of 2 plates. Fr. — Capsule coriaceous, 1 — "-J-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sds. — Generally winged, dtstitute of albuineil. Trees, sometimes slirubby or climbing plains. Leaves opposite. Flowers large, showy. Most of the species are North American. Others are diffused in all countries, particularly within the tropics. Several of the Brazilian species of Bignonia alford a valuable limber. But this order is best known for the beauty of its flowers. Genera. Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 4 fertile. Climbing shrubs. .... Bignonia. 1 Calyx 2-parted. Stamens 2 fertile, with 2 or 3 abortiifei Trees. . . . Catalpa. 2 1. BlGNO'NlA. Calyx 5-tcothed, cyathiform ; corolla campanulate, 5-Iobe(l, ventricose beneath ; stamens didynamous; pod 2-celled ; seeds with nnenabranous wings. Named by Tournfort in honor of Abbe Bignon, a distinguished patron of science, librarian to Louis XIV. A large and noble genus of trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical. Leaves opposite, pinnate, terHate ot conjugate. Fls. panicled, large and beautiful. B. ra'dicans. Z,fif/»cs pinnate, leaflets ovate, dentate, acuminate; M/?/mi terminal ; tube of the corolla 3 times as long as the calyx ; stem creeping, rooting. The trumpet-flower is a climbing shrub of great beauty, indigenous in the middle latitudes of the tJ. S. In its native woods it supports itself on trees by roots issuiniT from the joints, to the hight of 3(1 or 40 feet. It is cultivated both in this country and in Europe. It is hardy and is generally trained against the walls of buildings. The flowers are produced at the ends of the new shoots, in large and numerous clusters. Corollas with long swelling tubes, orange- colored. One vaiiety has yellow-scarlet flowers ; another bright scarlet. June— Aug. Trumpet-Jiower. 2. CATA'LPA. Calyx 2-parted ; corolla campanidate, 4 — S-cleft, the tube inflated; stamens 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile; stigma 2-lipped ; capsule 2-celled, long, cylindric. PECALIACEX. 'i55 SESAMDM, This plant is called Calalpa by the Indians. American trees. Flowers paniculate. Dissepiment of the pod-shaped fruit opposite the valves. C. CORDIFO'lIA. Ell. Bignonia Catalpa. L. Leaves cordate, smooth, entire ; floicers in panicles. A fine, wide-spreading tree, native in the Southern Stales, but cultivated in man)' places at the North, for ornament and shade. In favorable circumstances, it attains the hight of 50 feet, with adiameter of nearly 2 feet. It exhibits a wide-spreading top, with comparatively few branches, its leaves are beautifully heart shap- ed, and smooth, resembling those of the lilac, but much larger. In color the bark is a light, shining gray. In May it puts fortli blossoms in great profu- sion. Their form is campanulate, color white, with yellow and violet spots. Capsule cylindric, pendent, a foci in length ; seetj wingejd. Catalpa, ORDER XC. PEDALIACEiE. The oilseed Tribe. Col. — 5-clpft, nearly equal. Cor. — Hypoijynous, irregular, tube ventricose, limb 3 — 5-lohed, mostly bilabiate. .Sta. — 4 (with the rudiment of a 5th), didynamous. Qoa. — 1 — 'i-celled, of 2 carpels. Style 1. Srigj^a divided. Fr. — Drupaceous or capsular, often 2 — 4-horned. sometimes with 4 — 8 spurious cells form.- ed by ilie divergent lobes of the placenta cohering with the walls of the pericarp. Sds. — Few, large, wingless. An unimportant order of herbs with opposite, angled leaves. Flowers axillary. Naliv,es of tropical America, &.c. Some of them have been introduced into the United States. Ge7ie7a. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves suborbicular Martynia. 1 Corolla S-ilobed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sesamum. 2 1. MARTY'NIA. Calyx 6-cleft:; corolla ringent,; capsule ligneoys, corticate, 4-cellcd, 2-valved, each valve terminating in a long hooUed beak. Named in honor of Martyn, a distinguished English botanist. Handsome annual herbs, natives of the Middle an4 Southern States. Lvs. palmate- veiped. Fls. disproportionately large. M. PROBO'SCIDA. — Stem viscidly pubescent, branched, branches mostly decumbent ; leaves alternate, cordate, suborbicular, entire, villous ; jloiccrs on long, a.xillary peduncles. Native on rive-r banks in i^eiinsylvauia, sometimes cultivated for ornament in our gardens. Stem ]— 2 feet long. Leaves paler beneath. Corolla pale, dull yellow, very large, the limb nearly as broad as the leaves, spotted with brownish purple. Stamens bright yellow, exserted. Aug. Sept. Beaked Martynia. Other ornamental species are M. diandra, flowers pink, spotted with pjirple ; and M. lutca, flowers deep yellow. 2. SE'SAMUM. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanulate, S-cleft, the lower lobe the longest; stiji^ma lanceolate; capsule 2-celled, thq cells divided by the inflexed edges of the valves. Named from the Arabic, seinsem. Oriental, anntjal herb§. SCR0PHULARIACE5:. 256 VERBASCUM. S. I'NDICUM. — Leaves lanceolate-ovate, lower ones 3-Iobed, upper ones undivided, serrate. Native of E. India. Stem erect, about 18 inches high. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Corolla pale pnrple. The seeds yield an excellent oil which will keep several years without injury. It is used in cookery for all the purposes of sweet oil. Five pounds of the seeds yield about one pound of oil. The leaves are emollient. Oihj-sccd. ORDER XCIl. SCROPIIULARIACEiE. The Flgwort Tribe. Cal. — Sopals 4 or 5, unequal, more or less uniled at base, inferior, persistent. Cor. — Bilabiate, personate or otherwise iircg^ular, the lolies imbricate in ffislivation. Sia, — i^ diiJyuanious, rarely with the rudiment of the 5th : sometimes 2 only, the 3 others either rudimentary or wholly wanting. Oca. — Free, 2-celled, many seeded. Sti/le simple. Slig7na 2-lobed. Fr. — Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, with central placentte. 6y5.— -Indefinite, albuminous. Embryo straiglil. A large order of herbaceous, rarely shrubby plants, with opposite, vertieillate or alternate leaves. They are found in every part of the world, from the equator to the regions of per- petual frost. They constitute about l-3(> of the Phrenogamia of N. America. Lindley. Propertie.t. Generally acrid, biUer and deleterious plants. The most remarkable olli- cinal species of the tribe is the foxglove {Digitalis), which exercises a ■wonderful control over the action of the heart, in regulating its pulsations. It is also employed in eases of dropsy, hemorrhage, &c. Takeii in excess it speedily causes death. The Veronica Virgiiiica, (Culvers Physic) and Linaria vulgaris (toad-flax) are purgative and emetic. Nuiuerous species are cultivated for ornament. Nearly all of them turn black in drying. Conspectus of the genera. * Flowers diandrons. I erect. ( upper lip emarginate, | reflexed. ( bilabiate, | upper lip 5-lobed and many-clelt. < tubular, ( campanulale. Stamens and style much exsert. Corolla ( subrotate, limb 4-lobed, lower lobe smallest. * * Flowers pentandrous. Corolla subrotate, nearly regular. Stamens .'5, all fertile. * '* ■* Flowers didj'namous. ( Seeds many, equal at base . . , . ( Seeds 2 — 3. . spurred at base beneath, gibbous at base beneath. . I Leaves alternate, tube ventricose . . ( Leaves opposite. f Sterile I subequal, ^ tube slender ' filament 0. [ Corolla equal. Scape 1-flowered. ( shorter, smooth at the end. Sterile ( free, . . . .\ longer, bearded at the end. iilameut 1, \ adherent to the subglobosc corolla. ( serrate. . ( Leaves opposite, ( subcnlirc. f Corolla yellow '( Leaves alternate. Bracts colored. 4. ( Corolla dark purple. ( Bracts green 2, or it is obliquely truncated. ( Bracts scarlet ' Corolla , , bilabiate. Corolla (5 . Gratiola. ]() Lindemia. 11 . Schizanthus. 5 Leptandra. IG Veronica. li) . Verbascum. 1 Mimuhis. » . CoUinsia. la Litmrin. ;i . Antinhinmn. 4 Di'j;itali^. ,<^ Gerardia. 17 Burlinern. 14 . Linwsella. 12 Clielone. ft . Pentstemon. 7 Srroplmlaria 2 . Rkinanthts. 1H Melamptjrum .2:J . Bart sin. 20 Schwalbea. 21 . Pedintlaris. 2* Euchroma. 19 1 . V E R B A' S C U M . Corolla rotate, 5-lohcd, unequal ; stamens 5, declinate, all perfect; capsule ovoitl-globose, 2-valve(J. Lat. liarha, a beard ; a name significant of the beard with which the plant is covered. Herbs (often suffruticose). Lvs. alternate. Fls. in dense spikes or paniculate racemes. Cal. of 5 deep, acute seg. Cor. of a short lube and SCROPHULARIACE^. 257 a limb deeply divided into 5 rounded spg. Fil. unequal, some of them woolly, shorter than cor. Anth. reniform. Style longer tiian stam. Caps. 2-celled. Sd3 numerous, small. 1. V. THAPSUS. Leaves decurrent, densely tomeijtose on both sides; raceme spiked, dense ; three of the stamens downy, two of them smooth, Tlie till, dense, club- shaped spikes of the common mullein are very conspicuous in every slovenly field and by all roadsides. Stem erect 3 — 5 feet high, woolly, its angles winged by tiie decurrent base of the leaves, generally simple, occasionally with one or two branches above. Leaves very rough with dense wool on both sides. Flowers rotate, of a golden yellow, nearly sessile. Notwithstanding its frequency, the mullein is generally suppos,ed to ^ave been introduced. June— Aug. Common Mullein. 2. V. Blatta'ria. Leaves clasping, oblong, smooth, serrate; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary. Grows in waste grounds, roadsides, not common. Stem 3 feet hitrh, branch- ing above, bearing a terminal, leafy raceme 2— 4 inches long. Lower leaves objong, obovate ; upper ones cordate-ovate, all coarsely and doubly serrate. Flowers on pedicels near an inch in length. Corolla yellow or white, marked with brown at the back. Stamens unequal, purplish, the filaments all hairy. June, July. Ann. * Motli Mullein. 2. SCROPHULA'RIA. Cal_yx in 5 acute segments; corolla subglobose, limb con.- tracted, subrbilabiate, Jjp with an internal, intermediate scale (sterile filament); capsule 2-celled; valves with 2 inflated niargins. So named from the resemblance of the roots to scrofulous tumors. Hence also it was used to cure that disease. Mostly herbs, with opposite leaves. Cor. ovoid, limb very small. 1. S. Marila'ndica. Lraves cordate, acute, serrate, rounded at the base ; petioles ciliate below ; stem obtusely angled. Inhabits woods. Abundant on Iris island, Niagara Falls and elsewhere. Stem square, with obtuse angles, smooth, 4 — G feet high, with paniculate, oj)posite branches above. Leaves 3 — .') inches long, smooth thin, obtuse at baae and decurrent on the petiole, with a long, pointed sum- mit, and double serratures. Flowers on a thin, erect, terminal panicle, roundish, resemblmg capsules. Corolla greenish purple, contracted at the throat. Limb somewhat 2rlipped, having a green scale (sterile |ilamenl) within, adnate to the upperside of the tube. Jl. — Oct. Per. Fio-worL 2. S. lanceola'ta. ieoDcs lanceolate, unequally and incisely serrate, acuminate, acute at base • petioles naked ; fascicles of the jynnlcle corymbed. In wet meadows and woods rare. Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Flowers greenish yellow. Aug. Sept. Per. Jintericun Figwort. 3. LINA'RIA. Calyx 5-parted; corolla personate, upper lip bifid, reflex- ed ; lower lip S-cleft; throat closed bj the prominent palate; tube inflated, with a spur behind ; capsule 2-cclled, bursting at the summit. W* SCROPHULARlACEiE. 258 SCHIZANTHUS. Lat. linum, flax ; from the lonr. Gray. Stem a fool high, minutely pubescent. Leaves obtuse, pubes- cent, opposite or verticillate. Flowers opposite or verticillate. Corolla variegated with blue, red and white. July. Tall Pink. 14. BUCHNE'RA. Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla tube slender, limb flat, in 5 cor- date, subequal lobes; capsule 2valved. In honor of J. G, Buchner, a German botanist, 1743. Herbs with the leaves and flowers opposite, the latter in a terminal spike. Cor. nearly regular. Stam. very short, included. Style as long as the tube. Caps, ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2-celled, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds minute, striate. B. America'na. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous, 3-nerved, sessWe ; flowers remotely spiked. In low grounds. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, simple or slightly branched, slender and terete, ending in a long, loose and somewhat virgate spike of purple flowers. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, very rough, appressed to the stem. Flowers axillary and sessile. Stamens inserted 2 in the throat of the corolla and 2 in the middle of the tube. Calyx half ^s long as tube of oprolliji. Aug. Per. Blue-hearts. 8CR0PHULARIACEJE. 263 VERONl'tfA. 15. VERO'NICA. Calyx 4-partecl; corolla subrotate, deeply 4-clert, lower segment narrow ; stamens 2, sterile filanjents 0 ; capsule obcordate, 2celled, few-seeded. Etymology doubtful ; perhaps named for St. Veronica. Mostly herbs with opposite leaves. Style thread-shaped, declining, as long as the stamens. Caps, compressed at the summit. * Racemes terminal. 1. V. SERPYLLIFO'LtA. Raceme somewhat spiked, tefminal; haves oval, slightly crenate, smooth ; capsule broad-obcordate, as long as the style A small plant, often concealed among the grass in meadows, and unconsciously trodden under foot. The stem is decumbent and rooting at the base, 3 — 6 inches in length, branching,- very smooth. Leaves opposite, with short petioles, smootli, obtuse, 3-nerved and somewhat fleshy. Flowers in long, terminal and subterminal racemes, with oval bracts. Corolla beautifully variegated with blue and white, and striped with violet lines. Root of long, white fibres, perennial. Flowers in May and June^ in; pastures and roadsides. Smooth Speedwell. * * Racemes a.xillary. 2. V* officina'lis. Leaves broadly ovate or elliptical, serrate, rough, pubescent, cm short petioles-, siem procumbent, branched, spreading. The whole plant is rough with short hairs, trailing, about a foot in length, with ascending branches. The leaves vary from ovate to obovate, but are generally elliptical, eire to one and a half inches in length. The flowers are pale-blue, forming rather long, axillary, erect, pedunculate spikes. Found in dry woods and open fields. May— Jl. Per. Officinal Speedwell. 3. V. scutella'ta. Racemes lateral, alternate ; pedicels divaricate ; leaves linear, slightly in- dented. A slender, weak, perennial herb, with long, narrow leaves (2 — 3 inches long and 2 lines vv'ide). Stem rarely a foot high. The racemes are axillary, with pale, flesh-colored flowers, pencilled with purple lines. Pedun- cles and pedicels extremely slender, the latter bent quite back as the capsule ripens,- June — Aug. Marsh Speedw'elL 4. V. anaga'llis. Racemes lateral opposite ; leaves lanceolate, serrate ; stem erect. A smooth, succulent plant of aquatic habits, frequenting the borders of brooks and pools. Stem obtusely 4-angled, 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves smooth, sessile on short petioles, one and a half to two and a half inches long. Flowers purplish, in long, loose, axillary racemes. Pedicels not reflexed, 3 — 5 lines long. Peduncles thickened. June, July. Per. Water Speedwell. 5. V. Beccabu'nga. Racemes lateral, opposite; leaves elliptical, obtuse, somewhat serrate, glabrous. Stem procumbent, rooting at tlie base, generally floating, round, smooth and sliining, like every other part of tlie herb, and extending 1 — 2 feet. Leaves of a bright green, 1 — 2 inches long. Flowers of a rich sky- blue, in long, slender, pedunculate clusters. Flowers in June and Julv. Brooks and clear waters, Per. Broohlime Speedwell. SCROPHULARIACEJE. 264 GERARDIA. * * * Flowers axillary, solitary. 6. V. agre'stis. Stem procumbent, diffusely branching ; leaves cordate-ovate, petiolate, deeply serrate, floral ones lanceolate ; peduncles as long as the leaves. A small, pilose plant, 2 — 8 inches long, with a round, 'leafy, hairy stem, branch- ing mostly at the base. The leaves are roundish ovate, shorter than their petioles, the upper alternate. Flowers small, light blue, veined, their stalks recurved in fruit. Segments of the calyx fringed, ovate equal. Seeds con- cave beneath. Flowering from May to September, in cultivated fields, less common than the next species. Ann. JVcckicced. 7. V. arve'nsis. Stem erect or assurgent ; flowers nearly sessile ; leaves cordate-ovate, incisely crenate, the lower ones petioled, upper ones alternate, lanceolate, crenate, sessile. A small, pubescent, pale-green plant, 2 — (j inches high. Stem nearly erect, branching from the base, the leaves assurgent. Floweia on short peduncles, corolla shorter than the calyx, pale blue, beautifully penciled with purple lines. Frequent in dry fields. May. June. Ann. Corn Speedicell. 8. V. peuegri'na. Stem ereci ; flowers soWiTiry , sessWe ; leaves oblong, serrate, rather obtuse, Common in moist, clayey soils. The whole plant is smooth. Stem often branched at the base, 4 — 8 inches high. Radical leaves ovate, on short stalks ; those of the stem narrow, sessile. Flowers small, white or pale blue. Capsule compressed. Introduced. May — Jl. Ann. Purselain Speedicdl. 16. LEPTA'NDRA. Calyx 5-partcd, segments acuminate 5 corolla tubular, 4- lobed, the lower lobe smaller ; stamens 2, much exserted ; capsule ovate, 2-celled, valves opening at top. Gr. XiTfTOi, slender, ctvdQio., stamens; alluding to the filaments and the style which are at length much longer than the tube of the corolla. L. VIRGI'NICA. J\rutt. Veronica Virginica. L. Leaves verticillate ; stem erect, smooth; spikes aggregated, terminal. A conspicuous plant arising 2 — 5 feet. Stem simple, strai^'ht, smooth, with whorls of lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate leaves which are subpetiolate and orlaucous beneath, and 4 — (> in a whorl. Flowers numerous, nearly sessile, in long, terminal and verticillate-siibteruiinal spikes. Corolla white, tubular, pubescent inside. Stamens and style twice as long as the corolla. July. Per. Culver's Physic, ■ 17. GERA'RDIA. Calyx cleft half-way down into 5 lobes or teeth; corolla sul)cainpanul;ite, unequally 5-lobed, lobes mostly rounded ; anthers villose; capsule 2-celled, dehiscent at top. In honor of John Gerarde, an English botanist of the 16lh century. Her- baceous, rarely sufFruticose. Lvs. generally opposite. Fls. axillary. * Flowers yellow. 1. G. QUERCIFO'LIA. p. G. glauca. Eddy, Smooth; stem panicled ; leaves petiolafc, pinnatifid, tlie upper ones lanceolate, all paler beneath : flviccrs pedicelltd, axillary, opposite. A very SCROPHOLARIACEi, 265 GERARDIA. ornamental and showy plant of the woods, well worthy a place in the flower farden. It has a tall, stnooth, glaucous, branching stem 3 — 5 feet high, leaves sinuate-pinnatifid ; the upper ones only cut-dentate, all acute at each end, stalked, paler beneath. Flowers large and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a loose spike. Corolla trumpet-shaped. The flowers resemble in form those of the foxglove, while the leaves may be likened to those of the oak. The whole plant turns black in drying, making but a shabby appearance in the herbarium. Aug. Per. Oak-leaved Gerard'ui. 2. G. fla'va. Pubescent ; stem nearly simple ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, entire or cut- dentate ; _^oJocrs subsessile. Scarcely less elegant than the last, which it nmch resembles. Native of woods. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, erect, pubescent. Lower leaves variously pinnatifid, or cut and toothed; upper ones very entire or toothed, obtuse ; all opposite and sessile. Flowers largo, yellow, oppiisite, axillary, trumpet-shaped. This also with the next species, turns black m drying. Aug. Sept. Per. Yellow Gerardia. 3. G. pedicula'ria. S^cjn panicled, pubescent ; Zc'o//a vaulted ; ca'yx smooth; haves lanceolate, serrate. Meadows and pastures. Stem a foot high, smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate, acutely serrate, rouoh. Flowers axillary, crowded into a leafy spike. Calj'.x inflated, contracted at the mouth, with 4 nearly equal teeth, and much shorter than the yellow, ringent corolla, but becoming very large after flowering. July. Ann. Ydlow-ratllc. 19. EUCHRO'MA. Calyx ventricose, 2 — 4-clert ; corolla upper lip very long and linear, embracing Ibe st} le and slamcus; antliers linear, witli unequal lobes, cohering in tlie form ofan oblong disk. Gr. iv, good, and y^Qcofiu., color; on account of the fine scarlet bracts. Herbaceous. Lvs. alternate. Fls. a.^illary, solitary. Caps, ovate, compress- ed, 2-celled. Seeds numerous, invested in a diaphanous, inflated aril. E. COCCi'nEA. jYuU. Bastsia coccinea. L. Leaves sessile, pinnalifid, with linear and divaricate segments ; bracts nhoat 3-cleft and colored at the summit, longer than the corolla ; calyx 2-cleft, nearly equal with the corolla, segments retiise and emarginate. Wet mead- ows. A very beautiful plant, remarkable for its large, bright scarlet bracts. Stem anirular, simple, 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves alternate, sessile, with about 2, long, linear segments on each side. Bracts crowded near the summit of the stem, m 3 segment.^, the middle one larger than the linear lateral ones. Flowers one in the axil of each bract. Calyx and corolla tubular, dull yellow, the former tinged with scarlet towards the tip. May. Jn. Per. Famted-cvp. 20. BA'RTSIA. Calyx 4-lobed, emarginate, mostly colored ; corolla smaller than the calyx, the upper lip longer; capsule 2-celled ; seeds angular. Named by Linnasus, in honor of his friend John Batsch, M. D. Herbs with aliernate leaves. Cor. ringent, upper lip concave, entire, lower in 3, equal, reflexed lobes. Anth. approximate under the upper lip. B. pa'llida. Leaves alternate, linear, undivided, the upper ones lanceolate, the floral ones subovale, subdentate at the end, all 3-nerved ; c«/j/2 with acute teeth. This hardy plant inhabits the alpine regions of the White Mts. in N. H., par- ticularly the hia'hts of Mt. Clinton, where it may be found in blossom in Aug. It is also a native of Siberia and Hudson's Bay. Stem about a foot high, furrowed, simple. Leaves alternate, sessile, smoothish, the lower ones linear, becoming broader towards the upper part of the stem where they are lanceolate SCROPHULARIACK^. 267 PEDICULARIS. and all usually with but 3 neives. Tuft of flowers at top of the stem. Bracts broader and shorter than the leaves, 5— 7-nerved, with about 3 teeth at the eml, of a pale straw-color, tipped with purple. Flowers straw-colored, nearly concealed by the bracts. Per. -P^'c Bartsia. 21. SCHWA'LBEA. Calyx tubular, inflated, ohliqutly 4 cleft, upper division small, lower division large, emarginate or 2-tootliC(l ; corolla riiiijent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed ; seeds many, chatry. Named in honor of Schwalbe, a German botanist. Herbs with alternate leaves. Fls. in a terminal laceme. Caps, ovate, compressed, 2-celled, 2- valved, with a double partition. Seeds linear and winged. S. America'na. Simple, pubescent; leaves lanceolate; flowers alternate, in a terminal raceme. In sandy fields and barrens. Stem 2 feet hijih, downy, square and simple. Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate, with a ciliated niarjrin. Bracts ovale, acuminate. Flower stalks simple, alternate. Corolla dull purple or brownish yellow. June. Per. Cloif-seed. 22. PEDICUL A'RIS. Calyx vcntricose, 2 — 5 cleft, the segments leafy, or some- times obliquely truncate ; corolla vaulted, upper lip compress- ed, emarginate ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; capsule 2 celled, oblique, mucronate ; seeds angular. Lat. pediculus, a louse ; probably from its efficacy in destroying that insect. Herbs. Lvs. opoosite or alternate, often pinnalifid. Cal. seg. unequal, jagged. Cor. lower lip dilated, flat, in 3, deep seg. of which the middle one is narrowest. Caps, depressed, dissepiment contrary. 1. P. Canadensis. Stem simple ; spike somewhat leafy ; galea of the corolla with 2 setaceous teeth; ca/yx truncated downwards ; cf//j5«/e acuminate. Grows in pastures and low grounds. Stem erect, a foot high. Leaves lanceolate, pinnalifid with crenate or dentate lobes, dark green. Spike short, terminal, hairy, with a few small leaves at the base. The flowers are nearly sessile. Calyx truncated in an oblique direction downwards. Corolla yellowish and purple ; the upper lip is long, erect, forming a galea or helmet cut square off' at the end, with a brisile-like tooth at each corner. Capsule prolonged into a lanceo- late i)oiut A inch long. May— July. Per. Cnnudian Loiiscwort. (i. gludliita (P. gladiata Mx.); capsule prolongated into an ensiform point which is 5 — 1 inch in length. Plant rather taller. 2. P. PA'lLIDA. p. P. lanceolate. Mx. Stem branching, smooth ; hares subopposite, lanceolate, crenate and dentate ; upper lip of the curoUa truncate, with roundish-ovate, .^oliaceous. dentate segments; calyx 2-cleft. A smaller species than the foregoing, found in alluvial woods, itc. Stem 1 — 2 feet in hight, smooth, with pubescent lines, nearly opposite leaves and a few axillary branches. Leaves about an inch wide and 3 or 4 times as long. Spikes terminal, 1 — 2 inches in length, with ovate-lanceolate bracts. Calyx and corolla smooth, the latter greenish yellow, an inch m length, with the galea somewhat emarginate at the end. Capsule short, broadly ovoid. Sept, Per. Pale LousticorU VKRBENACEiE. 268 VERBENA. 23. MELAMTY'RUM. Calyx 4-clert; upper lip of the corolla compressed, the margin folded back; lower lip grooved, trifid ; capsvile2-celled, oblique, opening laterally, cells 2-seeded ; seeds cylandric- oblong, smooth. Gr. jK.£Xa«, black, and TfVQoi, wheat; the grain resembles the wheat in foim, but gives a singularly black color to the bread in which it is mixed. Herbs with opposite leaves. Fls in a terminal, leafy raceme. Cor. ringent, tube recurved. Caps, with the dissepiment contrary. Seeds cartilaginous. M. America'num. Leaves linear and lanceolate, the upper ones toothed at base ; floiccrs axilla- ry, distinct. Inliabits woods. Stem with opposite branches, 8 — 10 inches liioh, round, erect. Leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, the floral ones broader with setaceous teeth at base and tapering to an obtuse point. Flowers in the^ axils of the upper leaves, yellowish, slender, the coiolla twice the length ot the calyx. Capsules acute, declined, 4-seeded. Jl. Ann. Cow Wheat . ORDER XClll. VERBENACEyE. ThtVewainTriU. Cal. — Tubular, 4 — 5-toothecl, inferior, persistent. Cor.— Tubular, the limb bilabiate or irregularly 4— 5-cleft, deciduous. Sta. — 4, didynamous, seldom equal, occasionally only 2. Ova. — 2 — 4-celled ; ovules erect or pendulous, solitary' or twin. Scyle 1. i7';.._Drupaceous, baccate or dry, dividing into 2 or 4 1-seeded portions. Sd^. — With little or no albumen. Herbs, shrubs or trees, the former chiefly natives ot" temperate regions and the latter ol the tropics, where they are in some instances very large. The teak-wood (Tectona grandis), native of India, justly styled the " Oak of the East," is a timber tree of immense size and great durability, often uitainiug the hight of 100 feet. The wood contains silex. The medicinal properties of the tribe are little known or unimportant. Genera- Corolla funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, subequal Vtrherm.. 1 Corolla bilabiate, upper lip smaller, emarginate. Pkryma. 2 1 . V E R B E' N A . Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often truncate ; corolla funnel form, limb Scleft, nearly equal; stamens 4 (rarely but 2); seeds 2—4, enclosed in a thin evanescent pericarp. The name in Celtic is fcrfaen, to remove stone ; hence Eng. vervain and Lat. verbena. Herbs witii opposite leaves. Fls. mostly spicate. Cor. tube twice as long as the cal. Fil. very short, incurved within the tube. 1. V. hasta'ta. Erect ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate, petiolate, the lower oneslobedor hastate; sjyikes erect, filiform, panicled ; Jfojwrs tetrandrous. An erect, tall and elegant plant frequent by road sides and in low grounds. Stem 3—4 feet high, with pauiculate, opposite branches above. Leaves rough in appearance, and to tlie toucli, opposite, long pointed, finely serrate, the lower ones often somewhat hastate Flowers small, blue, arranged in long, close, imbricated spikes, wiiich are sotnewhat fascicled at the summit of the stem, erect and parallel to each other. Seeds 4. Jl.— Sept. Per. Blue Vervain. LABIATJE. 269 PHRYMA. 2. V. urticifo'lia. Erect, subpubescent ; leaves ova.ie and ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, petiohite ; spikes axillary and terminal, loose, filil'orin ; flowers tetrandrous. About roadsides and rubbish. A weed of uninvilincr aj)pearance. 2 — 3 feet high, with leaves resembling those of the nettle. Jt luis long, slender, weak, green, divergent spikes remotely tilled with small, white, distinct flower.3. Seeds 4. July, Aug. Per. JVcUle-leavcd Vervain. 3. V. ANGUSTIFo'lIA. M. V. rugosa. W. Erect, mostly simple ; Icaiies lanceolate-linear, tapering to the base, re- motely serrate, with furrowed veins ; spikes filiform, solitary, axillary and terminal. A small, hairy species, found on rocky hills and in other dry soils, N. Y. Stem not more than a foot high, with narrow, rough leaves and slender Hpikes of deep blue flowers. July. Fer. Pigmy Vervain. 4. V. Auble'tia. — S;f?7j weak, assiirgent ; swiA-es solitary, imbricate, long-pediinculate; divisions of the curulla eniarginate ; leaves oval, deeply serrate and divided, petiolate. Native at the South. A slender and delicate plant of the green-house, producino- numerous, successive clusters of rose- colored 01 scarlet flowers. Stem square, viscidly pubescent, 1 — "2 feet high, with opposite branches and leaves. Leaves deeply cut and toothed, rhombic- oval, on short stalivs. Flowers larger than others of the genus, in corymbose spikes. Brads nearly as long as the calyx, narrow, penuunent, downy as well as the calyx. May. Per Ruse Verbena. 2. PHRY'MA. Calyx cjlindric, bilabiate, upper iip longer, S-cleft, lower lip 2-loo(hed ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip emarginale, much smaller than the 3-lobed lower one; seed solitary. Meaning of the name unknown. Herbs with opposite leaves. F!s. oppo- site, spicate. Fruit deflexed. Cal. gibbous at base on the upper side, striate. Cor. ringent ; tube long as cal., middle seg. of the lower lip most prominent P. leptosta'chva. Li'.avps stalked, ovate, serrate; spikes long and slender; cahjx in fruit reflexi'd. Found in rocky woods. Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves large, (3 — G inches long), thin and coarsely toothed, on short stalks. Flovvfers small, opposite, light purple, in very long and slender spikes, of which one is terminal, the rest opposite and axillary, each often with a pairot bracts below. .'Vfter flowering the calyx closes upon the fruit and becomes reflexed back- wards close to the stem. Hence the common name lonsccd. The specific name refers to the slender spikes. Seeds solitary, rather large, invested with a thin, membranous capsule and enclosed in the matured calyx. July. August. Per. Lopseed. ORDER XCAV. LABIATI^. Ue Laliafe or Mint Tribe. Ca^— Tulnilar, regularly 5-tootlicd or cleft, or bilabiate, persistent. Cor.— Bilabiate (rarely regular, 5-toothed), the upper lip bifid or entire, overlapninir in restivatiou tlif lower 3-cleft one. Sta. — 4. diilynainous, or Sdmetimes only 9, the upper pair being aborUve or warning, sitii.ilea ,m the corolla lube. Antli. musily S-celled. Ora.— Free, deeply 4-lot>ed, the single style arising from the base of the lobes. Fr. — 1 — 4 hard nuts or achenia. '^t/i.— Erect, with little or no albumen. Embryo erect. Cotyledons flat. X* LABIATE. 270 A large and important order of herbs (rarely shrubby), with square stems and opposite, exstipulate leaves, abounding in receptacles of aromatic oil. Flowers in axillarj' or terminal verticillasters, almost always of the cyanic series, white, blue, red, &c. Tlie species are chiefly natives of temperate regions, being most abundant between latitudes 4U^ and 50° of tlie northern hemisphere. Propfrlifs. This well known family is universally per\-aded by an aromatic, -volatile oil and a bitter principle ; the former rendering them eminently tonic, cordial and stomachic : the latter, where it prevails, febrifugal. The pennyroyal, lavetuler, sage, hoarhound, thyme, spearmint, peppermint, horseinint, rosemary, Ifc, Ifc. plants whose qualilies are too well known to require particular mention here, are all members of this usel'ul family. Kot one species is poisonous or even suspicious. Conspectus of the Genera. * Flowers diandroiis. I Bracts whitish. Blephilia. 7 J Cor. blue. I Bract.s green. Hedeoma. IS ( Connectile erect, short. I Corolla yellow. CoUinsonia. 10 C bilabiate. ( Conneetile transverse, long; anthers dimidiate. . Salvia. 8 1 1 Herbs. . Cunila. 17 Corolla ( Upper lip emarginate. | Slirubs. . Ro.vnarimu. 9 I bihibiate. . \ Upper lip linear, embracing the fil. . Monarda. 6 Calyx [subequal. ( Corolla subregular, 4-lobed Lycopus. 5 * * Flowers didynamous. 2 ( Lips of ca- ( Filaments simple. . Melissa. i20 ^ (Stamens 5 lyx toothed. | Filaments forked. . Prmulla. 2-2 r:: f Tube of corol- ] ascending ( Lips of the calyx entire. . . . Scutellaria. 21 "^ J la exserted. . ( Stamens very long, arching the 5-cleft limb of cor. Trichostema. 33 -g ] "■ 1 Stamens scarcely exsert. Thymits. 13 O I. Tube of the cor. scarcely longer than cal. I Stamens exserted. . Majorana. 12 ( Cal. 15- I equal. Hyssoptis. 15 S f Flowers J nerved, i oblique. I.o;7/ia;iM!/tt/«. L. Europceus. .'-/.t. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, lower ones incised ; teeth of the calyx acuminate-spinescent ; stem square, 1 — 2 feet high; f overs small, white, many in a whorl. A perennial plant, widely diffused throughout the U. Stales, growing in damp grounds. In habits and general appearance it resembles the Menthre, but is sufficiently distinguished by the number of stamens, form of the flattened triquetrous aclienia, and its being inodorous. Stem sharply 4-anglpd, the sides concave, 1 — 2 feet higli. Lower leaves deeply and pinnatifidly toothed. Verticils dense. Calyx teeth longer than the achenia. It dyes a permanent black. Aug. Per. Water Hvurhound. 2. L. Virgi'nicus. Leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire at the base ; calyx teeth spineless, usually 4, shorter than the aclienia. A plant as widely diffused as the preeeditig, growing in wet soils. Stem smooth, obtusely 4-ancrled with the sides concave, 12 — 18 inciies iiigh, nsuall}- simple, bearing sinull vi'horls of minute, ])urplish flowers. J^eaves with coarse, toolli like serraiures, sessile. The whole plant often changes to purple. It is reputed a remedy for blood- spitting. July, Aug. Per. Virginia Water Hoarlinund. Bugle-weed. 273 BLEPHILIA. Tribe 3. MONARDE.E. CnroUa bilabiate : tube exserted. Stamens 2 fertile, ascending, the upper pair abortive ; anthers linear, with the two celts contiguous, or halved with the 2 cells widely separated on opposite ends of a long, transverse connectile. 6. MONA'RDA. Corolla ringent, tubular, upper lip linear, involving the filament; stamens 2, mostly exserted from the upper lip. Name in honor of Monardes, a Spanish botanist of the IGth century. Cal. elongated, cylindric, striate, sub-equally 5-tootiied. Upper lip of cor. lance- linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrower ; tube slender, mostly exserted. Anth. 2-celled, cells divaricate at base, connate at apex. 1. M. di'dyma, &'em acutely 4-angled ; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, somewhat rough and villous, on short petioles, midribs and veins hairy beneath ; flowers in terminal, often proliferous heads; bracts colored. A handsome, fragrant plant, 2 — 3 feet high, with crimson or scarlet flowers. Stem mostly branch- ing. Leaves 2 — 5 inches lonff, very broad at base, often cordate, serrate, with scattered hairs above and prominent, haiiy veins beneath. Flowers in heads which are often proliferous, with large, ovate lanceolate bracts tinged with the same color as the corollas. Calyx colored. Corollas large and showy. Styles 4, 2 of which are minute and abortive ; hence the specific name. A beautiful plant in cultivation. Swamps. July. Aug. Per. Mountain Mint. 2. M. FISTULO'SA. L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubes- cent ; heads of flotccrs terminal, few, but many-flowered ; irac^s sessile , calyx slightly curved with the throat hirsute. A handsome, variable plant, growing in hedges, thickets, rocky banks, «fec., most common in N. York. The stem is 2 — 3 feet high, quadrangular with the sides somewhat concave, hollow in various degress, nearly smooth or pubescent above, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves obtuse at base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth, 2 — 4 inches long and on petioles one fifth their length. Flowers in involucrate, terminal heads, 20 — 50 in a head. Outer bracts leafy, often partially colored. Calyx slender, one half inch in length. Corolla much exserted, varying from greenish white and pale purple to blue, the upper lip long and linear, enfolding the 2 stamens, which, with the style are somewhat exserted at its end. July, Aug. Per. a. Stem simple, hollow; heads simple or proliferous ; corolla pale yellow. /3 (M. allophylla. Mx.) ; stem branched, hollow, or solid with pith ; leaves oblong-lanceolate; heads simple ; bracts paitially colored ; corolla pale blue. y. (M. clinopodia. L ) ; stem solid ; leaves tapering at base, remotely ser- rate ; heads simple ; calyx short ; corolla pale purple. 7. BLEPHI'LIA. Calyx 13-nervecl, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothecl, lower lip shorter, 2-tootlied, the teeth setaceous 5 corolla bilabiate, upper lip short, erect, oblong, obtuse, entire ; lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the lateral ones orbicular ; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. Gr. fi>.i(^»Qii, the eye-lash; probably referiing to the ciliate bracts. LABIATJE. 274 ROSMARINTS. B. IIIRSU'TA. Raf. Monarda hirsuta. P. M. ciliata. JIfx. Whole plant hirsute ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate; flowers in axillary verticillasters ; bracts colored, sliorter than the flowers, oblong, acuminate. In damp woods, rare. Stem 1 — '2 feet high, diti'usely branching, roughly pubescent. Petiole one fourth to one half inch long, leaves 1} or 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Flowers small, form- ing several dense whorls near the ends of each branch. Corolla scarcely half an inch long, pale purple with spots of a deeper hue. Style longer than stamens, or corolla. June, July. Per. Hairy Blepldlia. 8. SA'LVIA. Corolla ringent ; stamens 2; connectilc transversely artic- ulated to the tilament, supporting at each end a cell of the dimidiale anliier ; achenia 4. Lat. salvia, from salveo, to be well ; probably for its salutary qualities. A large genus of which but few species are native. Cal. tubular, striate, 2- lipped, the upper lip:2 — 3-toothed, lower lip divided Upper lip of cor. straight or falcate, lower 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate. The transverse conneclile constitutes the essential character. 1. S. lyra'ta. Radical leaves lyrate, erosely dentate ; upper lip of the coroVa very short, straight. Stem erect, quadrangular, nearly leafless, J — 2 feet high, branching above and covered with hairs pointing downwards. Radical leaves oblong, lyrate or sinuate-piniiatifid, petiolate. Cauline leaves but 1 — 2 pairs, just below the raceme. Flowers in whorls of about 6, distant, constituting a long, interrupted raceme. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. Ps^ative of shady woods. May, June. Per. Wi d Suge. 2. S. OFFICINA'lIS. — Leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose ; ■whorls few-flowered ; calyx mucronate ; upper lip of the corolla, as long as the lower and somewhat vaulted. A well known garden shrub, with a shrubby stem, rugose leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. F'lowers in whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a lengthened tube and viscid calyx, somewhat brown. Native in the south of Europe. Very useful in domestic economy and medicine. July. Per. Ccminon Sage. 3. S. ScLARV. — Leaves oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, villous, serrate ; bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx. A strong-scented exotic, 1 — 3 feet hitrh, with viscid leaves as large as the hand. The flowers and bracts are variegated with pale purple and yellowish white, in whorled spikes. Calyx with spinous teeth. Native in Italy. Bien. Clarry. 9. ROSMARI'NUS. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2 parted; filaments 2, fertile, elongated, ascending, having a tooth on the side. An ancient Latin name, compounded of ros, dew, and marinvs, of the sea. Cor lower lip reflexed, in 3 divisions, of which the middle is larger. Fil. inclining towards the upper lip, which they exceed in length. R. OFFICINA'LIS. — Leaves sessile, linear, margins revolute. Anerect, evergreen shrub, 4 feet hisrli) much branched. Leaves opposite, obtuse, linear-oblono-, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes whitish beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, havintr. like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance like camphor. It yields by distillation a large proportion of fragrant oil. Rosemary, LABfAT^. 275 PVCNANTHEMUM. Tribe 4. SATUREINEiE. Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate ivith the upper lip trijid and the lower bifid. Corolla sxibbilabiate^ upper lip erect, flat, evtire or bifid, lower spreading, trifid, lobes subequai ; tube about as long as the calyx. Utamens 2 — 4, distant, straight, diverging. 10. PYCNA'iNTHEMUM. Heads surrounded by an involucre of many bracts; calyx tubular, striate; upper li[) of tl»e corolla mostly eniire ; sta- mens distant, 2 as long as the upper lip, 2 shorter. Gr. irvKvoi. dense, and av^oi, a flower ; the flowers of this genus are in close heads. Lower lip of cor. trifid, the middle lobe longest. Anth. with parallel cells. •Stamens e.xserted. 1. P. INCA'NUM. Mz. Clinopodiumincanum. Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, with short petioles and hoary tomentum ; heads of flowers compound, terminal and lateral, pedunculate ; brads subulate. Grows in rocky woods and hills. Stem Sfeet high, obtusely 4-angled. erect, and, like the rest of the plant, covered with soft, whitish down. Leaves whitish beneath. Flowers pale red with purple spots, on white, tomentose peduncles, in dense heads, and with numerous bracts, of which the inner ones are setaceous, bearded at the end ; the outer ones are lanceolate. Plant aromatic. July, Aug. Per. Wild Basil. 2. P. ARISTA'TUM. Mz. Leaves lance-ovate, subserrate, with very short stalks, whitish ; verticils and terininid /tend sessile ; bracts aw ned. Native of dry woods. Stem ] — 3 feet high, downy, erect. Leaves an incli long, punctate, nearly sessile, the upper ones a little canescent with down. Flowers white, small, in numerous, compound, dense, hoary, terminal, sessile whorls and heads. Aromatic — tastes like pennyroyal. July, Aug. Per IVild Basil. 3. P. LINIFo'liUM. p. Brachystemum Virginicum. Mx. Stem straight, smooth ; 6;-ffnc/iC5 trichotomous, fastigiate ; leaves linear, very entire, ri-nerved, smooth ; lieads terminal, dense, in a fasciculate corymb. An erect plant with fastigiate branches, a foot and a half high, growing in ex- siccated swamps, &c. Like both the above species it tastes and smells strongly like pennyroyal. Stem often purplish, slightly 4-angled, corymbose at the summit. iLeaves very narrow, entire, sniootli and punctate, with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils. Flowers small, white, in numerous, small, roundish heads, mostly terminal, and with imbricated bracts. Aug. f- sr. Virginian Thyme. * * Stamens included. 4. P. VERTICILLA'TUM. Mx. p. lanceolatum. P. Stem straight, corymbosely branched, pubescent on the angles ; leaves sub- sessile, ovate-lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, feather-veined, entire; verticils sessile, fasciculale-corymbed ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate; stamens exserted. This species much resembles the preceding, but is distinct in several important characters. Grows in dry woods and hills. Stem 2 or more feet high, square, with obtuse angles, somewhat scabrous. Branches corymb- ed, dowiiy above. Leaves varyino; in width from one si.\th to one half of their length. Flowers collected in dense, canescent heads. Corolla purplish white with darker spots. Aug. Per. H'horled Pycnant/iemum. LABIATJE. 276 THYMUS. 5. P. mu'ticum. Stem pubescent, paniculate-branching above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sub- dentate, sessile, nearly smooth ; heads terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, awnless; stamens inchided. Found in woods and dry hills. Stem 2 feet high, square, with larger opposite leaves and white flowers. Leaves large, the width a third of the length, entire or denticulate. Heads mostly lenninai, and with the bracts and upper leaves, whitish pubescent. Corolla tinged with purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Aug. Per. Jlwnless Pyc. 11. O R I G A' N U M . Flowers collected into dense clusters, imbricated with bracts; upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip with 3 nearly equal segments. Gr. oQoi a mountain, and ya-voi, joy. These pretty, fragrant plants may well be said to be the joy of the places where they grow. Invol. of many imbricated, ovate, colored leaves, one under each flower, longer than the ovoid-tubular, subregular calyx. Cor. ringent, tube equal to the calyx. Fil. long as cor. 0. vulga're. Leaves ovale, entire, hirsvite, petiolate ; s/)?7.c5 roundish, panicled. fascicu- late, smooth, erect; hructs ovnie, longer than the calyx, colored. Grows in fields and tliickets. Stem 12 — 18 inches high, purple, leafy, branching above. Leaves a very little serrate, opposite, hairy, sprinkled with resinous dots, paler beneath. Petioles hairy one fourth as long as the leaves. Bracts tinged with purple. Flowers purplish while. The plant has a highly aromatic taste. July, Aug. Per. If'ild Marjoram. 12. MAJORA'NA. Upper lip of the calyx flat, contracted and involute at base; lower lip very small ; corolla tube scarcely exserted, upper lip emaiginate, lower spreading, subequally 3-lobed ; stamens exserted, distant. Name derived from the Arabic. European herbs. Flowers in dense spikelets, imbricated with bracts. Cal. and cor. sornewiiat 2-lipped. Anth. 2celled. M. HORTE'NSIS.--Jltonc/t. (Origanum Majorana. P.) Leaves o\a\ ox obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoary-pubescent; s/«7.es roundish, compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of the branches; bracts roundish. Native of Portugal, cultivated in gardens It has a pleasant aromatic flavor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft-downy, a foot high. Flowers pink-colored. July, Aug. Per. 8icect Marjoram. 13. THYMUS. Flowers capitate or verticillate ; calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate, 10-ribbed, the throat closed with hairs ; upper lip of the corolla flat, emarginate, shorter than the lower. Gr. 9'ff*o<, courage ; on account of the smell which revives the spirits of animals. Cal. upper lip trifid, lower bifid. Cor. lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broadest. ^77 COLLINSONIA. 1. T. VULGA'riS — Stfms procumbent at base, erect; leaves revolnte at the sides, oblong-ovate and lanceolate ; verticils in terminal, leafy spikes. Native of S. Europe and cultivated for culinary purposes. Stems sutiruti- cose, numerous, branched, G — 10 inches high. It is higlily aromatic, as well as the other species, and is peculiarly attractive to bees. Blossoms in sum- mer. Garden Thyme. 2. T. Serpy'llus. Steins decumbent ; leaves flat, elliptical, obtuse, ciliate at base ; floicers capitate. An aromatic plant, similar to the preceding, but milder and rather more pleasantly flavored. Stems suff"ruticose, wiry, slender and wavy, with leafy, downy and ascending branches, each terminating in a small, dense, oblong head of purple flowers, much frequented by bees. Leaves entire, petiolate, punctate, smoolhish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June. Cul- tivated and naturalized. ICild Thyme. Mother of Tlujvie. 14. SATURE'JA. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved ; segments of the bilabiate corolla nearly equal; stamens diverging, scarcely exserted. Arabic sritur, the general name for labiate plants. Upper lip of cor. erect, flat,; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, lobes nearly equal. S. HORTE'NSIS. — Stem branching; /ca?;c5 linear-oblong, entire, acute at the end ; peduncles axillary, cymcse. Native of Italy. Cultivated as a culinary arojnatic. Stem branching and bushy, a foot and a half high, woody at base, frequently changing to purple. Leaves numerous, small and nar- row, with axillary cymes of pink-colored flowers. Calyx about as long as tlie corolla. July, Aug. Per. Summer Sa cor y. 15. HYSSO'PUS. Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment largetit, tube about as long as the calyx ; stamens exserted, diverging. Hebrew ezob ; Arabic azzof; Eng. hyssop. It is uncertain to what plant the ancient name was applied. C;il. tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toolhed ; throat naked. Cor. bilabiate, lower lip in 3 segments of which tiie middle one is lono-estand crenate, obcordate. Anth. 2-celIed ; cells linear, divaricate. H. OFFICINA'LIS. — Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; calyx tcrth erect ; flowers in racemose, secund verticils, middle division of the corolla '2-lobed. entire. The common hyssop is a native of S Europe, often met with in our o-ardens, bemg cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. It i.f a handsome plant, growing in tufts, 2 feet high, with delicate foliage and bright blue flowers. July. Per. Hyssop. 1 G . C O L L I N S O' N I A . Corolla exserted, campanulaleringent, upper Up in 4 sub- equal lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate; stamens 2, (rarely 3) much exserled, divergent. Name in honor of John Collinson, an English botanist. Gal. ovoid, bilabi- ate, about 10 nerved ; upper lip truncate, 3-toolhed, lower lip bifid. Anth, ii- celled, cells divaricate. Y LADIAT^. 278 MICROMERIA. C. Canade'ks[s. Z,ctt?)r;5 ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, glabrous ; teeth of the calyx subulate, shorter than the tube ; racemes paniculate, terminal. A tall herb witli large, yellow leaves. Stein 4-sided, 3 — 4-feet high, smooth or a little pube-sucnt. Leaves thin, C — b inches long and 3 — 4 wide. Flowers in a large, compound raceme ; with opposite branches and pedicels. Corolla greenisli yellow, the lower lip elongated and fringed. Style and stamens very long. Flowering in summer. Woods and fields. Per. Horse Balm. 17. CUNI'LA. Calyx 10 nerved, equally S-tooihecJ, throat densely villose, upper lip of corolla flat, einarginate ; stamens 2, erect, exsert- ed, distant. Gr. jwi/tXi), the ancient Roman name for pennyroyal. Cal. tubular, cylin- drical. Cor. bilabiate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe often the largest and emarginate. Anth. 2-celIed ; cells parallel or at length divergent at base . C. Maria'na. Leaves ovate, serrate, subsessile ; cymes pedunculate, corymbose, axillary and terminal. Grows on rocks and in dry woods, M. Y. Stem 4-angled, mostly purple, branching, smoothish, 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves small, nearly smooth, roundish or subcordate at base, tapering to a point and punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers with subulate bracts at the base of the 3-forked pedicels. Caly.x punctate. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pubes- cent, pale red. Stamens and style much e.xserted, of the same hue as the corolla. The herb is delightfully fragrant, and used in febrifugal infusions. July — Sept. Per. Dittany. TiuBE 5. MELISSINEiE. Gilyx bilabiate ; corolla bilabiate : upper lip straight, lower lip sprear/ing, deft into SJlat lobes, of ivkick the middle one is often broadest. Stamens 4, sometimes 2, ascending. 18. HEDEO'MA. Calyx gibbous beneath at base. 13-nervcd, throat hairy; upper lip of coiolla erect, flat, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; stamens 2, feilile, ascending. Gr. lo^fia, sweet or agreeable, oa-fx^-i), smell; on account of the fragrance. Cal. ovoid, bilabiate, upper lip 3-tootlied, lower lip bifid, about as large as the corolla. Anth. 2-celled ; cells diverging. H. pulegioi'des. Leaves oblong, few-toothed ; flowers axillary, whorled. A small, strong- scented herb, held in high repute in the domestic materia vicdica. Stem erect, branching, half a foot high. Leaves opposite with 1—2 teeth each side, on very short petioles, smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliate, 2 lower divisions spined. Abundant in dry pastures, and flowers ill summer. Ann. Pennyroyal. 10. MICROME'RIA. Calyx 13 (rarely 15)-nerved, 5-toothed, nearly equal; co- rolla sub-bilabiate, tube exserlod, upper lip bitidly emarginate, lower subcqualty 3-lobed ; stamens ascending, the upper j'air shorter. LABIAT-E. 279 SCUTELLARIA. Gr. f/>ix,Qoi, small or obscure, f*£go«, division; on account of the sliglitly 2-lipped caljix and corolla. JM. GLABE'lLA. Bf.nth. CnnWii. Mx. Hedeoma glabra. J\««^ Glabrous; stem branching above, and mostly surculose at base; leaves entire, those of the suckers elliplic-ovate, of the stem linear-oblong, obtuse ; verticilliisters about 6-flo\vercd. A delicate little herb nearly or quite smooth, growing on lime-stone rocks near the base of Niagara Falls. It has the general aspect and fragrance of pennyroyal. Stem erect (prostrate at base), 4-angled, slender, 6 — 10 inches high. Suckers at the base often numerous and several inches in length, with leaves about ',i lines long, and 2 lines wide, brownish purple beneath. Stem leaves an inch or less long, very narrow, the lowest sometimes with a few teeth. Flowers somewhat regular, on pedicels ^ inch long, with linear bracts at the base. Corolla pale purple. Stamens 4, the upper pair much the shortest, all antheriferous. Jl., Aug. Per. 20. MEl. rSSA. Calyx 13 nerved,, flaltish above, ihe upper lip 3-toothed, lower bifid; upper lip of the corolla erect, flaltish, lower lip spreading. 3-lobfd, the middle lobe mostly broadest. Sta- mens ascending. This is the Gr. name of the bee, from ft-fX, hone}'; which is sought in these flowers by bees wiih avidity. Cal and cor. bilabiate. Stam. mostly approxi- mate in pairs at apex. Anth. 2- celled, cells distinct, parallel, finally diverging. Connectile often thickened. 1. M. OFFICINA'LIS. — Pubescent ; s^cm erect, branching; ^o?cer5 in dimidiate verticils, subsessile ; leaves ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose; bracts few, ovate lanceolate, petiolate. A well known garden plant, native of S. Europe. Stem about a foot high. Flowers white or yellowish. The plant is a stomachic and diuretic, generally administered in the form of tea. For medicinal use it should be cut before flowering which occurs in June and after. Balm. 2. M. ClINOPO'diUM. Benth. Clinopodium valgare. L. Villose ; leaves ovate, subserrate; verticils many-flowered, hairy; bracts numerous, subulate. Low woods, i\:c. A common plant, 1 — 2 feet high. Stem square, simple or sparingly branched, and, as well as the whole plant, clothed with a whitish wool. Leaves petiolate, tapering to an obtuse point, pale, with whitish down beneath. Flowers purplish, in very hairy, mostly terminal whorls or heads. Peduncles cymosely bianched, short. Involucre of narrow and bristle-like bracts, about equalling the hairy, subulate C3l)'x teeth. July. Per. Itild Basil. Tribe fi. SCUTELLARINE^. Calyx bilnbiale, upper lip truncate. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, tube ascenUing, exserted. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the upper lip of the corolla. 21. SCUTELLA'RIA. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, lips entire, the upper one appendaged on the back and closed after flowering; corolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, tube much exserted. Lat. scutella, a small vessel, from the figure of the calyx, which may be likened to a cup with a handle. But it Btill more resembles a helmet with the vizor raised. Cor. ringent; upper lip concave, in 3 scg., the middle one clef\j LABIAT.E. 280 NEPETA. lower lip broader, in 3 shallow lobes. Tube ascending from the base. Stam. ascending. Anth. approximate in pairs under the upper lip, 2-celled. 1. S. lateriflo'ba. Stem branching, nearly glabrous ; leavrs ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serratP, petiolate ; racrmis lateral, axillary, leafy. Meadows and ditches. Stem square,] — 2 feet high, very branching. Leaves opposite, rounded at base, acuminate or acute, coarsely serrate, on petioles an inch in length. Racemes op|)osite, axillary, somewhat one-sided, on long stalks, and consisting of numerous small, blue flowers intermixed with small leaves. The English name is due to the singular form of the calyx, which after flowering, closes upon the seeds like a cap or vizor. July, Aug. Per. Virginian iicull-cap. 2. S. integrifo'lia, ■S7e7rt erect, nearly simple, and, with the whole plant, densely pubescent; leovis ovate-lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subacute, entire, subsessile ; racemes loose, leafy ; jioicers large. Grows on dry hills. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, with large blue flowers in terminal racemes,. Tiie leaves vary in breadth and margin, the lowest being sometimes ovate and crenate. July. Per. Entirc-lcavcd Scull-cap. 3. S. galericula'ta. Stem, erect, simple or branched ; Z^flce* lanceolate-cordate, remotely crenate- serrate ; y/ojccrs axillary, solitary Meadows and ditches. Tlie whole plant glabrous. Stem square, 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves truncate-cordate at base and acutish at apex, scarcely petiolate, li inch in length, ^ inch wide. Flowers much larger than the preceding, rarely more than 1 from the sam£ axle, with a vizor-like calyx like that of the last. Corolla an inch in length, blue. July. Common Scull-cap. 22. PRUNE'LLA . Calyx about 10-nerved, upper li|) dilated, truncale, with 3 short (eelli, lower lip wiiii 2 lanceolale teelli; tilamenls forked, one point ofthe foik bearing llie anther. A name of German origin. Cal. campanulate, bilabiate. Cor. rinjrent ; tube short, cylindric, the upper lip concave, entire, inflated, lower lip reflect- ed, 3-lobed. Anth. approximate in pairs beneath the upper lip, 2-celled; cells divaricate. P. vulga'ris. Siem ascending, simple ; /coires oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; upper lip of corolla truncate, with 3 awns. A very common plant sometimes called blue-curls, found in meadov/s and low grotmds. The stem is nearly a foot high, obtusely 4-angled, hairy, simple or slightly branched. Leaves few. opposite, slightly toothed, the stalks gradually becoming shorter from the lower to the upper pair which are sessile. Flowers blue, in a large ovate spike of dense verticils. Bracts imbricated, reniform, 2 beneath each verticil. Flowering all summer. Per. Self-heal. Tribe 7. NEPETEiE. Calyx oMigue, -upper teeth longer. Corolla bilabiate., vjrper lip vaulted, lower spreading, throat tnosty inflated. Staynens ascending or diverging, the ujrper pair longer. 2 3. NE'PETA. Calyx arid, striate; upper lip of the corolla emarginate. lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the orilice reflected ; stamens approximate, 281 LOPHANTHUS. Said to be named from JVepet, a town in Tuscany. Cal. tube ovoid, straight, about 15-nerved. Tube of cor. cylindric, long, incurved, dilated at the throat which has on each side a small, refle,\ed lobe, upi>er lip erect, slightly cleft; lower lip large, rounded, concave, with many notches. Fil. close together, covered by the upper lip. Ach. 4, in the bottom of the cal. N. cat.v'ria. Erect, tall, hoary-tomentose ; leavs petiolate, cordate, coarsely crenate- serrate ; ^'e. Gr. Xt^os, a stone, and a-TriQfio-, seed ; the seeds being hard and shining like little pebbles. Small, weed-lilie plants. Style shorter than the tube. 1. L. officina'le. Leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, veiny; calyx nearly equal to the tube ot the corolla ; achenia smooth. A rough, weed-like plant, introduced from Europe. Grows in dry, gravelly soils, common. Stem much branched, arising 1 — 2 feet, from a white, fusiform root. Leaves grayish green, .ruugti boraginacej:. 289 ltcopsis. •OH the upper side, hairy beneath, rather acute, entire. Flowers small, white, axillary, solitary, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy spikes. Seeds ovale, white or grayish, polished, stony, June. Gromic-dl. 2, L. arve'n&e. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy, cahjz nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments; ackenia rugose. A rough, pilose, annual weed, introduced into our cornfields and waste grounds. Tlie stem is branchino-, erect, 12 — 15 inches high, from a fusiform root with reddish bark. Leaves bright green, rough, sessile, 1 — 2 inches in length, with only the central nerve ; the lower ones obtuse and narrowed to the base ; upper ones subacute. Flowers small, white, subsessile, solitary, in the axils of tiie upper leaves. May, June. Corn. Gromwdl. 8. PULMONA'RIA. Calyx prismatic. 5-angled, 5-toothed ; corolla infundibuli- form, with a cvlindric lube, orifice open, limb of 5 obtuse lobes; achenia imperforate. Probably named from its having been used as a medicine in lung com- plaints ; hence also the English name, lung wort. Handsome perennial herbs. Fis. blue. Cal. permanent. Tube of cor. about the length of the cal. Fil. very short, within the throat. 1. P. VlRGINICA. Plant erect, smooth ; calyx much shorter than the tube of the corolla, limb longer than the tube; radical leaves obovate-elliptical, obtuse; caullne unes long-lanceolate. A smooth, erect, and elegant plant, about 20 inches high, native in N. Y., sometimes cultivated. The leaves of the stem are sessile, narrower than those of the root, whose width is | of their lencrth. Flowers in terminal clusters. Corolla blue, funnel-form, sitting upon a^short. 5-toothed calyx. Stamens and style included. May. Per. ° Virginian Lung-wort. 2 P. OFFICIN.\'liS. — P/rtni rough; calyx the length of the lube of the corolla ; radical leaces ovate, cordate, scabrous ; cauUne ones ovale, sessile. Native of England, but naturalized and cultivated in our gardens. Flowers blue, in terminal clusters. Stem a foot high. This as well as other foreign species of this genus, is a rough-leaved plant, while the several American species are uniformly smooth. May. Per. Common Lung-wort. 9. LYCO'PSIS. Calyx 5-cIeft; corolla funnel-fortn, tube incurved, orifice closed with ovate, converging scales; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. Gr. Kwioi. a wolf, and oi|/, the eye ; such being the appearance, which the small blue flowers of this plant presents to an active iraaffination. Annual herbs. Tube of cor. twice bent. Fil. very small. Stig. emarginate. L. arve'.nsis. Plant hispid ; leaves lanceolate, repand-denticulate; racemes leafy; flowers sessile; calyx shorter than the lube of the corolla. A very hispid, almost bristly plant, found in fields and roadsides, probably introduced. Stem erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5' or 6 times as long as wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Flowers small. Calyx erect. Corolla sky-blue with while scales "witliin. Jn.,Jl. U'iid Butrloss. z BORAGKNACE^-. 290 STMPHTTBM. 10. ANCHU'SA. Calyx 5-partcd ; corolla infundibuliform, vaulted, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales; achenia perforate at the base and their surfaces generally rugose ; stamens included ; stig- ma emarginate. Gr. ayy^ova-a,, paint. Tlie root of one species, A. tinctoriro, was once used for staining the features. Handsome herbs. None of the species are indi- genous. A. OFFICINA'liS. — Leaves lanceolate, strigose; spikes one-sided, im- bricated; cahjx as long as the tube of the corolla. A rough garden plant, native of Britain. Tlie English name, Bugloss, comes from the Greek, signifying ox-lungue, on account of the long, rough leaves. Stem 2 feet high, rough with bristly hairs. Bracts ovate. Flowers purple, with a melliferous corolla very attractive to bees. The leaves are juicy, and the root mucilagin- ous, used in medicine to promote the eruption of the small pox. Blossoms all summer. Per. Bugloss. 11. MYOSO'TIS. Caljx 5-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, the 5 lobes slightly emarginate, orifice closed with short, concave scales ; achenia ovate, smooth, with a small cavity at base. Gr. f*f o«, a rat, and (ovi) oto«, an ear, from the form of the leaves. Limb flat. Tube short. Stam. included. Style central, as long as the tube. 1. M. PALU'STRIS. Roth. M. scorpoides. Willd. Stem subramose ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, with short, scattered hairs; racemes without bracts; pedicels divaricate in fruit, twice as long as the short, spreading, smooth segments of the calyx. Grows about ditches and marshes, often called loater-mousc-ear from the leaves, which are rough- ish with appressed hairs. Stem about a foot high, witli scattered hairs, ascending trom long, creeping roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1 — J inches long, ^ as wide. Racemes terminal or often one of them su])ra-axillary, one- sided. Flowers small, blue, on pedicels half an inch long May — Aug. Per. Marsh Scorpion-grass. 2. M. ARVE'NSIS. Sihth. Lycopsis Virginica. L.? Stem branching ; leaves oval-lanceolate, hairy ; racemes long ; pedicels in fruit suberect, about as long as the calyx ; calyx segments oval, acuminate, hairy, closed, about the length of the corolla. Found m sandy woods. Whole plant of a grayish hue from its dense pubescence. Stem 4 — 10 inches high, at length much branched. Leaves ^ — 1 inch in length, sessile, acutish, the lower ones oblauceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short petiole. Racemes revo- lute at the end, not secund, short at first, but arising at length (J, 8, or even 12 inches. Flowers very small, white. June. Ann. Forget-me-not. 12. S Y' M P H Y T U M . Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular-campanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, converging into a cone; achenia gibbous, imperforate. Gr. .£ji4o«, war. Pliny relates that two kings fourrht for the merit of the discovery of tlie virtues of the plant to which he gave tliis appellation. Herbs with alternate, pinnately-divided leaves, l-'ls. terminal. Fil. dilated at base and issuing from the ends of the valves. 1. P. REPTANS. Stem smooth, branching, erect; leaves pinnately 7— 11-foliate, leaflets, oval- lanceolate, acute ; fioiocrs terminal, nodding. A handsome plant of woods and damp grounds in N. Y., &c., and sometimes cultivated. Stem ]2— 18 inches high, weak, fleshy. Leaflets mostly 7, subopposite, smooth, entire, sessile, an inch long and half as wide. Flowers numerous, rather large, on short petioles. Segments of the calyx lanceolate-acute, persistent, much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla blue, lobes short, rounded at the ends. Anthers introrse. 'R.ooi creeping. Per. Aincrlcua Greek-Valerian. 2. P. CCERU'LEUM. — Stem smooth, simple, erect; leaves pinnately 11 — !7-foliate; floirers erect; calyx equalling the tube of the corolla. A handsome, cultivated plant, native in England. Stems clustered, several from the same root, about 2 feet high, hollow, stout, each dividino- at top into a corymbose panicle. Leaves mostly radical, on long, grooved petioles; leaflets all ses.sile, ovate-lanceolate, subopposite, oblique" odd one lanceolate'. Flowers terminal, suberect. Corolla blue, about half an inch in diameter.' June, July. Per. European Greek- J 'alcrian. /3. alba ; foioers white. ORDER XCIX. DIAPEx\SlACE.^. GiZ.— Sopals 5, much imbricated, surrounded at base with imbricated scales Cor.— Petals .'5, united, regular, imbricated in sestivalion. Sta.—5, equal, the filaments petaloid and inserted ou the corolla tube z* CONVOLVULACEJE. 294 CONVOLVULUS. Aiith. — 2-celled, transversely valved. Ova. — .3-cclled, free. ,S?7//fi united into 1. S/i'groa 3-lobed. Fr. — Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds many, small, albuminous. Prostrate, suffrulico.se plants, with crowded, evergreen leaves and terminal, solitary flowers. Natives of the north of Europe and the northern parts of N. America. D I A P E' N S I A . Caljx 5parted, caljculate with 3 bracts at base; corolla hypocrateriform, limb S-cleft, flat; stamens 5, from the sum- mit of the tube ; stigmas 3 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. A Greek name formerly applied to the Sanicle as a vulnerary. Low, evergreen undershrubs. D. Lappo'nica. Caespitose ; leaves dense, spathulate, fleshy, evergreen, obtuse and entire ; flowers pedunculated. A little, leafy plant, 2 — 3 inches high, growing on the summits of the White Mis. in N. Hampshire, forming dense tufts among the rocks. Leaves crowded, pale beneath, fleshy, 5 — 8 lines long, 1 line wide, with a revolute margin, claspinor base, and broadly obtuse point. Flowers on short, terminal, solitary peduncles which are an inch long in fruit. Calyx of 5, obtuse leaves, longer than the leafy bracts at its base. Corolla white, with 5, flat segments. JiHy. Per. jXorthern Diapensia. Another species, D. cuncifolia, very abundant in the pine barrens of Newr Jersey, is said by Dr. Peck, to be also an inhabitant of the White Mts., but I have not observed it there, after diligent search. ORDER C. CONVOLVULACE.E. The Morning-glory Tribe. Cal. — Sepals 5, much imbricated, usually united at base, persistent. Cnr. — RcETular, limbS-lobed or entire, plaited and twisted in a;stivation. Sta. — 5. iiiserted into tlie base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ova. — 2 — 4-celled, free. Sti/les united into 1. Pr. — Capsule '2— 4-eelled, valves with scptifragal dehiscence. Sds. — Few, large, with thin mucilaginous albumen. Cotyledons foliaceous. An important order of twining or trailing herbs orshrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers showy. Juice usually milky. They are vcr>' abundant in tropical climates, rare in cold. Propnties. The roots abound in an acrid, milky juice which is strongly purgative. Ja/a;?of the .shops is the product of the rootof C.Ialapa of Mexico; Scammony of C. Scam- monia, native of Iln(/t. 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Q^ci. Free ^-celled. Ovuks in pairs, pendulous. Style 1 or 0. Sligma entire or bifid. jfr.— Drupaceous, baccate orsainaraj, usually 1-seeded by abortion. g^j. Albumen dense, fleshy, abundant, twice as long as the straight embryo. Trees and shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate. Natives of temperate climates. The ash is very abundant in N. America. The Philerias and the Synngas are Properties. Otoe oi7 is expressed from the pericarp of the o^ife (Olea Europcea). The bark of this tree, and also of the ash, is bitter, astringent and febrifugal. Manna, a sweet, gentle pur^'utive, is the concrete discharge of several species of the Fraxinus, particularly of the European F. Ornus. The species of the ash are well known ibrtheir usetul timber. Conspectus of the genera. 1 long. Anthers included. Shrubs. Syringa. 1 (colored. Tube of the corolla } short. Anthers exserted. Shrubs. Li gustrum. 2 Flowers \ green, polygamous. Trees. Leaves pinnate. . . • Fraxinus. 3 1. SYRl'NGA. Calyx small, teeth erect; corolla hypocrateriform, tube several times longer than the calyx, limb cleft into deep, obtuse, spreading segments; stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Gr. o-vQivl, a shepherd's pipe ; from the use once made of its branches. Beautiful, Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves. 1. S. VULGA'RIS. — Leases cordate, very entire ; htjlnrescence a. thyrse. Flowers of that peculiar pale purple which is called lilac, numerous, dense. April. May. Cammon Lilac. 2. P. Pe'RSICA. — icfJi'cs ovate-lanceolate, acute and acuminate, entire, rarely pinnatifid ; floicers in a thyrsaid panicle, larger than the fonuer, while. 313 FRAXINUS. Few of us are unacquainted with these species of tlie lilac. Their dark green and glossy leaves, their fine clusters of wiiite and purple flowers, their strong and peculiar fruLTanee, and the early appearance of the blossoms, justly entitle them to the conspicuous place they usually occupy in our shrub- beries. Persian Lilac, 2. LIGU' STRUM. Calyx minulelj toothed; corolla lube short, limb with spreading, ovate lobes; berry 2-celled, 2 — 4-seeded. Lat. Ugo, to bind ; from the use made of its shoots. Shrubs with simple leaves. Fls in terminal panicles, tetramerous. Stamens 2. Style very short. Seeds convex on one side, angular on the other. L. vulga're. icarcs lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles; panicle dense, terminal. A smooth shrub, 5 — G feet high. Branches wand-like with opposite, entire, smooth, dark green leaves which are 1 — 2 inches long, h as wide, varying from obovate to elliptical, with a rounded, obtuse or acute point. Flowers sniuli, numerous, white. Anthers large, exsetted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. Common in woods and thickets, N. York. Said to have been introduced from England where it is used for hedges. May, June. Piivet. Friiii. 3. FRAXI'NUS. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Slamhiale. jls. (often perfect). — Calyx 0 or 3 — 4-|jaried; corolla 0 or 4-pelaled ; stamens 2. PisUllale Jls. — Calyx and corolla as the perfect; samara 2 celled, by abortion 1-seeded. Gr. (pga|i5. a separation ; in allusion to tlie easy separation of its annual layers into laminae. Trees. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. paniculate, the staininate ones densely so. HI. short. Antii. large, with 4-i'urrows. Stig. cleft. Fruit compressed and leafy at the end, lanceolate, solitary, pendulous. 1. F. ACUMINA'TA. Lam. F.Americana. iVilld. Leaflets petiolate, oblong, shining, entire or slightly toothed, acuminate, glaucous beneath ; flowers calyculate. The white ash is one of the most de- sirable tenants of our forests It is chiefly confined to the nortliern parts of the U. States and Canada. Few trees exceed it in tlie beauty and magnitude of its proportions. Tlie trunk arises often more than 40 feet williouta branch and then e.vpands into a regular summit of an equal additional hight. The leaves are a foot or more in length, op|)osite, pinnate, consisting of about 7 leaflets. Flowers in loose panicles, the fertile ones with a calyx and the barren ones without. The wood is lichl, firm, elastic and durable, furnishing a most excellent timber for carriage fraisies, agricultural impleirients, pins, handspikes, bars, &c. May. Witite Ask. 2. F. sambucifo'lia. Muh. Leaflets sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose and shining, round-oblique at the base; axils of tke veins villous beneath ; yZowe/A- naked. This specie3 is common in the northern U. S. and the British Provinces, where it is almost universally known as black ash. it prcfi^rs moist woods and even swamps which it sometimes ahnost exclusively occupies, it grows to tiie hight of €0—70 feet, with a diameter of 2. The bark is of a darker hue than that of EB ARISTOLOCHIACEjEi 814 the white ash and less deeply furrowed. The buds are of a deep blue, not yellow as in the former. The leaves are a foot or more in length, of about 7 sessile leaflets, which are smooth above and red-downy on the veins beneath. The wood ispurplisli. very tough and elastic, but less durable than the white ash. The young saplings are in great requisition for hoops, and the mature trunks for baskets. May. Black Ash. 3. F. TOxMENTO'SA. Muh. Leaflets petiolate, elliptical-ovate, acuminate, serrate, covered with a dense tomentum beneath, as well as the -petioles and brunchlels ; floioers calyculate. The red ash is abundant in Penn. and the southern parts of N. England, re- sembling the last species so as often to be confounded with it. It arises 60 feet, with a straight trunk covered with bark of a deep brown color. Leaves of about 7 leaflets, which become reddish underneath. The wood is similar to that of the white ash, and is valuable for about the same diversified uses. May. Red Ash. 4. F. juglandifo'lia. Leaflets petiolate, ovale, opaque, serrate, glaucous beneath, axils of the Veins pubescent ; branrhes smooth ; flowers calyculate. A small tree, 15 — ^5 feet high, in wet woods. Leaves 10 — 15 inches long, consisting of 7 — 15 Jong, rather narrow leaflets. May. Swamp Ash. SUBCLASS III. APETAL.E. Corolla none; the floral envelopes consisting of a single series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting. ORDER CVI[. ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. ne Snake-root Tri>>e. Cal. — Tube adherent to the ovary, segments 3, valvate in a;slivation. *Va. — 6 — 12, epigynoHS or adhering to the base of the short and thick .styles. Ofa. — 3 — (i-celled. Stigmas radiate, as many as the cells of the ovary. Fr. — Capsule or berry,;j— tj-colled. many-seeded. Embryo uiinMe, in the base of fleshy allaimen. Herbs or shrubs, the latter often climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate, oAcn with stipules. They are most abuudaiil in the tropical countries of S. America, and thinly diffused throughout the northern hemisphere. Properties. Tonics and stimulants. Both the following species are successfully employ- ed in medicine. 1. ASA'RUM. Calyx campanulatc; stamens 12, placed upon (he ovary; anthers adnata to tiie ntiiddle of the filaments; style very- short; stigma 6-rajed ; capsule 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. Etymology obscure, said to be from the Greek a., privative, and o-hqo), to bind ; because not used in garlands. Herbs, with creeping rhizomas and 1 — '2 leaves on each branch. Fls. solitary. CHENOPODIACEiE. 815 A RISTOLOCHIA. A. Canade'nse. Lea»es 2, broad-reniform ; ca/j/i woolly, deeply 3-cleft, the seorments re- flected. A small, acaulescent plant, growing in rich, shady soil. The leaves are radical, large, 2 — 4 inches long and 3 — 5 wide, with a deep sinurs at base, on long, hairy stalks, and having a soft velvet-like surface. The flower grows from between the bases of the leaf-stalks, solitary, on a nodding peduncle, and is close to the ground, sometimes even buried just beneath the surface. Calyx purplish, of 3, broad, long-pointed divisions abruptly spread- ing. The 12 filaments bear the anthers on their sides just below the extremity. The root or rhizoma is aromatic, and has been considered uselul in whooping- cough. May — July. Per, ^sarnbacca. Ji'ild Ginger. 2. ARISTOLO'CHIA. Calyx ligulate, wilh an inflated base and an unequal border; anthers 6, sub?essile upon the style; stigma G-cleft; capsule 6-ceiled, many-seeded. Gr. aQio-roi, excellent, >lo;^^£o5, pertaining to parturition ; in reference to the supposed medicinal properties of some of the species. Stem erect or twining. A. Serpenta'ria. Leaves cordate, oblong, acuminate ; stem flexuous ; peduncles radical. Root fibrous. Stems several, mostly simple, 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves entire, 3-nerved, stalked. Flower-stalks radical, bracteate, with flowers of a dull purple color. Native of the Middle and Southern States. Cultivated oa account of its value in medicine. The dried root is kept in shops and has an aromatic odor like Valerian, a warm, bitter, pungent taste, some like camphor, and is stimulating, diaphoretic and tonic. Jn. Per. Virginian Snulce-ioot. ORDER CVIII. CHENOPODIACEiE. The Goose-foot Tribe. Cal. — Deeply divided, often tubular at base, imbricate in estivation. Sta. — From the base of tbe calyx, as many as its lobes or fewer, and opposite to them. Ova. — 1, with 1 ovule attached to its base witliin. Styles2 — 4, rarely 1. ». — A utricle. Embryo usually curved around fleshy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), without stipules. Flowers inconspicuous. The species are often maritime plants, and more generally weeds, abounding in the northern temperate zone. Properties. Some are useful for food, as the beet, mangel-wurtzel, orache, stpinach, 4"^. Others contain an essential oil, which renders them tonic, antispasmodic and anthelmintic : as Chenopodium botrys, C. ambrosioides, C. anthelminticum ; the latter yields the oflicinal wor7n-seed oil. Salsoli, Salicornia and other sea-side species yield soda from their aslies in great abundance. Conspectus of the Genera. I Fruit partly in- f Seed lenticular. Chenopodium. 7 < vested in calyx. | Seed reniform. Beta. 8 f Stamens 5... ( Fr. wholly invested in cal. Lvs. subulate. Salsola. 2 \ 1 Styles 1. Leafless plants. . Salicornia. 1 rail perfect, f Stamens 1—2 | Styles 2. Leafy plants. . . Bhtiim. 6 J dicEcious. ( Stigmas sessile. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. . Acnida. 4 j Stamens 5. ( Stig. on capillary styles. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate. Spiiiacia. 3 Flowers I polygamous. Stamens 5 Airipk-x. 5 CHENOPODIACEj;. SI 6 SPINACIA. 1. SALICO'RNIA. Caljx" turbinate, fleshy, c-losed. entire ; stamens 1 — 2 ; siyle 1, bifid; utricle invested in tiie calyx, l-seedcd. Lat. sal salt, cornu. horn ; in allusion both to its locality and appearance. Salt marsh herbs, rarely shrubby, destitute of leaves. 1. S. herba'cea. Stem erect, lierbaceous, spreading ; joints compressed ; internodes dilated upwards, truncated; hrnnclies numerous, opposite, liolit green, jointed, suc- culent, sinootii, terininalirig in a spike ; gj/ihcs lateral and terminal, tnperin^ upwards ; jioirers small, sessile, about tiiree on each side of the bnse ofevery joint. A leaHess plant with succulent and jointed branches, about a foot high, growing abundantly on sea shores and salt marshes ; also at Salina, N. York. This and other species are said to make a good pickle for the table. When burned, its ashes yield soda. Aug. Ann. Sail-wort. 2. S. MUCRONA'TA. Bw. Low, herbaceous ; j'oj/i/squadrangulnr at bottom, compressed and truncate at top ; spikes ohlong, with mucronate scales. A plant of thicker structure than the preceding, but less than half its hight ; has fewer branches and shorter spikes, with acute, mucronate scales. In salt marshes at Charlestown, Ms., Ciic. Aug. Ann. 3. S. ambi'gua. Perennial, procumbent, branching ; j,9i77;s small, crescent-shaped; spikes opposite and alternate ; c/ihjx truncate; «/i///e/i- puridi-sh yellow ; stigmas 2. A small species, found in the vicinity of New Bedford, Ms. Dewey. 2. SALS O' LA. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, enibiacin^ the fruit with its base, and crowning it \viti» its enlarged limb; styles 2 ; seed horizontal; embrjo spiral. Lat. salsus, salt. Salt-marsh iierbs with linear or subulate leaves. S. Kal!. Herbaceous, decumbent; Icivrs subulate, channelled, spinose. smooth.' calyx martiined, a.xillary. A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the sea-coast ~ Stem 1 — 2 feet high, diffuse. Leaves about an inch lonof, sessile, endin'r with a spine. Flowers green, succulent, sessile, bracieate. Seed cochleate, enclosed in the caly.x. Aug. Used in tlie preparation of Soda. a. Carolininna. (jV(/;<. S. Caroliniana. JTa/i ) ; /tare^ dilated ; calyx with a broader margin ; stein smooth. 3. SPINA'CIA. Flowers dioecious. Slerilefl. — Cal\ x 5-parled ; s'arpens 5. Fertile f. — Calyx2 — 4-clert ; st) ies 4, capillary ; utricle con- tained wiihin the indurated and sometimes muiicated calyx. Lat. spina, a prickle; on account of the spiny processes of the fruit. S. OLERA'CEA. — Leaves hastate-lanceolate, peliolate ; fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed. Native country unknown, but it lias long been a common plant in gardens, and in some esteem as an esculent. Stem 1 — 2 ftct high. CHENOPOOrACEjE. 317 ATRIPLEX. with leaves between hastate and sagittate, 2—3 inches long, and nearly half as wide, tapering at base into a long- petiole. Flowers greenish, the sterile ones in a terminal-panicle, the fertile ones in dense, sessile, axillary racemes. June. July. Ann. Spinage. 4. ACNI'DA. Flowers dioecious. Sknle ji.—C^\yx 5-parted ; slameiis 5. Ferlile /.-- -Caljx 3-paited ; stigmas 3 — 5, sessile; utricle l-seeded. Gt. a, privative, and JtviSri, the nettle; that is to say, a nettle-like plant which does not sting. Herbaceous weeds, mostly aquatic. A. Cannabi'na. ieoBW ovate-lanceolate ; capsules smooih, acute-angled. In salt marshes and inland swamps. Stem furrowed, smooth, 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves alter- nate. petiolate,2 — 5 inches long, tapering to a long point. Panicles a.xillary and terminal, with numerous small, green flowers. Aug. Ann. Wild Hemp. 5. A' TRIPLEX. Flowers monoeciotisly polygamous, Perftct jl. — Calyx 5- paited ; siamens 5 5 style bipartite ; utricle depressed, invested in the calyx. Pistilfule f. — Calyx 2-leaved ; stamens 0; style and fruit as above. Lat. uter, dark. Perhaps on account of its dark color. 1. A. iiorte'nsis. Stem erect, herbaceous ; leaves triangular, toothed, of a unifoirn color both sides; cahjx of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire. Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds. Stem 3 feet or more high, with thick leaves of variable shape, and 2— 3 inches long. Flowers green, in terminal, interrupted racemes or spikes. It is sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb. Jl. Ann. Garden Orachc. 2. A. pa'tula. Stem spreading, herbaceous ; leaves triangular-hastate, acuminate ; calyx of the fruit submuricate on the disk. Avery branching plant, 1—2 feet long, foufld in salt marshes. Stem and leaves dull green, somewhat glaucous. Lower leaves hastate, with coarse teeth, upper ones lanceolate and nearly entire. Flowers in long, terminal and axillary, interrupted racemes. Sepals of the fertile flowers triangular, studded with tubercles in the midst. Aug. Ann. Spreading Orache. 3. A. arena'ria. Kuit. Stem spreading, herbaceous ; /ear^s entire, oblong-ovate, subsessile, silvery white beneath, upper ones acute or acuminate; flowers aggregated, axillary ; cjiLyx of the fertile floiee.rs muricale, dentate, retuse. Grows on sandy shores. Stem about a foot high, reddish, angular, very branching. Lower leaves often wedge-shaped. Flowers moncEcious, tiie sterile ones in short, dense spikes at the ends of the branches, the fertile in axillary clusters. July. Ann. Sand Orache. 4. A. lacinfa'ta. Stem spreading, herbaceous; leaves triangular-ovate, deeply toothed, hoary pubescent beneath, lower ones opposite ; j:)e7/eff ^(^tcer* letrandrous ; califx o/r/(c//(ui rhomboid, 3-nerved, denticulate. In salt marshes. Stem afoot BB* CHENOPODIACKiE. S18 CHE^OPOU^UM. long, mostly procumbent, mealy, alternately branched. Leaves .stalked, entire at base, covered with small, grayish scales. The perfect flowers in terminal, sessile clusters, their ovaries about 5. Pistillate flowers axillary, 2 — 3 to- gether. July. Ann. Frosted Sea Oruche. 6 . B L I T U M . Calyx S-cleft. stamen 1, styles 2; seed ], eontained in the calyx which becoines a beiiy. Gr. pXr)rov, insipid; in allusion to the fair, but ill-flavored berries. Annual, herbaceous weeds. Divisions of the cal. ovate, equal. Fil. longer than the cal., erect, setaceous. Ova. ovoid, acuminate. 1. B. CAPITA'TUM. Leaves triangular-hastate, toothed; keniis in a terminal, leafless spike; /rM'< consisting oi'the reddened flowers, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice, taste insipid. A weed-like plant about a foot iu hight, branch- ing, growing in fields and sometimes cultivated for borders in the flower garden. Heads of flowers sessile, near together, on the branches and summit of the stem. June. Ann. Straichcrrij Elite. 2. A. ruscoca'rpa. Leaves oval-lanceolate ; capsiiles obtusely angled, rugose. A tall, branchinjj unsightly plant in similar situalinns with the last. Stem 6^8 leet high, angular. Flowers greenish white, in terminal and axillary spikes. Jl. Ann. 3. B. mari'timum. jVutt. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, inrisely dentate ; heads axillary, sessile, spiked ; calyx membranaceous. A coarse unsightly plant, in salt marshes, N. Y. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, very branching. Leaves fleshy, with 2 or more large teeth each side. Flowers very numerous and minute, not becoming red in fruit. Aug. 7. CHEiNOPO'DIUM. Calyx 5-p3rled, obtiiseiy oangled, free, pariially envelop- ing the fiuii ; stamens 5; sl^ les 2 ; utricle membranaceous; seed lenticular, veitically depressed. Gr. X^v, a goose, and ttoi/s, a foot ; the leaves of some of the species rusem- ble the webbed feet of water-fowls. Mostly annual weeds with alternate leaves. 1. C. ALBUiM. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, crowded, entire at base, the upper ones oblong, very entire; ruccmes branched, leafy, smooth. A weed, common in cultivat- ed grounds. Stem ti — :} feel high, furrowed, smooth, branching, leaves more or less mealy as also the wh^le plant. Flowers numerous, small, green, in irregular, terminal, erect racemes, July — Sept. IVh/te Goose-fi,ot. 2. C. RUBRUM. Leaves rhomboid-triangnlar, deeply toothed and sinuate ; racnnes erect, comjiound, leafy. A weed in waste grounds, rubbish, &c. Stem reddish, H — 2 feet high, with short branches, very compoimd, and with compact Clusters of small, reddish green flowers. Leaves dark green, the upper onea small and intermi.xed wilh the flowers. July. Bed Guosc-foot. 3. C. hy'bridum. Leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate; racemes branched, subcyrnose, divaricate, leafless. A weed in waste places, &c., rather taller than the CHENOPODIACE^. 319 foregoing. Stem slender, 2 — ',\ feet high, bearing a loose, branching clusterof unsightly and ill-scented flowers, remote from the leaves. Leaves bright green, with large, remote teeth and a tapering point. Jl. Tall Guose-fool. 4. C. ANTHELMl'iNTICUM. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; spike simple, slender, interrupted, leaf- less. A strong-scented species, said to be a good vermifuge, as both its specific and common name would imply. Stem ]i — 2 feet high, its branches ending in long spikes of green, inconspicuous flowers. Aug. Per. IVormseed. 5. C. BOTRYS. Leaves oblong, sinuate ; raeemes much divided. Sandy fields, &c. This plant is sometimes cultivated both on account of its fragrance, and the remarkable appearance of its con)pound clusters of inn\imeruble flowers. Plant 1 — 3 feet high, viscid-pubescent, l^eaves petiolate, the sinuses deep, giving them some resemblance to oak leaves. The branches put forth numerous leaves and short, a.xillary clusters on every side, forming long, leafy, cylindric. green, compound racemes, of which the central one is much the tallest. June. Oalc-of-Jerusalem. 6. C. mari'timum. Leaves linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindrical ; floice.rs in sessile, axillary clusters ; stamens shorter than the sepals. A fleshy plant growing m salt meadows. Stem 1^ — 2 feet high, branching. Leaves numerous, very acute, ^ — I inch long. Flowers in axillary glomerules, green. Utricle thin and semi-transparent, containuig a black and shining seed. Aug. Sept. 7. C. AMBROSIOl'DES. Leaves lanceolate, remotely dentate ; racemes simple, axillary, leafy. Fields and roadsides Plant rather fragrant. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, much branched, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves acute at each end (the upper ones nearly linear), about 4 times as long as wide, the petioles 0 — ^ inch long. Flowers green, in .sessile clusters on short, erect, slender, leaty branches. Stamens exsert. Aug. Sept. Jlmhrosia Goose-foot. 8. BETA. Calyx 5-sepaled ; stamens 5; .shies 2, very short, erect, with acute stigmas ; seed reiiifbrm, imbedded in (lie fleshy calyx. Celtic belt, red ; the usunl color of the beet. Biennial herbs, with fur- rowed stems and alternate leaves. 1. B. VULGARIS. — Flowers in dense, sessile, axillary clusters ; lower leaves ovate ; root fleshy. This useful culinary is said to grow wild in S. Eurojie. Besides its use in snlads, pickles, soups, «&c., the beet yields sugar equal to that of the cane. There are several varieties, of which tiie purple- Icaved are the most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leaved for extracting sugar. Aug. Common Beet. ^. b. CiCLA. — Leaves vi'ilh very thick nhs ; fowers 3, together; roots scarcely any. Native of Polugal. Root leaves stalked, those of the stem ses.sile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long spikes. A culinary plant, with very large leaves, used as a salad, &c. Aus. Scuicity. fi. Mitvgel-WurlzeJ ; root very large. Cultivated as food for cattle, for which purpose it is highly prized by many farmers. AMARANTHACEa:. 320 AMARANTHDS. ORDER CIX. SCLERANTHACE^. TheKnawd Tribe. Cat. — Tube uroeolate, limb 4 — 5-toothed. Sta. — Inserted on llie calyx tube, and usually twice as many as its lobes. Ova. — 1, free, 1-seeded. Styles^ or 1. Ft. a utricle, in the hardened calyx. S«frf pendulous from the apex of a funiculus which arises from base of cell. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. A small order of worthless weeds, nativesof the northern hemisphere. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. SCLRRA'NTHUS. Calyx persistent, 5 cleft, the tube contracted at the orifice; stamens 10, rarely 5 or 2 ; styles 2; utricle very smooth, enclosed in the calyx. Gr. o-x.Xi]go«, hard, and av^os, flower J when in seed, the floral envelope appears hard and dry. S. a'nnuus. Siem spreading, slightly pubescent; stamens 10; calyx of the fruit with acute, spreading segments. A weed in dr)' fields and roadsides. Stems numerous, branching, decumbent, short, ending with leafy clusters of sessile green flowers. The leaves are numerous, linear, acute, short, opposite, partially united at their basis. Flowers very small, green, in axillary fascicles. July. Ann, Common Knawel. ORDER ex. AMARANTHACE.E. The Jimaramh Tribe. Cat. — Sepals 3 — 5, dry and scarious, presisteni, generally with dry, colored bracts. Sta. — 5 or some multiple of 5, distinct or monadelphouS; hypogynous. Ova. — 1, free, 1 or few-ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stigma siinple or compound. Ft. — A utricle. Seeds pendulous. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. Herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves destitute of stipules. The species are most abundant in warm latitudes. A few of them are cultivated for their richly colored, im- perishable flowers. Others are worthless weeds. Consjjcctus of the Genera. ( Flowers rnoncecious. Amaranthus. 1 ■ f alternate. | Flowers perfect, pentandrous Celosia. 3 opposite. Flowers perfect, pentandrous, capitate. . . . Gompkrena. 2 1. AMARA'NTHUS. Flowers monoecious. Sterile fl. — Calyx 3-!eaved ; stamens 3 — 5. Fertile f. — Calyx 3-leaved ; styles 3; utricle bursting by a circumscissile dehiscence. Gr. a-, privative, and jw.agan'iW, to wither ; because the flowers of most of the species retain their bright colors when dead. Herbs, mostly annual, with alternate leaves. Fertile and sterile flowers in the same cluster. * Flowers triandrous. 1, A. ALBUS. Stem obtusely angular ; leaves obovate, retuse ; fiowers triandrous, in small, axillary clusters. A common garden weed, 1 — 2 (ieet high, simple or branched. Leaves entire, varying from oval to obovate, eniarginate, with a mucronate point, tapering to a petiole wliich is nearly as long as the blade, those upon the branches very small. F"lowers inconspicuous, pale green, accompanied with numerous, setaceous-pointed bracts. July. White Coxcomt. iMARANTHACK.E. 321 GOMPHRFNA. 2. A. Blitum. Stem diffusely spreadincr ; leaves ovale, retuse ; Jloioers triandrous, some- what spiked. A weed of similar habit with A. hybridus, spreading or prostrate. July. Low Amnrunth. 3. A. olera'ceus. Leaves rugose, oblong, very obtuse, emarginate ; dusters axillary , branching ; _/Zoj«e/-s sometimes pentandrous. Stem 18 — i24 inches high. Jl. Put Amur unth. * * Flowers pentandrous. 4. A. hy'bridus. S. generally marked with a brownish, heart-shaped spot near tiie middle. Flowers rose-colored, in short, dense, terminal spikes. Jn. Ang. Ann. Spotted Pcrsicaria. 10. p. orienta'le. Stem erect, paniculately branched ; leaves large, with hairy, salver-form stipules; stamens 7 ; styles 2. JNative of the East, naturalized in fields Sla. — As many as the sepals, inserled at their base and opposite to them. Uva. — ]-celled, 1— 4-ovuled. Style 1. Stigma ot'\e.n lolied. Fr. — Hard, dry and drui)aceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. Trees, shrubs and herb.s. Leave.s ahernate and entire. Natives of Europe, Amerie"), Australasia, &c. Tlie fragrant sandel-wood is the product of Sanlalum album, &c., of India. Genera. SufTruticose, smooth herbs, with perfect flow ers Comandra. 1 Trees with polygamous flowers , Nys.'^a. 2 ] , C O M A' N D R A . Calyx somewhat mceolato, tube adherent, limb 4 — 5-parl- ed ; stamens 4 — 5 opposite the sepals, inserted into the top oi' Ihe tube; disk perigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes alternatiM;i^ with the stamens. Fiuit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with th.e limb of the calyx. Gr. x,ofA,ri. hair, avogfj, stamens ; in allusion to the tuft of filaments by which each antlier is connected to the opposite sepal in some of the species. Very smooth. sufli"ruticose plants of N. America. Peduncles axillary and terminal. Fis. s:nall, umbellate. C. UMBELLA'ta. Kiitt. Thesium umbellatum. X. Erect; leaves oval-lanceolate; 77o?t'frf subcorymbed, terminal. Plant about a foot high, in rocky woods. Stem slender, striate, generally branching at top. Leaves entire, alternate, acuti.sh, 1 — IJ- inch long and i as wide, taper- ing to a very short petiole. Flowers small, white, in little umbels of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. Each anther is attached to itsoppo- site sejial by several hair-like, j'cllow filaments. Jn. Per. Bastard Toad-jiu%, CC* THYMELACE.iE. 330 DIRCA. 2. NYSSA. Flowers dioecious-polygamous. Sterile JI. — Calyx 5-partecl ; stamens 5 — 10, inserted around a glandular disk; pistil 0. Fertile fi. — Calyx S-parted; stamens 5 or 0 ; pistil 1 \ drupe inferior; nut 1-seeded. The name of a nymph, according to Linnsrus. Trees. 1. N. multiflo'ra. Wait. N. Villoaa. Mx. Leaves oblong, obovate, very entire, acute at each end, the petiole, midrib and margin villous; fertile peduncles '.'> — 6-flowered ; ?i:it short, obovate, obtuse, striate. This tree is disseminated throughout the U. S. In swamps it is found 139 — 50 feet high, the trunk 1 — Hfoot in diameter, with horizontal branches forming a pyramidal summit. The bark is light gray, similar to that of the white oak. Leaves tough and firm, 2 — 5 inches long, and ^ as wide. Flowers small, greenish, in small clusters on a long, branching pedun- cle, the fertile ones succeeded by a ievf deep blue, oblong drupes. The wood is white, fine-grained, rather soft, the texture consisting of interwoven bundles of fibres, rendering it very difficult to split. It is therefore useful for beetles, naves of wheels, hatters' blocks, &c. Jn. Pcpperidge. Tulcpo. Sour Gum. 2. N. BIFLo'ra. Walt. N. aquatica. L. Leaves oblong-ovate, entire, acute at both ends, smooth ; fertile ■peduncles 2-flowered; drupe short, obovate; nut striate. This tree grows in swamps, in certain sections of the Northern and Middle States. The trunk when full grown is 30 — 50 feet high and 15 — 20 inches in diameter, the bark divided by deep furrows into hexagons. Leaves alternate, smooth, 2 — 4 inches in length. Flowers small and obscure, the fertile ones producing a fruit of a deep blue ci)lor, growing iti pairs on a common stalk which is shorter than the leaves. The wood is dark brown, similar in quality and uses to the last. June. JVaier Tulcpo or Gum Tree. ORDER CXVI. TFIYIVIELACE^. Ue Mezcreum Trihe. Ca/. — Frt'O. t:ibiilar, colored, limb 4 (rarely 5)-cIeft, imbricr'.ted in ,'cstivalion. Sla.—Vrt\m\i-. inserted into tlie calyx and opposite to its lobes when equal to them in nunilicr; i.iten twice as many. Orn. — Si'litr.ry, willi 1 ovnlp. Style 1. Stigma undivided. Fr. — Hard, ilry, (i;ii|i;ic. imi-^. Albumen 0 onhin. Slirul's, wiih :i v: I) t! -.iirious bark. Leaves alternn,te or opposite, entire. Flowers perfect. The species are very abundant in Australasia and f'. AiVica, sparingly dissemi- nated in Europe and Asia. The only North American ^rcnus is that which follows. Properties. The bark is acrid and caustic, raising blisters upon the skin. It is composed of interlaced fibres which are extremely toug-h, but easily separable. The laco-bark tree (Lagetla) of Jamaica is particularly remarkable for this property. DIRCA. Calyx colored, tubular, with an ohsolete limb; stamens S; unequal, lonirer than, and inserted into, the tube; style 1 ; berry 1-sccded. Gr. ^igx-a, a fountain ; the shrub grows in wet places. Lvs. alternate, simple. Fls. expanding before the leaves. D. PALU'STRIS. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate ; finwers axillary, 2 — J in a hairy, bud-like involucre. A shrub, 5 feet in hight, when full grown. Tiie fiov«ers appear ULMACE^. 331 DLMUS. 7~~ ' ■ in April and May, much earlier than the leaves. They are small, yellow, funnel-shaped, about 3 together issuing from the same bud. Leaves entire, on short petioles, pale underneath. Stamens much longer than the sepals, alternately a long and a sliort one. Berry oval, small, red. Every part of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish " rods for the fool's back," the bark is used for ropes, baskets, &c. Woods and swamps, Enfield, N. Hamp- shire, &c. Leather Wood. ORDER CXVII. EL.^AGxNACE^. Fh. — Generally dicecious. Sterile fl. Cal. — 4-parletl. Sta. 3, 4 or 8, sessile. Anth. 2-celIed. Fertile fl. Cal. — Free, tubular, persistent, limb entire or 2 — l-iootlied. Ofa. — Simple, 1-celled. Oi-uic solitary, stipilate. SJr'g-. simple, subulate, glandular. Fr. — Aoheniuni crustaccous, enclosed within the calyx which becomes succulent and baccate. SiJs. — Ascending. Embryo straight, in thin, fleshy albumen. Trees and shrubs. Leaves aUernate or opposite, entire, v/ithout stipules. Flowers axillary. Foliage and fruit covered with scurf. SHEPHE'RDIA. Flowers dioecious. Sterile jl. — Calyx 4-cIert ; stamens 8, alternating with 8 glands. Fertile Ji. — Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, but not adhering to it, limb 4-lobed; style 1; stigma oblirjue; berry globose, composed of the fleshy calyx. North. American slirubs, with spinescent branches, and opposite, deciduous leaves. Fls. aggregated. S. Canade'nsis. KuU. HippophfE Canadensis. WiJId. Leaves elliptic-ovate, nearly smooth above, clothed beneath with stellate hairs and ferruginous, deciduous scales. A shrub, 6 — 8 feet higli, found in N. Y. and Vt., by streams and on river banks. Flowers minute. Berries scaly, sweetisli to the taste. July. ORDER CXVin. ULWACE.S. Ue Elm Tribe. Fl'. — "Pcrl'ect or polygamous. Cal. — Free from the ovary, campanulale, 4 — 5-clcft, imbricate in rcstivo.lion. Sta. — Inserted on the base'of the calyx, as many as its lubes, and opposite to ihein. Ova. — 1 — '2-celled. Oi-ules soiilary. Stigmas2, distinct. Pr.— Indehiscenl, either a samara or drupe, 1-celled ; ] -seeded. Seeil pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons foliacious. An order of small extent, embracing trees and shrubs, with alternate, rough, simple and deciduous leaves and stipules. They are natives of the northern temperate zone. The mucilaginous bark of the slippery elm (ulmus I'ulva) is the only important medicinal product. Several of the elms afford excellent timber. Genera. Flowers all perfect. Calyx 4 — S-cleft. Fruit samarr!? Vlmus. 1 Flowers polygamous. Calyx of sterile fl. 6-parted. Fruit a drupe. . . CeUis. 2 1. ULMUS. Flowers perfect. Calyx cam[>anulate, 4 — 5-cleft ; stamens 5 — 8; styles 2 ; samara compressed, with a broad, membra- naceous border. DLMACE.'E. 332 From ehii, its original name in Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Gothic, and other Celtic dialects. 1. U. America'na. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequal at the base; foicers pedioelled ; fruit fimbriate. This majestic tree is common in the Northern, Middle and Western States. It is a native of the forest, but often grows spontaneously in open fields, where it is readily distinguished by its long, pendulous brandies. The trunk, with a diameter of 3 — 5 feet, towers to the hight of 30, 50, and even 70 feet, perfectly straiglit and naked, when it divides into 2 or more primary branches. These ascend, gradually spreading, and repeatedly dividing into other long, flexible limbs bending in broad, graceful curves. It is a ffreat favorite as a shade tree, and is frequently seen rearing its stately form ^and casting its deep shade over the " sweet homes" of JNew-Engiand. Leaves siiort-sralked, oval-acuminate, doubly denticulate, and 4—5 inches long. The ribs are quite regular and prominent. Flowers small, purplish, collected into small, terminal clusters, and appearing in April, before the leaves. Fruit flat, fringed with a dense down. The wood is tough and strong, but not easily wrought ; used for the naves of wheels, &c. White Elm. 2. U. FULVA. Brandies Tonffh ; Zea»c5 oblong-ovate, acuminate, nearh' equal at base, un- equally serrate, pubescent both sides, very rough ; Inuls covered with fulvous down; /Zo?ocrs sessile. Woods and low grounds. The slippery elm is much souffht on account of the mucilage of the inner bark. Its diameter is 1 — ^ feet? and liiglit 20 — 40. Tlie leaves are larger, thicker and rougher than those of the white elm, and exhale a pleasant odor. Flowers collected at the ends of the young shoots. Calyx downy, sessile. Stamens short, reddisli, 7 in number. April. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. 3. U. RACEMO'SA. Thomas. Leaves ovate, acuminate, auriculate on one side; flawcrs in racemes; pedicels in distinct fascicles, united at their base. A tree found in Vt. and N. Y. The branches are remarkablj' distinguished by their numerous, corky excrescences. Leaves 3 — 4 inches long, | as wide including the auricle, doubly serrate, smooth above, ribs and under surface minutely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, 2 — 4 in each of the fascicles which are collected into racemes. Calyx 7 — S-cIeft. Stamens 7 — 10. Stigmas recurved. Samara ovate, pubescent, the margin doubly fringed. Cork Elm. 2. CELTIS. Flowers monoecious-polygamous. Sterile f. — Calyx (3-part- ed; stamens 6. Perfect fl. — Calyx 5-paited; stamens 5; styles 2 ; stigmas subulate, elongated, spreading; diu[)e 1-seeded. Celtis was an ancient name for the lotus, which this genus is said to resem- ble. Lvs. mostly oblique at base. Fls. axillary. 1. C. crassifo'lia. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequally cordate at base, subcoriaccous, rough both sides ; peduncles about 2-flowered. This tree is thinly dissemi- nated in the northern parts of the U. S. In woods it is distinguished by its straight, slender trunk, undivided to a great bight, covered with an unbroken bark" The leaves are of a thick and firm texture, very large, heart-shaped at base. Flowers small, white, succeeded by a round, black drupe about the si«e of the whortleberry. The wood is white and close-grained, but neither strong nor durable. May. Uackberry. CERATOPHYLLACES:. S33 CERATOPHYLLUM. 2. C. occidenta'lis. Leaves ovate, acuminate, entire and unequal at base, serrate, rough above, and rongh-hairy beneath ; fruil solitary. This species is some 30 feet high in New Eno-land, where it is rarely found, but is much more abundant at tlie South and West. The trunk has a rough, but unbroken bark, with numer- ous slender, horizontal branches. Leaves with a very long acumination, and remarkably unequal at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary, small and white, succeeded by a small, round, dull red drupe. The wood is tough and is used for making hoops, &c. American Kettle Tree. Hoop Ash. ORDER CXIX. SAURURACE^. p/s.— Perfect, achlamydeous. Sla. definite, persistent. Anth. 2-celled, whh atliick conuectile continuous with the slender filament. Oi'O.— Carpels 3—5, each t'ew-ovuled. jT'r.—Capsule or berrs',3— 5-celled, lew-seeded. [albnmen. Sefrf5 usually solitary in the cells. Embryo minute, cordate, outside of hard, farinaceou.s A small order of aquatic herbs, with jointed stem.?. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flow- ers each with a bract at base, in spikes. Properties unimportant. SAURU'RUS. Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1-flowerecl scales; sta- mens 6, 7, 8 or more ; anthers adnata to the filaments ; ovaries 4 ; berries 4, 1-seeded. Gr. (TuvQa., a lizard, and ovqu., a tail ; from the resemblance of the inflor- escence. S. Ce'rnUUS. Willd. ^ Anonymous aquatica. Walt. Stem anirular ; leaves cordate, acuminate, petiolate. An aquatic plant, with neat foliaire, and yellowish, drooping spikes of flowers. Stem H — 2 feet high, weak, fur'rowed. Leaves 4 — (J inches long, and i as wide, smooth and glau- cous, with prominent veins beneath and on petioles 1 — 2 inches long. Spikes slender, drooping, longer tlian the leaf. Scales tubular, cleft above, white. Flowers very small and numerous, sessile, consisting only of the long stamens, and the ovaries with their recurved stigmas. Aug. Per. Lizard's tail. ORDER CXX. CERATOPHYLLACE^. Fls.—MoncEciovis. Cat. many-parted. Sterile.- 6'to. indefinite (10—20). Anth. tricnspidate, sessile. 2-ceIled. [sessile. Fertile.— Oca. free, l-celled, with :i sii.-|.i iiii.'d, solhary ovule. Style filiform, oblique, Fr. — Achenium beaked with the indniiiir:! sii-ma. Seed orthrotopous, suspended, exalbuniiiiLiu.s, luul containingr 4 cotyledons. Herbs, floating. Leaves cellular, many-cleft, verticillate. CERATOPHY'LLUM. Character the same as that of the order. Gr. K.igcii, a horn, and (iivWov, a leaf; on account of the many-horned divisions of the leaf. C. dkme'rsum. Leavrs 6 — 8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spinescent on the back; flowers B.xi\la.ry, fruit 3-spined. An aquatic weed, in ditches, &c. PODOSTEMIACEJE. 334 PODOSTEMOM. Stem floating or prostrate, 8—16 inches long, filiform, with numerous whorls of leaves. These are dichotomously divided into 2 or more filiform segments. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, with sessile anthers. Fiuit an oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. July— Sept. Hornicurt. ORDER CXXl. CALLITRICACE^. FIs. — Mostly moncEcious, achlamycleous, with an involucre of 2 bracts. ,S7a.—l (rarely 2). i?'(7a??ien< slender. j4n!/i. 1-celled, 2-valved. Ova. — 4-cellert, 4-lobed. Styles 2. Stigmas simple points, i^r.— 4-celIecl, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. An order consisting of a single genus, Callitriche, which is both European and Ameri- can. Small, aquatic herbs, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, very minute. C ALLITRI'CHE. Character the same as that of the order. Gr. K.a.'koi, beautiful, &gi|, Tgix;o«, hair; alluding to the numerous, slender stems or leaves. Root annual. C. VERNA. Muh. C. intermedia. Willd. C. aquatica. Bic. Floating ; upper leaves oblong-spathulate, lower ones linear, obtuse or emar- ginate; capsule with the lobes obtusely margined. This little polymorphous plant is common in shallow streams and muddy ])Iaces. Stem floating, 1 — 2 feet long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. Leaves 2 at each node, becoming crowded above into a starlike tuft upon the surface of the water, the lower ones becoming gradually narrower, and the lowest quite linear. Flowers wliite, axillary, 1 or 2 together, often monoecious. Anther a little exserted, yellow. May — Sept. ll'ater SUnwort. p. autuinnnUs. (Dar!. C. autumnalis, L. C. linearis. P.) ; floating; haves nearly all linear, I-nerved, truncate or emarginate, the upper ones a little dilated towards the end. In similar situations with, and generally accom- panying the former. y'. tcrrestris. {Darl. C. terrestris. Raf. C. brevifolia. P.) ; procumbent and dift'use ; le.ives all oblong, obtuse, crowded, fleshy. Grows on soft mud, overspreading the surface. This form evidently depends on the locality. ORDER CXXII. PODOSTEMIACE.^. f /^,._Mono5cious, achlamydeous, bursting through an irregularly lacerated spathe. Sta.— Ollen reduced to 1 or 2, and monadelphous. Ora.— Free, 2— :3-celled. Styles 2 or 0. Stigmas 2—3. fr.— Capsule subpedicellate, opening by 2 valves. ,5(/j(._Xumi.rous, without albumen, aUached to a central column. A small order of aquatic, moss-like herbs. Flowers inconspicuous. They are natives of America and Asia. PODOSTE'MUM. Stamens 2, with the tilamenls united below; ovary oblong- ovoid ; stigmas 2, sessile, recurved ; capsule 2-ce!led 5 seeds minute. Gr. (Trovi) -TTohoi. a foot, a-Trif^ov, a stamen ; in allusion to the stamens being supported apparently on a common footstalk. Small, submersed aquatics, adhering to rocks and pebbles. Leaves alternate, dissected. EUPHORBIACE^. 335 P, ceraTOPHY'llum. Mx. Lacis ceratophylla. Bongard. ic«cf5 dichotomously Aissecied ; flowers solitary, axillary. Stem a few inches lono-, usually destitute of roots and attached to stones by lateral, fleshy processes. ° Leaves numerous, alternate, coriaceous, divided into many narrow seo-ments. Flowers on short, thick peduncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length burstino- through the lacerated calyx. In shallow running streams. Mass. July. ° ° Thread-Jool. ORDER CXXIII. F.UPHORBIACE^. jrjs. — Monrecious or dioecious. C'al. inferior, lobed, or wanting.^ Cor. — Petals or scales equal in number to llie sepals, or wanting.- Sterile fl.— Sta. definite or indefinite, distinct or raortadelphoii'?.^ Anth. 2-celled. Fertile fl.— Oi-a. free, of -2— 9, more or less united carpels, coherent to a central prolon- gation of the axis. iSfytej distinct, often S-clelt. Fr. — Capsule of 3 dehiscent carpels which open elastically • k'd. — "With a large embryo in fleshy albumen. A lar^e order of herbs, .shrubs or trees, often with an anrid milk. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple. They are chiefly natives of South America, not more than oO species of its 1500 being Ibund in N. America. . . v.- n ■ i Properiief. An acrid, stimulant and poisonous principle, residmg chietly in the milty juice, pervades the whole order. This principle varies in activity Irom mild sUmulants to the most active poisons ; but it is volatile and easilv expelled by heat. Tapiocais a starch- like accumulation formed in the roots of the Jatropa Manihot. When fresh, this root is a violent poison, but loses its deleterious properties by washing and c.xposure to heat._ Castor-oil is expressed from the seed.s of Ricinus communis, Croton-oil Irom the seeds ot Croton Tiglium. Caoutchouc is yielded in abundance by several S. American species. Conspectus of the genera. I Fls.monandrous, in .small, involiicrate heads. Euphorbia. 4 ( Lvs. undivided, | Flowers in spikes Acalijp/ia. ji Herbaceous. | Leaves peltiite-palniate Ktnniis. 2 Shrubs with smooth, simple, evergreen, opposite leaves huxics. 1 1, BUXUS. Flowers moncecious. 5/en7e.— Calyx 3-leaved; petals 2; stamens 4, with the rudiment of an ovary. Fcrlile. — Calyx 4-leaved; petals 3; styles 3; capsule with 3 beaks and 3 cells; seeds 2. The Greek name of this plant was (p^los. Shrubs. Leaves evergreen, opposite. B. sempervi'rens. — Le«cc50vate ; petioles hn'try atedge ; anthers ova.le , sao-ittate. Variety anmistifol'm has narrow, lanceolate leaves. Variety ,w/ra?iccsa, the dwarf box, has obovate leaves and a stem scarcely woody, highly esteemed for edgings in gardens. The box, with its varieties is na- tive of Europe. "'^^■ 2. RI'CINUS. Flowers monoecious. S/erj/e.— Calyx 5parted ; stamens many. Fer/j7e.— Calyx 3-parted ; styles 3,2-cleft 5 capsules cchinate, 3-celled, 3-secded. Lat, ricinus, an insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble. Herbs and shrubs with peltate, palmate leaves, R. COMMo'nis, — Stem frosted, herbaceous ; leaves peltate, palmate, lobes lanccokte, serrate; capsules prickly. Native of the E. Indies, where it be- EUPHORBIACEiE. 336 EUPHORBIA, comes a tree, although an herbaceous annual with us. From its seeds is ex- pressed the well known castor-oil of the shops For this purpose it is exten- sively cultivated in many parts of the U. States. Jl., Aug. Castor-oil Bean. 3. ACA'LYPHA. Flowers monoecious. Sterile. — Calyx 3 — 4-partcd ; stamens 8 — 16, united at base. Fertile. — Calyx 3-parted, segments coniiivent, persistent ; styles 3, elongated, 2 — 3 parted ; cap- sule 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles. It is com- pounded of a., privative, xaXo«, beautiful, and ci(pr). toucli. Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alternate, stipulate. A. Virgi'nica. Pubescent ; leaves on short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; involucrum cordate, ovate, acuminate, nerved and toothed. An annual, branching plant, in dry and gravelly soils. Stem erect, 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves Snerved, 2 — 3 inches long and i — |as wide, obtuse, hairy. Pistillate flower at the base of the peduncle of the staminate spike. Involucrum of the Iruit axillary, on a short stalk, shorter than the leaves, its margin cut half way down into long, acute segments. Aug. Ann. Three-seeded Mercury. 4. EUPHO'RBIA. Flowers moncecious, mostly achlamydeous ; involucre monophyllous, subcampanulate, with 4 — 5 petaloid segments allernaling with as many external, glatuMike teeth. Slerilrjl. 12 or more; stamen 1; filament articulated in the middle. Fertile Ji. solitary, central ; ovary pedicellate; styles 3, bifid; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled; cells 1-seeded. Named for Euphorbus, physician to Juba, King of Mauritania, who first used these plants in medicine. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. generally simple, sometimes v/aiiting. * Heads of flowers in involucrate umbels. Cauline leaves alternate. 1. E. corolla'ta. Erect ; caul'me and floral leaves oblong, narrow, obtuse ; inner segments of the invo'ucrn obovate, petaloid ; umbel 5-rayed, then 3-rayed and forked. Jn dry fields. Stem slender, erect, 1 — 2 feet high, generally simple and smooth. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, often quite linear, very entire, scattered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. The umbel, as in other species, con- sists of about 5 verticillate branches from the summit of the stem, each of which is subdivided into 3, and finally into 2 peduncles. Corolla-like invol- ucre large, white, showy. Jl., Aug. Per. Large-flowered Spurge. 2. E. HELIOSCO'PIA. Erect; floral leaves obovate, cauline ones wedge-form, serrate, smooth; 7imbel 5-rayed, then 3-rayed and forked. A milky weed in cultivated grounds, remarkable for the symmetry of its vegetation. Stem smooth, erect, 8 — IG inches high. Leaves scattered, | — ]i inch long, rj as broad at the rounded or refuse apex, finely and sharply serrate, entire, and tapering to the base. Umbels subtended by a large involucre of 5 obovate leaves. Each of the 5 rays is pilose with scattered hairs and subdivided into an uinbellet of 3 rays with a 3-leaved involucel, and these finally into 2 or more pedicellate fascicles. Capsules smooth. Jn., Jl. Ann. Sun Sjjurge. KMPETRACE^. 3S7 EMPETRUM. 3. E. PLATYPHY LLA. L. E. obtusata. P. Erect ; leaves alternate, sessile, spathulate, serrulate, smooth ; umhil 'i-rayed, Ta.ys twice dlchotomous; floral leaves ovate, siibcordate, somewhat obtuse; capsules inuricate. Grows in waste grounds. Stem 12 — IS inches high. July, Aug. Per. * * Heads not umbellate. Leaves opposite. 4. E. hypericifo'lia. Stem smooth, branching, nearly erect, branches divaiicate-spreadintr; lenrcs opposite, oval-oblong, serrate, sub-falcate; corymbs terminal. A slender, branching plant, found in dry and rich soils. Stem 10 — 20 inches high, usually very smooth, the branches often pubescent. Leaves tripli-nerved, marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate, 6 — 12 lines long, and ^ as wide, oblique, on very short petioles. Corymbs of small white heads, terminal and axillary. July, Aug. Ann. Spurge. Eye-bright. 5. E. macula'ta. Procumbent; branches spreading; leaves serrate, oblong, hairy; flmce.rs axillary. A prostrate plant, spreading flat npon the ground, in sandy fields. Stem (j — 12 inches in lengtli, much branched, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3 — (J lines long and i as wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above, often spotted with dark purple, the margin ciliatc, pale and hairy beneath, on short stalks. Heads of flowers small, crowded near the summit, involucre minute, white. July— Sept. Ann. Spotted Siturge. 6. E. polygonifo'lia. Procumbent; /enzjcs entire, lanceolate and oblong, obtuse atha.se; jftowers in the axils of the branches, solitary. Sea shores. A very smooth, succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems 6 — 10 inches long, dicholoniou.>-, procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, rarely cordate at base. Stipules subulate and simple. Flowers small, in the forks of the stem. June, July. Ann. Knot-grass Spurge. 7. E. Ipecacua'xha. Procumbent or suberect, small, smooth ; leaves opposite, obovate and lanceolate; peduncles elongated, axillary, 1-flowered. Sandy soil. Root p'^rennial, verj long. Stem thick and succulent, 3 — H inches long. Leave.s sessile, varying from obovate to linear. Flowers solitary. Peduncles uj lono- as the leaves. June. ORDER CXXIV. EMPETRACEJ:. The Crowberry Tribe. F!s. — DicBcions. Cni. nniisisting; of hypofrynous, imbricated scales. •S'n. — Equal in number to the inner sepals and altenuite with them. (^vn. — 3 — 9-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Stylei. short or 0. Stigmas lobed and otien lacerated. •/'V. — Drupe sealed in the persistent calyx, containing 3 — 0 bony nucules. Small, everg:reen, heath-like shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers minute, axillarv. They are acrid, but of no known use. E M P E' T RUM. Flowers dioecious. Perianth cons^istini,' of 2 scries of pcpaloid scales. Slerilcjl. — Stamens 3, anthers pendulous on long filaments. Fcrlile jl. — Styles 3—9, very short, erect, or 0; stigmas oblong, radiate-spreading; drupe globose, 1 -celled ; seeds 3 — 9. Gr. iv, upon, 7r£Tgo«, a stone ; from the places of its natural growth. DD JCJGLANDACE^. 838 Jb. NIGRUM. Procumbent; branches smooth ; /frtt>es imbricated, linear-oblong, obtuse at cacii end, nearly smooth, with arcvojute margin. A small, prnst'iate, alpine Bhrub, found on the granite rocks ot the Wliite Mts.of N. H., and the calcare- ous mountains of Vt. The stem is 1 to 3 or 4 feet long, much branched and closely covered all around with evergreen leaves which are J— J inch long and a line wide. Flowers very small, "reddish, crowded, in the axils of the upper leaves. Berries black, not ill-tlavored. May, June. Cruicherry. ORDER CXXV. JUGLANDACEtE. The IValnut Tribe. Flowers mnncccious. Sterile in nmi.-iits. Corollo 0. Ca/.— Membranaceous, oblique, irregular. Sta. indefinite (3—36). P'ertile in small clusters. Corolla 0 or sometimes present and 3— 5-petaled. fW.— Tube adlierent, limb 3— 5-parted. ['^tig. 1— d, much dilated. Oca.— 1-celled (partially 2— 4-celled). Ovule soliiarv, erect. St7/lcs 0—2, very short. ■if''''-— l^rupaceous, ] -celled, whh 2 — 1 imperiecl parutions ; endocarp bony. iSf-/. — 2 — i-lobed, without albumen, oily. Trees, mostly North iVmericun, -^villi rilternate, unpquallypinnate leaves and no stipule!. Fro]jertie!>. The well known trml utib,j butternut, ivalnut. pccr.an-nut,Sj-c., is sweet and wholesome, abouudinij in a rich, dr.\ in;,' oil. The epicarp, and even the integumealoi'the kernel are very astringent. The timber is highly valuable. Genera. j4-cloft. Leaves 15— 21 -foliate. . . . Jiiglans. 1 Corolla of the fertile flowers ( none. Leaves 5,— 9-foliale Carya. 2 1. JUGLAiXS. Sterile Jl. in an imbricated, simole anient; caljx scale 5 — 6- parted. soniewiial bractcate at base; stamens about 20. Ferlilrjl. — Calyx 4-ciert, superior; corolla 4-parted ; stigmas 2; fruit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, indehiscent, endocarp rugose and irregularly i'urrowed. Lat. Jovis fflaus; i. e. tlio nut of Jove, a name given it by way of eminence. 1. J. CINE'REA. L. J. cathartica. JJfz./. Leaflets numerous (15 — 17), lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, soft- pubescent beneath ; pctiijlcs villous ; fruit oblong-ovate, with a terminal, obtuse point, viscid, hairy ; n?/.c/cM,s oblong, acuminate, deeply and irregularly furrowed. The butternut is found throughout the N. England, Middle and Western States, and Canada, growing on elevated river-banks and on cold, uneven, rocky soils. It is 40 — HO feet high, with a large, but short trunk. The branches are horizontal and unusually wide-spreading, forming a very large head, ijcaves 12 — '20 inches long, consisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets with an odd one. Barren flowers in long atnents ; fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily, pleasant-flavored and well known in N. England. The wood is of a leddish hue, liglit, and is considerably used in pannelino' and ornamental work. From the bark is extracted an excellent cathartic. April. May. Butternut. 2. J. NIGRA. Leaflets numerous (15 — 21), ovate-lanceolate, serrate, subcordate, tapering above ; petioles and under side of tiie leaves subpubescent ; fruit globose, with scabrous punctures. The black walnut is a common forest tree in the Middle and Western States, but is scarcely found in the Northern. It aiises GO — 70 JOGLANDACE^. 339 feet high vs'ith a diameter of 3 — 6. In open lands it spreads wide]}' into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and heavy, of a deep violet color, surrounded with a white albumen. It is used extensively, west of tlie Alleghanies, for building, and every where for cabinet work. April. May. Blacli Walnut. 2. CA'RYA. Sterile Jl. — Ameiits imbricated, slender and nnostly ternate ; scales 3-parted ; stamens 4—6; anthers hairy. Fertile Jl. — Calyx 4-cleft, superior; corolla 0; styles 0 ; stigma divided, 2iobed, the lobes bifid ; epicarp 4-valved ; nucleus subquad- rangular, even. Gr. ie.a.^'ju., the walnut, from x-uqcc, roundish ; in allusion to the shape of the nut. Large trees. Pubescence stellate. 1. 0. ALBA. JVuft. Juglans squamosa. Mx. f. Leaflets 5 — 7, on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharplv seriate, villous beneath, the odd one sessile ; ametits filiform, smooth ; fruit somewhat quadrangular, smooth. Native throughout the Atlantic States and sometimes farther west. In forests it is very tall and slender, with rough and sha^ay bark, consisting externally of long, narrow plates loosely adhering by the middle. Like other hickories, the wood is strong and elastic, compact and heavy, and is much used where these qualities are required, as in making hoops, whip stalks, axe handles, the keels of vessels, dec. It is considered superior to all other wood for fuel. The fruit is covered with a very thick epioarp separating into 4 parts, and containing a thin-shelled, richly-flavored kernel. April. May. Shag-bark It'altiut or Hickory. 2. C. TOMENTO'SA. Mx. Juglans alba. L. Leaflets 7 or 9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, odd one subppliolatc ; aments filiform, tomentose ; //it/^ subglobose, smooth, with a very thick pericarp ; 7iut with a hard, thick shell and a small, but agreeably-flavored kernel. This tree is found in all the Atlantic States, growino- 50 feet high in woods. The bark is thick and rugged, but never scaly. In winter it may be known by its large, greyish white and very hard buds. The drupes, which are very various in size, have a small kernel difficult to extract, on which account they are less sought than the shag- Larks. April. May. If kite Walnut. Mockernut Hickury. 3. C. PORCI'NA. ^^utt. Juglans glabra. WiUd. Leaflets mostly 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth both sides, odd one subsessile ; fruit a.nil nucleus obcordate or oblong. Found in woods through- out the U. S., growing to the hight of .50— 70 feet. The drupes afford small, bitter kernels. The wood possesses the general properties of the hickories in a superior degree and is used wherever great strength is required. It makes excellent fuel. May. Hog Walnut. 4. C. AMA'EA. JVutt. Juglans amara. Mx. Leaflets about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth both sides, except the pubescent nerves and midrib, odd one short, petiolate, the rest sessile ; fruit subglobose, with the sutures prominent above ; drupe smooth, subgkibose ; kernel bitter. Grows in most of the U. S. but attains its greatest size in Penn. and along the Ohio valley. The drupe has a thin shell vi-hich may be broken by the fingers and contains a kernel so bitter that animals Will scarcely toucii it. Bitternut Hickory. CCl'ULlFERil!',. S40 ftUERCUS. ORDER CXXVI. CUPULIFER^. The Oak Tribe. Flowers generally rnoncerious. Sterile in aments, fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 Together, Cal. — t^eprils regular and membranous, or scale-like. [or in fascicles. ata. — 1 — 3 limes as many as the sepals, inserted into their bases, [several ovules in each. Ofc— Adherent, seated within a coriaceous involucruni (cupule), with several cells and iitig. — Several, subsessile, distinct. Fr. — A bony or coriaceous nvit, more or less enclosed in the cupule. t-ris. — 1, 2, or 3 (most of the ovules being abortive,) pendulous. Albumen 0. JSmbryo large. Cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, ivarfirie minute, superior. Trees and shrubs. Leaves stipulate, ahernate, simple, straight-veined (veins proceeding- straight from the midrib to the margin). The Cupuliferx constitute a large portion of the lorenls of the northern lemperate regions, and of mountainous tracts within the tropics. Fropntirs. 'J'lie bulk of the oak and oilier genera is well known for its astringent quali- ties. The edible fruit of the ka-J.t-mit, chestnut, beechnut, ^'c., are too well known to require description. Cork is the bark of Quercus Suber. Nut-galls are produced from the petioles oi' Q. intectoria of Asia Minor, being caused by wounds made by insects. Conspectus of the Genera. fin an echinate, valvate cupule, and ovoid-compressed. Castanea. 2 J in a muricate, valvaie cupule, and sharply 3-angled. . Fagus. 3 I in a hairy, i coriaceous involucrate cupule. . . . Conjhcs. 4 f enveloped I inflated, .. I membranous, closed cupule. . . . Ostrya. 5 < (acorn) partly immersed in a scaly cupule. Quercus. 1 Nut (naked, concealed in the a.\il of a foliaceous bract Carpimts. S 1. QUERCUS. Sterile Jl. in a loose ameiit ; caljx mostly 5-cleft ; stamens 5 — 10. Ferlileji. — Cupule cup-shaped, scaly; calyx incor- porated with the ovary, 6-!obed; ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells ahortive ; style 1 ; stigmas 3; nut (acorn) coriaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, cup-shaped, scaly-cupule. Celtic, qucr, fine, and cuez, a tree ; so called emphatically, because the sacred missletoe grew upon it. The more common Celtic name was dcrio ; hence druid. A noble genus of trees, rarely shrubs. Aments axillary, pen- dulous, filiform, with the flowers distinct. ■" Fructificatioia annual. Leaves not mucronate, t lobed. 1. Q. ALBA. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, smooth ; lohcs linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, dilated upwards ; fruit pedunculate, cup deep, warty, acorn ovate. The while oak grows in woods throughout the U. H. and Canada, and for grandeur, strength and usefulness, stands preeminent among the sons of the forest. With a diameter of 5 — G feet it attains the hight of 70 — SO, but its magnitude varies with the soil and climate. Leaves obliquely divided into rounded, obtuse and entire lobes, not terminated by mucronate points, pubescent beneath when young. Fruit rather large. Bark white, often with dark spots. The trunk yields timber of great value for strength and durability. It is extensively employed in ship-building, in coopering, in carriage making, in ploughs, mills, &c. The bark is useful in tanning, and in medicine. May. White Oak. 2. Q. OBTUSTLO'bA. Mx. Q. stcllata. L. Leaves oblong, sinuate, cuneiform at the base, pubescent beneath; lobes obtuse, the ujiper one dilated, ^-lolied ; calyx hemispherical ; acorn oval. The iion oak, called al.so y;^.^; oak, box icldtc onk, tiirhey oak, ^c, is common in the Middle and Southern Stales, rare in N". England. It is a tree of mod- erate size, with widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is CDPULIFERiE. 341 Q.tJliRCUS. grejish white. Leaves in 4 or 5 lobes wliich are sometimes so arranged as to appear cruciform or stellate. Acorns very sweet. The timber is_ finer Drained, stronger and more durable than white oak, hence it is useful for posis, staves, carriages, «fcc. The crooked branches afford knees for ship- building. ■^'<'« <^"/'"- 3. Q. macroca'rpa. Leaves tomentose beneath, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed, lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated ; cupule deep, with tlie upper scales setose ; aiorn ovate, turgid. Most common in the Western States, frequenting limestone hills, but is occasionally met with in Vt. and N. Y. It is CO— 70 feetin hight, clothing itself with dark green, lu.xuriant foliage. Leaves 10—15 inches lonrr; being larger than those of any other species here described. The acorns are also oi extraordinary size, enclosed f of their length in the cup which is usually bordered with hair-like filaments. May. Over-cup IVhile Oak. 4. Q. OLIViEFO'RJllS. Leaves obiong, smooth, glaucous beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate- pinnatifid; CM//deeply bowl-shaped, fringed on tlie edge; acorn oval-ovate. This species of oak is confined to a few districts of N. Y. and Penn. It is a laro-e and majestic tree, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches always inclining downwards. The "leaves are so irregularly cut and lobed that scarcely'two can be found alike. May. Mussy-cup Oak. * Fructification annual. Leaves not mucronate, it dentate, not lobed. 5. Q,. PRINUS. Willd. Q- Priniis palustris. Mz. Leaves on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubescent beneath, with coarse, unequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip ; cu]i deep, attenuate at base; arorn ovate. This oak is seldom met with in N. England, but abounds in the rest of the U. S. Itis one of tlie loftiest trees of the forest, arising to the hight of 50 feet with its undivided, straight and uniform trunk, and thence with its expansive top to the hight of 80—90 feet. Flowers appear in May, succeeded by large and sweet acorns. The timber is valuable in the arts, and makes excellent tuel. Swamp Chestnut Oak. 6. Q. BI'COLOR. Wil'd. Q. Prinus discolor. .Vx. Leaves oblong ovate, downy, v.hitc underneath, coarsely toothed, entire at the base, the teeth unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the tip; prtlalts shari ; fruit oil long peduncles, in pairs, cup hemispherical, acorn oblong- ovate. Tlie swamp'oak is diffused throughout most of the U. S., growing in lov,', swampy woods. It is a beautiful tree, attaining in favorable situations the liiTht of 70 feet. Foliasrerich and luxuriant, smooth and green above and white^downy beneath, fro'in which singular contrast is derived the specific name. The trunk is covered with a oreyish white bark v.-hich divides into large fiat scales. It affords excellent fuel" and timber. Sv.amp White Oak. 7. C. MONTa'NA. IVilld. Q. prinus monticola Mx. Leaves broad ovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above, coarsely toothed, obtuse and unequal at the base ; teeth very obtuse, siibequal ; fruit m pairs, on short peduncles, cup hemispherical, with rugose and tubercular scales, acorn ovate. This oak. sometimes called rock chestnut oak, is native of the Northern and Middle States, growing in woods and mountain sides, its hight seldom exceeds GO feet, and is generally much less. In open situa- tions its top spreads widely, and symmetrically. The petiole is yellow, rather short. Timber valuable in ship-building, &c. Mountain Oak, 8. Q. CASTA'NEA. Willd. Q. Prinus acuminata. Mx. Leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, downy beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated, obtuse teeth ; cup hejnisphericul ; acorn DD* CUPULtFERiE. 342 q,UERCUS. roundish ovate. The yellow oak abounds in the Middle and Western States, in rocky and mountainous woods, it is a large tree, UO feet in hight. Bark whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, lio-ht green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in iNlay, succeeded by acorns usually sweet- flavored. Timber little used. Yellow Ouk. Chestnut Oak. 9. Q. ClIl'NQUAPIN. M:t. Q. prinoides. WiUd. Leaves on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip; c«/> hemispVierical ; acorn ovate. This is one of the most diminutive of ail the oaks, never exceeding 3 — 4 feet in hight. It is native of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but not common. The flowers appear in May, followed by acorns of middle size, very sweet and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub pros- trate on the ground. Dioarf Chestnut Oak. * * Fructification biennial. Leaves set"iceously mucronate, sinuate-lobed. 10. Q. RUBRA. Lnav-s on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, den- tate ; cup shallow and flat, smoothish ; acorn subovate. The red oak is the niost coininon species in the Northern States and in Canada. It is a loftv. wide-spreading tree, 70 feet in hight with a diameter of 3 or 4. The leaves are 6 — ID inches long, smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mucronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by verj'^ large acorns contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are greedily devoured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively used in tanning. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as timber, but excellent for fuel. Red Oak. n. R. tincto'ria. Leaves obovate, oblong, a little sinuate, pubescent beneath, lobes oblong, obtuse, mucronate ; cup flat ; acorn depressed-globose. This oak is found throughout the U. S. It is one of tlie loftiest trees of the forest, 80 — 90 feet in hight and 4 — 5 in diameter. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown. Leaves 0— rf inches long, broadest towards the end. Acorns brown, nearly sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of this species, quercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron oak. The bark is used in tanning. Black Oak. 12. Q. cocci'kea. Leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth, lobes divaricate, dentate, acute ; eyp turbinate, scaly ; acorn short, ovate. The scarlet oak is most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the more southern parts of N. England. It is a large tree, 80 feet in hight, with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a blight, shining green, with about 4 deep sinuses remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or brov/n. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half im- mersed iu the cup. Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel. Scarlet Ouk. 13. Q. palu'stris. Leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth ; axUs of the veins villous beneath, lobes divaricate, dentate, acute; cup fiat, smooth; acorn subglobose. The pin oak is most luxuriant in Penn. and the adjacent districts of olher States, rare in New England, growing in swamps and v/et woods. Hight tiO — 80 feet, with a diameter of 2 — 4. It is remarkable for its unusual nujober of secondary branches which die as the tree advances, iiivincr the irunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into it. Bark smooth. Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns small, round, in shallow cups. May. Fin Ouk. CUPULIFERJ3. 343 14. Q. ILICIFO'lIA. JVilld. Q- Bannisteri. Mx. Leaves on long petioles, obovate-cuneate, 3— 5-lobed, entire on the margin, whitish-downy beneath; cup subturbinate ; acflr^t subglobose. A shrub, com- mon throughout the U. S., growingonly on gravely hills and barrens which it occupies exclusively in large tracts. Stem 3 — 4 feet high, divided into numerous, straggling branches. Acorns small and abundant, and said to be greedily eaten by bears, deer, and swine. May. Shrub ur Scrub Oak. Bear Oak. 2. CASTA'NEA. Slcrihjl. in a long, cylindric ament ; calyx G-cIeft ; stamens 10 — 12. Fertile Jl. 3, within a 4-lobed, densely niuricated involucie ; calyx 5— G-lobed ; stamens 10 — 12 abortive rudi- ments ; styles 6; nut mostly 1-seeded, invested wiih the enlarged, echinate involucre or cupule. From Castanea, a town in Thessaly, where this tree still grows to magnifi- cent dimensions. Trees and shrubs. C. VESCA. /3. Americana. Mx. Fagus Castanea. L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth both sides. Abundant in particular districts throughout the U. S. It is a lofty tree, with a large, straight trunk. Leaves quite large (6—9 inches long and i as wide), with large, uniform teeth, niucronate with the prolonged, straight veins. Amcnts as lonof as the leaves and so numerous as to impart their yellowish hue to the whole tree when in blossom. The nuts are about 3 together, of a peculiar brown, villous above, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset on all sides with strong, compound, acute spines. Timber coarse-grained, strong, elastic, light and very diirable, hence much used for posts, &c. July. The nuts are smaller, but sweeter than those of the European variety (the Spanish chestnut). Chestnut. 3. FAGUS. Sierile fl. in a globose ament ; calyx G-cleft, campanulate; stamens 5— 12. Fcrlilf fi. 2, witliin a 4-lobed, prickly invol- ucre ; calyx single, with 4—5 minute lobes ; styles 3; nut l-seeded, enclosed within the enlarged, spiny involucre or cupule. Gr. (Pnyoi, the beech ; it also signifies something eatable. Trees. 1. F. ferrugi'nea. Jit. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent beneath, coarsely dentate, obtuse at base and oblique-subcordate ; nh't ovate, acutely triangular and very acute at apex. A common forest tree, most abundant in N. England and the British Provinces. Trunk tall and straight in forests, but like other trees, with a more expansive top in open situations. Bark light gray and sn)oolh. Branches irregular and crooked. Leaves with very regular, straight veins, often persistent through the winter in their withered state. Nuts small, 2 together, invested with the burr-like cupule, oily, sweet and nutritious. Timber of a daik reddish color, fine-grained, much used in turnery, mill- gearing and in making joiners tools. Also extensively used tor fuel. May. Red Beech. 2. F. SYLVA'tICA. L. S. sylvestris. Mx. Leaves ovate, acuminate, slightly dentate, ciliate at the margin, acute at the base ; nuts ovate-triangular, obtuse-mucronate. Native of the forests of CUPULIFER^. 344 N. England, and of many districts in the Middle States. It is a tree of large dimensions, often arising to the hight of 70 or 80 feet. It is distinguishable from the red beech by the size, the lighter color of the bark and wood. The wood is also of more difficult cleavage, of greater compactness and strength, and preferable, both as timber and fuel. May. White Beech, 4. CO'RYLUS. Sterile fl. in a cylindric ament ; calyx scale 3-cleft ; stamens 8; anthers 1-celled. Fertile Ji. — Calyx obsolete; ovaries several; stigmas 2; nut ovoid, surrounded with the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated involucre (cupule). Gr. xogvs, a bonnet; to which the cupule enwrapping the nut may well be compared. The English name hazel comes from the Saxon hacsel, a head- dress. Shrubs. Aments and capitate fertile clusters subterniinal. 1. C. America'na. Leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate ; involucre roundish-campanulate, much larger than the roundish nut, its border dilated and coarsely serrate. Shrub 5—6 feet high, growing in thickets and borders of fields. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long and f'as wide. ^From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous "aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkably distinguished by the large, bell-shaped involucre in which each one is envel- oped." They are a well-flavored fruit, though somewhat inferior to the European hazel or filbert. Hazel. 2. C. rostra'ta. j}:t. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; stipules linear-lanceolate ; invohicrt campanulate-tubular, longer than the nut, 2-parted, with dentate segments. Tills species is found in the satne localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub, and chiefly differs from it in the involucre, which is covered with short, stiff hairs, and contracted at the top into a long (1 — 1} inch) narrow neck like a bottle. Nuts as in C. Americana. May. Bealced Hazel. 5 . O' S T R Y A . Sterile fl. in a cylindric ament ; calyx scale roundish-ovate, ciliate, 1-flovvered ; anthers conspicuously bearded at the summit. Fertile Jl. geminate, in a loose, linear ament; calyx 0; flowers enclosed each in an inflated membranous sac, which, at length, enlarged, contains the matured nut. Gr. oa-TQioVj a scale ; in allusion to the conspicuous sacs (not scales) of the fertile aments. Small trees. 0. Virgi'nica. ie«r<>A ovate, acuminate, serrate ; fertile amrnt oblong, pendulous; Ijiids rather acute. A small tree disseminated throughout the U. S..2r)— 30 feet in hioht. Its bark is remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions. Leaves about twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in appearance to hops, suspended from the ends of the branches, consisting of membianous, imbricated sacs, (cups ?) containing each a flower. The wood is very white, hard and strong, much used for levers, &c. Apr. May. H(ip Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-icood. BETULACEiE. 345 G. CARPI'NUS. Slerilejl. in a long, cjlindric ament; caljx scale roundish, ciliate; stamens 8—14, slightly bearded at summit. Fertile f. in a loose ament ; scale large, oblong, 3-lobed, 1 — 3-flowered ; caljx 6-toothed ; stigmas 2 ; nut long, ovoid, furrowed, 1-seeded. Celtic, car, wood, and pin, the head ; that is to say, wood fit for making yokes for cattle, to which use the hornbeam is peculiarly adapted. Small trees. Scales of the fertile aments persistent and becoming foliaceous. C. America'na. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate ; scales of the fertile amenl 3-parted, the middle segment much the largest, oblique, with a lateral tooth. A small tree (12 — 20 feet high), common in woods throughout the U. S. The wood is very fine-grained, compact and white, covered with a light gray or ash-colored bark. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long,^ as wide,peliolate. From the ends of the branches hang the long, loose, pale green, leafy aments, consisting of alternate pairs of enlarged scales, with a dark-colored nut at the base of each. April, May. Hornbeam. ORDER CXXVII. BETULACE^. The Birch Tribe. Fls, — Monoecious, amentaceous and mosdy achlamydeous, ternate in the axil of a 3-lobed Sterile. — Sta. definite, distinct. Anth. '2-celled. [bract. Fertile. — Ova. '2-celled, 2-ovuled. Styles or stigmas 2, distinct. Fr. — 1-celled and 1-seeded (by abortion), membranous and indehiscent. Seed pendulous, without albumen. A small order of shrubs and trees. Leaves alternate, simple, with the primary veins running straight from the midrib to the margin. Stipules deciduous. Chiefly natives of the cool parts of the northern hemisphere. Properties generally astringent. The birches are often fine timber trees. Genera. I 10—15. Scales of the fertile aments 3-flowcrcd Betula. 1 Stamens (4. Scales of the fertile aments 2-flowered Alnus. 2 1 . B E' T U L A . .S7fr//e fi. in a cjlindric ament ; bracts deeply 3-parted, peltate; "^c;ilyx 0; stamens 10 — 12. Fertile ji. — Ament oblong-ovoid; scales subtrilobate ; calyx 0; nut compressed, with a membranaceous margin. Betu is the Celtic name for the hirrh. Trees and shrubs. * Trees. 1. B. papyra'cea. Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, the veins hairy beneath ; fertile aments nodding, pedunculate ; lateral lobes of the cat ijx shoit, roundish. This birch is abundant in the hillside woods of N. England, &c. It sometimes attains the hight of 60— 70 feet, but is generally smaller. The trunk, which is 1 — 2 feet in diameter is covered with a tough cuticle consisting of numer- ous laminiB,the outer of which is snow white. Of this the Indians construct their light canoes. The bark upon the branches is dark brown. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, i as wide. Sterile aments 1 — 2 inches long. The wood is of a fine, compact texture, but not durable, and is used in turnery and furniture work. May, June. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. BETULACEiE. 346 ALXCS. 2. B. populifo'lia. Leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, very smooth, on smooth petioles; fertile aments pedunculate; scales with roundish, lateral lobes. This species, like the preceding, is distinguished for the white cuticle with which the trunk is invested. It is common in the rocky and mountainous woods of N. England, where it seldom exceeds 30 — 40 feet in hight. The branches are covered with a reddish brown bark, very slender, and throw out, in May, long, pendulous aments. Common White Birch. 3. B. exce'lsa. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate, on pubescent petioles, shorter than the pedun- cles; barren aments ovate, erect; scales with rounded lateral lobes. A common forest tree in N. England, arising in woods to the hight of 60 — 80 feet, with a trunk 2 — 3 feet in diameter, invested with a thin, yellowish cuticle. Barren aments 2 — 4 inches long, cylindric, clustered, and pendulous at the ends of the branches. The wood is chiefly valuable as fuel. YelUno Birch. 4. B. LENTA. iea»ej' cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, nerves beneath and petioles hairy ; fertile amoits erect. This noble species is common in the Eastern and Middle States, often exceeding 60 feet in hight, with a diameter of 2 — 3 feet. The trunk is invested with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in old trees, and is remarkable for its agreeably aromatic fragrance and flavor. Leaves 3 — 4 inches long, about ^ as wide. Sterile aments 2 — 3 inches long; fertile, much shorter and thicker. In spring the cambium affords the boys a delicious morsel. The wood is of a reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a good polish. It is much used in cabinet-work. April. May. Black Birch. Maliogany Birch. * * Shrubs. 5. B. GLANDULO'SA. Low; irant//e5 glandular-punctate, smooth or pubescent; leaves oho\^^.e , serrate, very entire at base, smooth, subsessile ; feriile ament oblong ; scales half 3-cleft ; lobes ovate-oblong, middle one rather longest; 7;7/i orbicular, with a narrow margin. A shrub, inhabiting the mountainous districts of the Northern States. Hight 3 — 5 feet. Leaves scarcely an inch in length, varying in width. Scrub Birch. p.pumila; branches pubescent; leaves orbicular-ovate, petiolate, densely pubescent beneath ; fertile aments cylindric. 6. B. NANA. Low, smooth ; leaves orbicular, crenate, reticulated beneath ; scales of th$ ament deeply 3-parted ; seeds orbicular, nearly wingless. This miniature tree is found on the summits of Mt. Clinton, Mt. Franklin, &c , of the White Mts. It is scarcely more than a foot in hight, often but a few inches, the branches few and straggling, the leaves i — | inch in diameter, smooth both sides, pale and distinctly reticulate beneath, and on petioles 1 — 2 lines long. May, June. Dicarf Birch. 2. ALNUS. Skrilejl. — Ament long, cylindric, composed of cuneate, truncate, 3-lobed, o-flowered bracts; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4. Feriile fl. — Ament ovoid ; bracts 2-tlovvered ; 3-fid ; caljx 0 ; nut wingless, compressed. The old Latin name for these shrubs. myricacej:. 347 1. A. SERRULA'TA. fVilld. Betula serrulata. AV. Leaves obovate, acuminate, doubly serrulate, the veins and their axils hairy beneath; 5ii/iii?cs elliptical, obtuse. A well known shrub growing in clumps, and formino- thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. Stems numerous, rather straight, 10 — 15 feet in hight. Leaves 2 — 4 inches loncf and ft as wide, strongly nerved ; petioles i — \ inch long. Aments 2 — 3 inches long, slender, pendulous, fascicled at the ends of the branches ; fertile ones short, thick, dark brown, persistent, several together a little below the sterile ones. March, April. Common Alder. 2. A. CRISPA. P. A. undulata. WiUd. Leaves ovate, acute, somewhat undulate, unequally serrate ; petioles and veins beneath hairy, axils smooth ; stipules ovate-oblong. Mountains. A shrub, 3—4 feet high. April. Crisp-leaved Mder. ORDER CXXVIII. MYRICACE.E. The Gale Tribe. pis. Monfficious or dicecioiis, amentaceous, each axillary to a bract. Sterile. — Sla. 2 — 6. Anth. 2 — 4-celled, opening: longitudinally. Fertile. — Oca. l-celled, 1-ovuled, surrounded by several hypogynous scales. Stig.—'2, subulate, or dilated and petaloid. Pr. — Drupaceous or dry. Seed solitary, erect, without albumen. Aromatic shrubs with resinous glands and dots. Leaves alternate, simple. Genera. ( cuneate-lanceolate, serrate. Flowers dioscious Myrica. 1 Leaves ( sinuate-pinnalifid. Flowers moncEcious Comptonia. 2 1. MYRI'CA. Flowers dioecious. Aments ovate-oblong; scales loosely imbricate, lunate. Sterile fl. — Stamens 4—6, short, erect; anthers large, 4-valved. Fertile Jl. — Ovary 1, superior ; styles 2, spreading; stigmas 2, acute; drupe l-celled, 1-seeded. Gr. f^v^M, to flow ; because some of the species are native of river banks and inundated places. 1. M. Galf,. Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate and obtuse above ; sterile av^cnts imbri- cate, with acuminate, ciliate scales ; /n«i in a scaly head. A branching shrub, 4—5 feet in hight ; about the borders of ponds and mountain-lakes. Leaves smooth, alternate. Aments short. Fruit with a strong, pungent, spicy fragrance. May. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. 2. M. ceri'fera. Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, acute and with a few serratures at the top ; sterile aments lax; scales acute ; fruit spherical, naked, distinct. This inter- esting and useful shrub is found in dry woods and fields. It varies much in size from 2 feet to 8. It is covered with a greyish bark, and has a very branching top with numerous dry-looking, scattered leaves, varying from wedge-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, on short petioles. The fertile plants prod^uce small aments of flowers, succeeded by dense, irregular clusters of a small, round, dry, berry-like fruit. This fruit consists of a globular stone enclosing a kerne!, and covered with a coating of whitish wax, which, being separated by boiling water, constitutes the bayherry tallow of commerce. May. Bayherry. Wax Myrtle. SALICACE^. 348 2. COMPTO'NIA. Flowers monoecious. Slerik fi. — Ament cylindric ; bract reniform-coidate, acuminate; calyx scale 2-parted ; stamens 3, forked ; anthers 6. Ftrlikji. — Ament ovate ; calyx scales C, longer than the bract ; styles 2 ; nut ovoid, 1-celled. Named in honor of Henry Compton, Lord Bishop of London, who made extensive collections of plants. C. ASPLENIFO'lIA. Ait. Liquidambar aspl. L. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid. A well known, handsome, aromatic shrub, 2 feet high, common in dry woods and hills. The main stem is covered with a rusty, brown bark, which becomes reddish in the branches, and white downy in the young shoots. Leaves numerous, on short peduncles, 3—4 inches long, ^ inch broad, divided nearly to the midrib into numerous, rounded lobes so as to resemble those of the spleenwort. Stipules in pairs, acuminate. Barren flowers in erect, cylindric catkins, terminal and lateral. Fertile flowers in a dense, rounded burr or head, situated below the barren ones. Fruit a small, ovate, brown, 1-celled nut. May. Sweet Fern. ORDER CXXIX. SALIC ACE^. Ue WUlow Tribe. Fls .—Diccciousi, amentaceous, achlamydeous, a.xillary to 1-flowered bracts. Sterile. — Sta. 2 — several, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. 2-celled. I'"ektile. — Ova. 1 — 2-celled. Oc»Zcs numerous, erect. Styles ox stigmas 2. Fr. — Coriaceous, l-celled, 2-valved. Sds. — Numerous, ascending, lurnished with a silky coma. Albumen 0. Trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple. Stipules deciduous or persistent. Chiefly natives of the northern temperate and t'rigid zones, one species, Salix arctica, extending farther north than any other known woody plant. Properties. The bark is astringent and tonic, possessing the febrifugal properties of the sulphate of quinia. The wood is employed for various economical purposes. Genera. ( 2—5. Capsule l-celled .Sallr. 1 Stamens ( 8—20. Capsule 2-celled Populus. 2 ♦ 1. SALIX. Aments cylindric; bracts imbricate. Sterile fi. with a •nectariferous gland at the base of the bract; stamens 2 — 5. Fertile fi. — Stigmas 2, mostly bifid; capsule l-celled. Celtic, sal, near, and lis, water ; alluding to their usual locality. Trees and shrubs. * Leaves entire or subserrate. Aments precocious (S. Uva-Ursi excepted). 1. S. vimina'lis. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate, subentire, silky-canescent beneath ; stipules minute ; branches virgate ; aments precocious (appearing before the leaves); scales roundish, very hairy ; ovaries sessile, ovoid; stijle filiform ; stirrjnas undivided, acute. This beautiful willow was probably introduced from Europe. Wet meadows and margins of rivers. Stems 10 — 12 feet high, with long, straight, slender and flexible branches. Leaves often a foot in length, narrow, covered with a snow white pubescence beneath. Aments very hairy. May. Osier. Basket fVittow. «AL1CACE.'E. 349 2. S. CA'NDIDA. Willd. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, very long, obscurely serrulate at the summit, pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneaih, revolute on the margin ; Slipulfs lanceolate, as long as the petioles ; a7ftt«;5'cylin(iric ; scales obovate, obtuse, very long, hairy; stigntas 2-lobed. A beaatifiil species in shady woods. Stems 4^G feet high. Leaves 8 — 12 inches long, 1 — 2 wide. Catkins dense, white with dense wool. Styles and stigmas daik red, ^ inch in length. April. May. IVhite Willuw. 3. S. MuHLEBERGIA'NA. Wllld. S. alpina. Walt. Leaves lanceolate, subacute, entire, hoary-pubescent, lugosely veined beneath, revolute on the margin; stipules lanceolate, deciduous; aments diandrous ; scales oblong, villous on the margin; ovaries ovoid-lanceolate, silky-viliose, raised on long pedicels; style short; stigmas \nfid. A shrub, 3 — 5 feet high, erect or procumbent, in dry woods. Branches greenish- yellow, punctate with black dots. Scales of the aments while, tipped with red. Anthers purple and yellow. April. Muhltabcig's JVilloio. 4. S. PEDICELLA'RI3. Branches smooth ; leaves obovate ,ianceolate, acute, very entire, smooth and of the same color both sides; sti/iulesO; uinenls pedunculate, very smooth ; scales oblong, obtuse, scarcely hairy ; ovaries oblong-ovoid, en pedicels twice as lonir as the scales ; stigmas sessile, bilid. A slirub native of mountains, Vt. aifd N. Y. April. 5. S. ROSTRA'TA. Rick. Crunches erect, straight, pubescent, at length smooth ; tcnvrs broadly or obovate-lauceolate, acute, subentire, at length coriaceous, smooth above, glaucous pubescent beneath ; stipules semicordate, dentate ; aments short, cylindric, dense, the feitile ones becoming very long and loose ; scales oh\ong, n:embranous, liairy at the apex; ovaiies narrow-lanceolate, silky, long- acuiiiinate, on very long pedicels ; styles very short ; stigmas lobed, the lobes bitid or entire. Shrub or small tree b; — lU feet lus^h. Bark of the trunk dark- colored, of the branches yellov\r. Margins of streams, Vt. 6. S. Uva-Ursi. Strm prostrate ; leaves obovate-spathulate, obtuse, entire, sprinkled with glandular dots near the margin beneath, smooth and sl'.ining above ; aments loose, colemporary with the leaves; sca'es obiong, ciiiale ; ovaries ovoid, smooth, pedicellate; style h'l^d; stigmas '2-\ohed. May. * * Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate. 7. S. COMI'FERA. iVaugh. S. longirostris. Jilx. Leaves oblong- lanceolate, acute, smooth above, tomentose beneath ; stipvles lunate, subdentate ; amciU.-: \ivi'co^Aous. diandrous; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villous; evaries pedlceliale, hmceolate. silky; si yes long, bifid; stigma 2-lobed. A shrub in dry soils, 4 — S feet high, wilii brown twigs. On the endsof these, cone-like e.\crescences are often produced by the punctures of insects. Aments coveied with very hairy scales, appearing before the leaves in April. Cone-gall JVilloic. 8. S. DI'SCOLOR. Leaves oblong, rather obt>ise, smooth, entire at the end, glancous beneath; Jiti^uiw lanceolate, serrate, deciduous ; amt/ifi- cotempnrary v^itii the leaves, oblong, ddwny, diandrous ; sc«/<\s oblong, acute, bl.tck, hairy ; onirics sessile, downy ; st'me, with yellowish brown branches. Aments sliort, appearing wilh the leaves in .May. . Shining IVdloic. 12. S. corda'ta. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, smooth ; stipules large, roundish-ovate, serrate ; aments triandrous ; scales lanceolate, woolly, black; ovaries pedicellate, lanceolate, smooth; styles very short; &ti(r/nas bifid. An elegant shrub, G — d feet high, in swamps throughout the Middle States. Branches green and Sinooth, with light green leaves an inch wide and 3 inches long. Aments an inch long, accompanying the leaves in April and May. Hcart-icaved Wdiuw. 13. S. Ri'GinA. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate, rigid, smooth, coarsely serrate, the lowest serratures elongated; petioles villous; stipu ns large, cordate, obtuse, glandular-serrate; aments triandrous; seal's lanceolate, wroolly, black ; ovaries on long pedicels, lanceolate, smooth ; style very short ; Stigmas L'-parted. A small tree, 10 — 15 feet high, growing in swamps. Branches green, red tov/ards the end, the younger ones pubescent. Much used in basket-making. April. May. Utijf-leavcd JVilluw. 14. S. VlTELLl'NA. Lhavcs lancef)liite, acuminate, with thickened serratures, smooth above, paler and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules 0; «me«^v cylindric ; w«/c.9 ovate- lanceolate, pubescent outside ; ovaries sessWe , ovate-lanceolate, smooth; stig- mas subsessile, 2-lobed. This willow was probably introduced, but is now very oonimon by roadsides, &c. It is a tree of moderate hight, with shining yellow branches. JNlay. Yellow lyUlow. SALFCACEJE. 351 15. S. GHl'SEA. Lciircs lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, silky beneath; stipules ovate-oblong, denticulate, deflected, deciduous; scahs oblong, lairy, blackat the tip; vvaries oblong, pedicellate, silky ; 5«/£-wtf5 sessile, obtuse. A shrub G— 8 feet high, in inundated meadows. Branches purple, brittle at base. Leaves 2-4 inches long, i as wide. April. Gray WiLLovs. 2. PO'PULUS. Ament cylinclric ; bracls lasciniate-fringcc] ; scales lurbi- nate, eiiiiie, oblique. Slerile. /?.— SianvMis 8—20, seated on the scale. Ferlile f.—Siv^nr^s 4-c\eh ; capsule supe.ior, 2-celled. Lat. povvhis, the people. In ancient times the public walks at Rome were decorated with rows of P.dlhitata ; whence it was called arbor popv 1 1 Some suppose, however, it is so called on account of its leaves, which are in per- petual agitation like the populace. 1. P. tremuloi'des. Leares orbicular-cnrdate. abruptly acuminate, dentate-serrate, pubescent at the maroin. Abundant inN. Enojand and in the Rliddle States, growing m woods and open lands. Stem 2.")— 40 feet in hisrht,with a diameter of b— 12 inches Bark greenish, smooth e.xcept on the trunk of the oldest trees. Leaves "mail (2—24 inches long, and ]} as wide), dark green, on petioles which are 2—3 inches long and laterallv compressed, so that they can scarcely remain at rest in any position, and are" thrown into excessive agitation by t.ie slio-htest breeze. The trembling of the '• aspen leaf" is proverbir,l. Aments plumed with silken hairs, about 2 inches long, pendulous, appearing m April, iono- belbre the leaves. The wood is white, soft and light, of little value. ° American dspcn. lliiUc Pujilar. 2. P. grandidenta't.^. Leflr« roundish-ovate, acute, with large, unequal, sinuate teeth, smootli, villous when young. Woods and groves^in the northern parts of the U. b., less common than the preceding species. Stein 40 feet high, with a diameter of 1 foot, straioht, covered with a smooth, greenish bark. Branches ihstant, coarse and crSoked, clothed with leaves only at their extremities. Leaves S— .5 inches long and nearly as wide, clothed with thick, white down in sprino-, but becoming perfectly smooth. The wood is white, soft, and quite durable. May. Large American .Isjwn or Poplar. 3. P. BETULIFO'LIA. P. P- Hudsonica. Mx. Lcnvrs rhomboidal. long-acuminate, dentate, smooth ; young hrnnrJics pilose. This poplar is found chiefly in the vallies of the Hudson and Connecticut. It is a tree of middle size, with grayish white twigs and dark brovi'n buds. Leaves ^ inches long and 2 broad. Aments 4—5 inches long, without hairs. A'pnl. Birch-lcuf Poplar. 4. P. balsami'fera. Leaves ovate-acuminate, with close-pressed serratures, white and reticulate- veined beneath; huds resinous. The balsam poplar, though nowhere abundant, is found in woods and fields, disseminated throughout^ N. England and Canada. With a trunk 18 inches in diameter it arises GO— 70 feet. The buds of this species, as well as of most of the poplars, are covered with ail aromatic resin, which may be separated in boiling water. Apr. Balsam Poplar. BALSAMIFLU5:. S52 Lr^UIDAMBAR. 5. P. moniu'fera. Jtit. Leavrs subcordate-dcltoid, smooth, glandular at base, with cartilaginous, hairy, hooked serratures ; »icrrcs spreading ; y^c^'o/es compressed above ; older hranches ieiQle ; ferii'e uiiienii- long and pendulous Banks of the Hudson, near Troy, N. Y., apparently native. Beck. A tree (50 — 70 feet high, with a cylindric trunk. Leaves 2^—4 inches in diameter, on long petioles. April. Necklace Poplar. 6. P. heterophy'lla. Leffl«fi5 roundish-ovate, obtuse, uncinately toothed, cordate and somewhat aurioied at base, the sinus small, tomentose when young. A tree (iO — 70 feet high, found in swamps. Branches cylindric. Leaves with auriculate lobes at base which often conceal the insertion of the petiole. May. Various-leaved Poptar. 7. P. ca'ndicaws. Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish beneath, reticulate-veined, somewhat 3-nerved ; peUulcs hirsute ; buds resin- ous; brnnclics terete. Thi.^ tree is sometimes met with in JNew England, growing about houses as a shade tree. It is 40 — 50 feet high, and Id — 30 inches in diameter. Bark smooth, greenish. Foliage copious, dark green, April. Balm of Uilead. 8. P. CAxXADE'NSIS. Leaves roundish-ovate, deltoid, acuminate, subcordate, unequally serrate, smooth, slandiilar; petioles compressed; younger branches angled. The cotton-tree grosvs 70 — SO feet high, in N. Y. and Vt. The fertile aments are G — 8 inches long, and pendulous. The seeds are clothed with a white, cotton-like down which gives name to the tree. Buds sealed against tiie frosla and rains with resin. April. Cotton Tree. 9. P. DILATA'TA. — Leaves smooth, acuminate, deltoid, serrate, the breadth equaling or exceeding the length; trunk lobed and su cate. This tree is native in Italy as its name imports. It was early brouirht to thia country, and has been planted about many a dwelling and in village streets. llB rapid growth is the only commendable quality it possesses, while the hugo worms by '.vhich it is often infested render it a nuisance. Lonibardy Poplar. ORDE R CXX X. B A LS A M I FLU ^. The Liquidamlar Tribe. Aments raoncp.cious, roundish, with aohlamydeous flowers, Sterile. — Anth. immerou.s, oblong, .subsessile, with scales intermixed. Fektile. — OfO. 2-celled. coUccled into a globe, each surrounded by a few scales. Styles 2, long. Fr. a kind of strobile, composed of the indurated scales and capsules. Caps. 2-beakcd. 2-cclled, opening' between the beaks. Stls. several, winged. An order consisting of a single genus of trees. Leaves alternate, palmatc-lobed, with deciduous stipules. The fragrant resin, liquid storax, is the product of several species. LIQUIDA'MBAR. Character the same as that of the order. Lat. ambar. amber, and liquidum, fluid ; a strong balsamic substance which has been compared to amber, flows from the tree. L. stykaci'flua. Leaves palmate, witii acuminate, serrate lobes ; veins villous at their bases. The sweet gum or gum-tree is disseminated throughout the U. S. With a DRTICACK.'E. • 353 PLATAXDS. diameter of 5 feet it arises to the hightof GO. The trunk is covered with a deeply furrowed bark. The youno- uvigs are yellowish, putting fortli leaves of a rich green, which are deeply divided into 5 lobes more regularly formed than those of the rock maple. The fruit is in a globular, compact ball, sus- pended by a slender pedicel, consisting of numerous capsules, each containing 1 or 2 seeds. When wounded in sumiuer, a gum of an agreeable odor is distilled from the trunk. May. •^'"'■c«^ <^'""*- ORDER CXXXI. PLATANACE^. The Plane-tres Tribe. AmenU moncecious, globose, with achlamycleoiis flowers. Stekile. — Sia- sing-le, with only small scales intermi.xed. Anth. 2-cellerl, linear. Fertile. — Oca. terminated by a thick style with one side stigmalic. Pr.—'SM, davate, tipped with the persistent, recurved style. Seed solitary albuminous. An order consisting of a single genus of trees, with alternate, palmaicly-lobed leaves. Stipules sheathing, scarious. PLA'TANUS. Characler ihe. same as that of ihe order. Gt. TFXciT'Ji, broad ; in reference to the ample foliage. P. occidenta'lis. Ler; CCS lobed, angular ; branches whitish. The plane-tree is native of all the U. S., and is by far the largest (though not the loftiest) tree of the Ameri- can forest. On the margins of the great rivers of the West, trees are found whose trunks measure from 40 to 50 feet in circumference, or more than 13 feet in diametei. In N.England it also grows to magnificent dimensions. It flourishes in any soil, but is most fiequenlly met with on the stony borders and beds of streams. Leaves very large, tomentose beiieatli when young. Flowers in globular aments or balls, which hang upon the tree on long pedicels most of the winter. The bark is yearly detached from the trunk in large scales leaving a white surface beneath. May. Plane-tree. Button-wood. SijcamoTe. ORDER CXXXII. URTICACE^. Pis. MoncEcious. dicecious or polygamous, in panicles, aments or dense heads. CW.— Membranoiis, lobed, persistent. Sta —Definite, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes. Ova. — Free, simple, ]-ovuled. Style ]. fV. Acheuium or utricle, surrounded by the membranous or fleshy calyx. A lara-e order of trees, .shrubs and herbs, the two former usually lactescent. Leaves alternai'e, rough or covered with stinging hairs, often stipulate. They are widely diffused ihroushout the world. Properties. — The juice is almost .ilways deleterious, sometimes in a high degree. It con- tains caoutdinuc. The celebrated Bohon Upa.-i. the most deadly of all poisons, is the concrete juice of Anliaris toxicaria of the Indian Archipelago. Its poisonous property is said to be due to the presence ol strychnia. Meanwhile the famous cow tree of S. America yields a copious supply of milk which is rich and wholesome. Gum lac is obtained abun- dantly from Ficus Indica. The renowned Banyan tree is Ficus relijriosa. In this order are also found many exceUent fruits. Figs are the fruit of I'icus Cariea. &c. Bread fruit is the compound fruit of Artocarpus ; mulberries of JSIorus nigra. XV.^nV, a yellow dye is the wood of i\I. tinctoria of S. America. The use o( lump in the manufacture of cordage is well known, as are likewise the uses of the hop. The nettles are remarkable for their Blinginsr, venomous hairs. This" order is composed of 'four principal suborders, viz: ArtocarpejB, More^, URricE,E, and Cannabineje, of which the three last are represented in llie followiug genera. EE* URTICACEiE. 354 URTICA. Consjicctus of the Genera. fFls. spicate or ( Feilile calyx 2-sepaled. Vrtica. 1 f Lvs. simple. < paniculate. | Fertile calvx 0. . . B/zlimeria. 5 j Stamens 4. ( Flowers capitate, involucrate. . . Pan'etaria. 2 ( erect. ( Leaves palmalely 5— 7-foliate. Stameii.s 5. . . . Cannabis, 'i Herbs ...( climbintth. — 2 or many-lobed, often tipped with a crest. Pollen large, usually compound. Fertile, in amenls composed of open, scale-like carpels, or solitary and without a carpel. Ovary, sty'.", and stigma wanting'. Ovules 1, 2 or many, erect or inverted. Fr — A strobile (cone), or a solitary' seed. Integuments hard and crustaceous. Embryo in ihe axis of oily albumen. Trees or shrubs, with branching trunks, abounding in resinous juice. Leaves scattered or fascicled, linear or acerose (rarely lanceolate), rigid, parallel-veined, anil generally evergreen. Thef are natives of all climates Imt most abundant in the temperate zones, tho.'jf of tlie southern, however, very different from the pines, spruces, larches and cedars of the northern. Friipniir.'s. Few orders can be named, which are of more importance to mankind, whether in reference to their invaluable timber or their resinous secretions. Turjvntine, tar, pitch and resin are the proiluct of the pines. Bnrgitndy pilch is yielded by Pinus sylves- tris of Kurope ; Venetian tuqientine, by the Larix ; oil of Savin by Juniperus Sabina of Europe, &c. Conspectus of the Genera. (Leaves scale- ( Fertile scales 4 — 8-ovuled. . . Cupressvs. Z < like, imbricate. ( Feitile scales 2-ovuled. . . Thujn. 3 fa woody cone. ( Leaves linear or acerose Pinus. 1 I !i fleshy berry with 3 bony seeds. Leaves mostly acerose. . . Juniperus. 4 Fruit ( a fleshy drupe with a single seed. Leaves linear, 2-ranked. . . Taxus. 5 1 . PINUS. Flowers monoecious. Sterile. — Scales peltate, each bearing 2, sessile, 1-celled anthers. Ferlilc, in ovoid aments. Car- pellary scales closely imbricate, each bearing a pair of ovules adhering to the base inside, and subtended byabiact outside; fruit a woody strobile or cone; seeds winged, cotyledons 2—15. Celtic, pin or pen, a rock or mountain ; many species of this noble genus prefer such situations. Lvs. linear or acerose, solitary or fasciculate, mostly evergreen. Aments of the barren flowers numerous, deciduous. i Leaves evergreen, in fascicles of 2 — 5, sheathed at base, acerose. Scales of the cone thickened at the summit. 1'inus vera. 1. P. RESIN0'S.\. Lambert. P. rubra. Mx. Leaves in pairs, channeled, elongated,"vvith elongated sheaths ; cones ovoid- conic, rounded at the base, subsolitary , about half as long as the leaves ; scales coN/Ft:R.E. S58 pi^us/ unarmed, dilated in the middle. It abounds in the northern parts of the U. S. and in Canada, attaining the hight ot>:0 feet, with a trunk 2 ieet in diam- eter, very straight and uniforni. B;irk smoother, and of a clearer red than other i)ines. Leaves chif lly collected towards the ends of the branches, always in pairs, 5 — 8 inches in length, the sheaths ^ — 1^ inch. This pine affords a fine-grained, resinous timber of much strength and durability, and highly valued in architecture. May. Rul Pine. Kurway Pine. 2. P. BaNKSIA'NA. Lamh. P. rupcstris. jlfz. Leaves in pairs, rigid, curved, acute, terete upon the back and channeled above, margins somewhat scabrous ; co/^cs ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortu- ous ; snihs unarmed, obtuse, smooth. A small tree, vvith long, spreading, flexible branches, abounding in barrens, in Me. and British America, l^eaves about an inch in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs. April. May. Scrub Pine. 3. P. INOPS. Leaves in pairs, rather short, obtuse, rigid, channeled above, terete beneath, margins obs-.urely serrulate ; cones recurved, ovoid-oblong, as long as the leaves; sail es of . — Utricle 1 — several-seeded. Seeds with a fungous testa. A small order of floating, annual herbs, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf confounded) sending down from the under surface roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing from the margin the spathaceous flowers. LEMNA. Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former of 2 collateral stamens, the latter of a simple, carinate ovary, with a style and stigma. Gt. ^ii^i/^U; a scale or husk ; from the resemblance of the fronds. 1. L. trisu'lca. FroTuls elliptic-lanceolate, thin, serrate at one extremity and caudate at the other; rooi,? solitary. Floating in ponds and pools of clear water. Fronds nearly ^ inch in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like a])pendage at base, obtuse at apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner from lateral fissures in the margin of ilie old. Root a solitary fibre, ending in a sheath. Flowers very minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the frond. June — Sept. Ivy-leaved Duck-meat. FF* TVPHACEiE. 366 2. L. MINOR. • Fronrfs nearly ovate, compressed ; root solitary. This little floatin|r plant occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant waters. The leaves, prop- erly fronds, adhere 2 — 3 together, ] inch in length, rather thick, and convex below. Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers minute, Iroin a cleft in the margin of the fronds, near the base. Jn. — Sept. Lesser Duck-meat. 3. L. GIBBA. Fro7ids obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above ; root •olitary. Floating on tlie surface of stagnant waters. N. York. Fronds about a line in leno-th, pellucid and reticulated beneath. June — Sept. Gibbous Duck-meat. 4. L. POLYRHl'ZA. Fronds broad-ovate, a little convex beneath ; roots numerous. Floating in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling flax-seed but larger (2 — 4 lines long), scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, becom- ing purplish. Roots in thick bundles of 8—10 black fibres from the under surface of the fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks and other aquatic birds. June— Sept. Greater Duck-meat. ORDER CXXXVIII. TYPHACEiE. '^he Reed-mace Tribe. .jfi^.—Moncccious, arranged upon a spadix with no spathe. fW.— SepaLs 3 or 0. Corolla 0. • Sta —3—6. Filaments long and slender. Anthers mmeiform, erect. Ova.— I free 1-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule. 6>tyl» short. Stig. 1—2. /,>,_ Utricle with an albuminous seed. An order consisting of the two following genera only. They are herbs, growing in marshes or ditches. Stems without joints. Leaves rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins. Genera. flong and cylindrical Ti/pka. 1 Spadix of flowers {globose Sparganium. 2 1. TYPHA. Spadix of flowers long, cylindric, dense. Sterile. — Stamens about 3 (ogether, united into a common filament. Fertile flowers fcfelow Ihe^ sterile; ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappu?. Gr. rvOoi, a marsh ; where all the species grow. Fvoot perennial. Spadix terminal. Fls. very numerous. T. latifo'lia. Leaves ensiform, concave within near the base ; sterile and fertile spikes close together, or a little remote. A common, smooth, tall inhabitant of the water in muddy pools and ditches. The stem arises from 3 to ;"> feet, round and smooth, leafy below, terminated by the large cylindric spikes. Spikes of a brown color, (j — 10 inches in length, composed of slender, downy flowers so compact, particularly the fertile ones, as to be of considerable hardness. The upper portion is smaller, composed of the sterile flowers. Leaves some- what sword-shaped, erect, 2—4 feet long and nearly an inch wide. They are called flao-s and made useful for weaving the seals of chairs, &c. July. " Cat-tail. Reed-mace. WAIADACE^. 367 SPARGANIITM. /3. angustifolia, (T. anofustifolia. authors) ; sterile and fertile spikes a little remote (4 — 2 inches). Found in the same situations with the former. A well marked variety, but differing only in the more slender habit, and less complete development of its parts. 2. SPARGA'NIUM. Spadix of flowers globose. Sterile. — Calyx 3 — Gsepaled. Ferlile. — Calyx 3 — G-sepaled ; utricle turbinate, acuminate, 1 — 2-seeded. Gr. o-Tragyavov, a band or fillet; in reference to the long, ribbon-like leaves. Root perennial. Fls collected in several dense, roundish heads, the sterile heads above the fertile. 1. S. RAMO'SUM. Leaves triangular at base, their sides concave ; common flower-stalks branched ; stigmas 2, linear. Grows in pools and ditches where it is con- spicuous among other reedy plants for its globular burrs of flowei-s. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, flexuous, round, with a few branches above. Leaves ^ — 2 feet long, 4 — 8 lines wide, linear, arising above the stem, triangular towards the base, and svvord-forni upwards, tapering, but obtuse. Heads of flowers light green ; fertile ones 2 — -5, the lowest generally raised on a short, axillary stalk ; sterile ones above, more numerous, smaller, sessile. Aug. Burr Reed. 2. S. SIMPLEX. Smith. S. Americana. J^utt. Loic(r leaves eqnal with, or exceeding the stem which is nearly simple; floral ones concdiVC at base and erect; stigma always simple, ovate oblong, oblique, scarcely more than half the length of the style. Ponds and lakes. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, simple or divided ai base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 —2^ feet long, carinate at base. Ferlile heads mostly sessile, generally 3, below the several barren ones. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Aug. Simple Burr Reed. 3. S. NATANS. Smith. S. angustifolium. Mx. Leaves floating, flat; cnmmonjloirer-stalk s\mp]e; ^iiVma ovate, very short; head of .sterile flo2/^ers subsolitary. Lakes and pools. Stem long and slender, and, with the leaves, floating upon the surface of the water. Leaves thin and pellucid. Heads of fertile flowers axillary , generally 2, mostly sessile. Sterile cluster terminal. Aug. Floating Burr Reed. ORDER CXXXIX. N.AIADACE.E. The Pond-wecd Tribe. Fh- — Perfect or monercinus. Calyx 2 — 4-sepaled or 0. Sta. — Definite. Ovaries. ], or2 — 4, free, l-ovuled. Sii^ma simple, often sessile. Fr. — Dry, inclehiscent, l-eelled, ]-seeded Spcrf pendulous. AlbumenO. Water plants, with cellular leaves and inconspicuous flowers. Conspectus of the Genera. ( solitary, diclinous, monandrous. . Aajas. 2 fO. Flowers axillary, I 2 together, a sterile and fertile one. . 7.annicheUia. 3 J short, S-flowered, borne on a long, tortuous peduncle. . . li'ippia. 4 1 linear, bearing the monoecious flowers in a double row. . . Zostera. 1 Spadix [cylindric, covered with perfect, tetramerous flowers. . . rotamogeton.5 HAIADACEf. S68 ZANNICHELLIA. 1. ZOSTE'RA. Spadix linear, bearing Ihe separated flowers in 2 rows on one side; perianth 0. Sterile Jl. — Anther ovoid, sessile, par- allel to the ovary. Fertile Jl. — Ovaries 2, ovoid ; style bifid ; utricle 1 -seeded. Gr. ^uc-rtiS^, a girdle ; alluding to its ribbon-like leaves. Z. mari'na. S^ew trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at the joints; hranchts floating, simple ; tcaves alternate, linear, entire, sheathing at base, 1 — several feet in length; receptacle or spadix linear, flat, pale green, 2 inches long, issuing from a cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a double series of naked flowers. Habits aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows, and is thence washed upon the shore by tlie waves. Like other sea-weeds, it is gathered for manure. Aug. Per. Sea Wrack- grass. Eel-grass. 2. NAJAS. Flowers often dioecious. Sterile. — Calyx cylindric, 2-cleft; stanaen 1 (rarely more) ; filament slender, often elongated; anther 4-valved, valves spreading. Fertile. — Perianlli 0; style filiform; stigma 2 — 3-fid ; capsule 1-sceded. Gr. vu(o, to flow ; hence Nats, or NaiSf«, Nymphs of the waters, after whom these little plants, for their habit, were named. Fls. axillary. N. CaNADE'NSIS. L. Cauliniaflexilis. /FiW. Fluialis flexilis. Per5. Stems fiUform, caespitose, dicholomously branching; leaves opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 4s or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticulate, spread- ing, l-nerved. A slender, flexible, rather erect, submersed aquatic, consisting of tufts of thread-like, knotted stems, G — \2 inches long. Leaves i — 1 inch long, ^ line wide, ses.'sile and sheathing at base. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an oblong ovary tipped with a filiform style, with 2 — 3 stigmas at summit. In stagnant waters. August. Water Nymph. /3. (Caulinia fragilis. Willd.) ; stems and lca7:is rather rigid, the latter mostly opposite and recurved. 3. ZANNICHE'LLIA. Flowers monoecious. Sterile. — Stamen 1 ; filament elon- gated. Fertile. — Calyx monophyllous ; corolla 0; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium. In honor of Zannichelli, an eminent botanist of Venice. Z. PALU'STRIS. Sterns filiform, floating ; /rrrrrs opposite, linear ; fl7?///c7-s 4-celled ; stigmas entire ; aclienia tootlied on tlie back. In pools and ditclies. Stem round, smooth, 1 — 2 feet long, branching, leafy. Leaves grass-like, 2 — 3 inches long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary brads, small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile, the former consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish brown stamen, the latter of 4 — 6 ovaries which are free from the inflated, one-sided, 2 — 3-toothed calyx. July, Aug. NAlADACEiE. 369 POTAMOdETON. 4. RU'PPIA. Flowers perfect, 2 together on a spadix arising from the sheathing base of the leaves; perianth 0; stamens 4, sessile; ovaries 4, pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia. Name in honor of Ruppi, a German botanist. Root perennial. R. mari'tima. A grass-like plant, in salt marshes, Mass. Stems several feet long, filiform, branched, floating. Leaves 1—2 feet long, linear and setaceous, with inflated sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral, and by winding and unwinding bears the naked, green flowers on the surface of the water as°it rises or falls. July. Sea Teazel-grass. 5. POTAMOGE'TON. Flowers perfect, on a spadix arising from a spathe; calyx 4-sepaled; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals; ovaries 4 ; achenia 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. Gr. TFora^oi, a river, yiiriov, near. Mostly perennial, submersed aquatics, only the flowers arising above the surface of the water. Root perennial. * Upper leaves floating. 1. P. NATANS. P. natans, fluitans and heterophyllum of «MfAor5. Upper leaves long-petiolate, coriaceous, lanceolate, often subcordate at base, lower leaves submersed. Ions, membranous, linear-lanceolate. In ponds and sluggish streams. Stems round, branching, 6—20 inches long accnrdmg to the depth ot the water. Leaves smooth, panillel-veined, upper U — 3 inches long, i— I as wide, varyin-r throuo-h all forms between elliptic-lanceolate and cordate-ovate, on petioles 2—6 inches in length, often reddish, issuing from bracts ; lower leaves very variable in form and length, tapering to both ends^ Peduncle 2—6 inches long, thick, bearing a spadi.x just above the water, 1—2 inches long, with greenish flowers. June. Floating Pond-weed. ». upper leaves cordate-ovate, lower ones all petiolate. /3. fliiUans ; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base, lower linear. y.heterophijllum; upper leaves e\lipt\ca.\, lower linear. Plant reduced. 2. P. SETA'cEUM. p. p. diversifoliuni. Bart. Upper Zeaces lanceolate, opposite, 5-nerved, on short petioles ; lower ones submerged, sessile, filiform, alternate, dense, axillary. Common in pools and ditches. A very slender and delicate species, only the upper leaves arising to the surface. These are 6 — 10 lines long, 1 — 2 wide, acute at each end, on hair-like petioles 5—6 lines long. Spadices dense, short, 5—6 flowered. July. Setaceous Pond-weed. * * Leaves all submersed. 3. P. LUCENS. Leaves lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick mid- rib ; s;?j7£es long, cylindric, many-flowered. Rivers and lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when dry, shining above, beautifully veined, 3 — 5 inches long, acuminate, | — 1 inch wide, each with a lanceolate bract above its base. Spadix 2 inches long, of numerous, green flowers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times as long, thick and enlarged upwards. June. Per. Shining Pond-weed. ALISMACE^E. S70 4. P. perfolia'tum. Leaves cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, all immersed ; spikes terminal ; flowers alternate. A common species, growing in ponds and slow waters, wholly below the surface except the purplish flowers. Stem dichotomous, very leafy, 6—10 inches long. Leaves alternate, apparently perfoliate near the base, 1-^ inch long, i as wide, obtuse, pellucid. iSpadix on a short pedun- cle (1—2 inches), few-tiowered. Ji. Perfoliate Pond-weed. 5. P. PAUCI'FLORUM. P. P. gramineum. Jtfz. Stem round, dichotomous, filiform ; leaves linear, alternate, sessile ; fowera few in a spadix. A delicate species, in rivers, &c. Leaves numerous, obtuse tapering to the stipulate base, 2— 3 inches long, a line wide, 1-nerved, of a bright green color. Peduncle an inch long, terminal, bearing 3—5 greenish fls. above the water, but ripening the seeds below. Grass-leuvcd Pond-ioeed. 6. P. pectina'tum. Leaves setaceous, parallel, approximate, in 2 rows ; flowers Tew in a spike, scattered. The whole plant immersed in water except the spikes, which are terminal, composed of a few, remote, green flowers. Leaves very numerous, alternate, pointed, 1-ribbed, so arranged on 2 opposite sides of the stem as to give it a pectinate appearance. Jl. Femiel-lcavcd Pond-weed. 7. P. COMFR'eSSUM. Torr. P. zosterifolium. Sc/mm.? Stem compressed, ancipital, flexuous; leaves broad-linear, obtuse; spike short, peduncle elongated. A very distinct species, in ponds and rivers. Stem 1 — 2 feet long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing stipules above the nodes. Leaves J — 4 inches in length, 2 lines wide, closely sessile, remote, the margins perfectly parallel, ending in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal, 4 — 1 inch long, on a peduncle 1 — 2 inches long, and bearing 5 — 25 flowers. July. Grassy Potamogeton. ORDER CXL. ALISMACEtE. The Water Plantain Tribe. Fls. — Perfect or monoscious, regular, not on a spadix. Perianth. — Cal. 3-sepaIed, green. Cor. 3-petaled, colored (green in the suborder). Sta. — Definite or indefinite, hypogynous. Ova. — Carpels several, 1-celled and 1-seeded. Styles and ii/g^was several. Pr. — Dry, iiideliiscent. Seerfj straight or curved, destitute of albumen. Aquatic herbs. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers racemose or paniculate. Conspectus of the Genera. I Flowers all perfect. Stamens 6. . . Alisma. 1 f colored, sepals green. ( Flowers monoscious. Stamens indefinite. Sagitiaria. 2 ) ( Anthers thick, short. Leaves cauline. Triglochin. 3 Petals ( green, like the calyx. \ Anthers linear. Leaves all radical. . Scheuchzeria. 4 1. A LI'S MA. F'lowers perfect ; stamens 6; ovaries and styles numerous, aggregated, becoming in fruit numerous, distinct, compressed achenia. Celtic alis, water ; the place it inhabits. Perennial, caulescent. Leaves radical. Flowers paniculate. Sepals while. A. planta'go. Leaves oval, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, subcordate ; achenia obtusely 3-cornered. A common, smooth, handsome inhabitant of ponds and ditches. ALISMACEJE. 371 SAGITTARIA. Leaves resembling those of the common plantain, 4 — 6 inches long. | as wide, ending in a short, abrupt point, 7 — 9-nerved, entire, on long, radical petioles. Scape 1 — 2 feet iiigh. Branches of the panicle verticillate, with bracts at base. Flowers numerous. Petals 3, tinged with purple, roundish, deciduous, larger than the green, ovate, persistent sepals. July. IValcr Fiantain. 2. SAGITTA'RIA. Flowers monoecious; sterile with about 24 stamens; fertile witli numerous ovaries aggregated, and becoming, in fruit, as many compressed, margined achenia collected into a globose head. Lat. sagiUa, an arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf. Perennial, acaulescent. Lvs. radical, generally sagittate. Fis. in verticels of 3, the sterile ones near the summit of the scape, fertile below them. 1. S. sagittifo'lia. Leaves lanceolate, acute, sagittate, lobes lanceolate, acute. A curious aquatic plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of si uogish waters. Root fleshy and farinaceous. LeavesS — 10 inches long including the lobes wliich are neatly half this length, ^—4 or 5 inches wide, smooth and entire. Scape 1 — 2 feet high, branching, obtusely 3-angled. Flowers generally in 3s, the upper ones barren. Petals 3, large, roundish, while and very delicate. July. Aug. The leaves, &c., are exceedingly variable, and Dr. Torrey has appended the following, as varieties : /i. bitifulla ; leaves broad-ovate, rather obtuse, with straight, ovate, slightly acuminate lobes. y. hastala ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, with spreading, lanceolate, long, acuminate lobes; flowers inoslly dioecious. 3. graciis ; leaves linear, with linear, very long, acute and spreading lobes. £. pvbesccns; piani distinctly pubescent, in all its parts; icares and their lobes ovate. Arroio-kead. 2. S. Kl'oiDA. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, carinate, rigid, very acute at both ends; scape branching. N. Yorli. Growing in watereven to the depth of 7 feet, accord- ing to Dr. Beck. Leaves remarkably dissimilar to those of the foregoing species, 5 — 6 inches in length, one in width, thick and brittle, and on stout, rigid petioles, prolonged according to the depth of the water. Flowers numerous and large, with 3, white, rounded petals ; fertile ones on short peduncles. July. BriuU-ltaved SagiUaria. 3. S. iieterophy'lla. Leaves smootli, linear and lanceolate, acute at each end, rarely some of them elliptical and sagittate, with lobes linear and divaricate; sc/ipe simple, fevir-flowered, fertile flowers subsessile. Muddy shores. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, ^ as wide, on petioles rather longer than the scape which is seldom a foot high. Flowers few, tiie three lower ones fertile and very nearly sessile, all with roundish bracts at base. July. 4. S. acutifo'lia. Leaves subulate, sheathed at base, conve.x on the back ; scape simple, few- flowered ; //r«c«i^ broad, acuminate. Muddy shores. Mass. N.York. Leaves very small (I — 2 inches long), thick and concave, on long, round, sheathing petioles. Scape simple, half a foot high. Flowers few, pedunculate, in alismaceje. 872 schedchzeria. ..Jl^ whorls of 3, as in other species. Barren flowers with 12 — 15 stamens. Petals roundish, white. Aug. 5. S. pusi'lla. Kvit. Alisma subulata. Petioles (leaves?) short, linear, obtuse, summits only foliaceous ; scape simple, shorter than the leaves; flowers few, fertile one solitary, deflexed ; stamens mostly 7. A dimmutive species on muddy banks. Leaves rarely subulate, an inch or two long, less than a line wide. Scape 2 — 4 inches high. Flowers 4 — 7, the lowest one only fertile. Aug. Suborder. JUNCAGINE^. Sepals and petals both herbaceous (green), or 0. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3 or 6, coherent, ovules 1 — 2 in each carpel. Seeds erect, with the embryo straight. Herbaceous, bog plants. Leaves ensiform. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 3. TRIGLO'CHIN. Sepals and petals concave, deciduous, the former inserted a litlle below the latter ; stamens 6, very short ; anthers large, extrorse; ovaries 1-ovuled ; stigmas adnate; fruit clavate, composed of 3 — G united, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. Gr. Tgis three, y^'>>X,n, a corner ; for the three-angled fruit. Root peren- nial. Leaves grass-like, all radical. 1. T. mari'timum. Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of G united carpels ; scape longer than the leaves. A rush-like plant in salt marshes and ditches on the sea-coast and at Salina, N. Y., &c. Leaves linear, seniicylindric, smooth, thick, 6 — 12 inches long, less than a line wide. Scape obtusely angled, simple, 9 — 18 inches long, beating a long raceme of 30 — 40 green flowers on pedicels 1 — 2 lines long. Fruit separating into 6 linear carpels, each containing a linear seed. The plant has a sweetish taste, and cattle are fond of it. Jl. Sea Arrow-grass. 2. T. PALU'STRE. Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels ; scape scarcely longer than the leaves. In marshes, Salina, N. Y. Leaves very numerous, fleshy, smooth, very narrow. Scape G — 12 inches high, ending in a laceme with rather re- mote, very small, green flowers on pedicels 2 — 3 lines long. The slender fruit is attenuated at base, obtuse at apex, grooved and margined, consisting of 3 very slender carpels. July. Marsh Arroio-grass. 4. SCHEUCHZE'RIA. Sepals and petals oblong, acute, persistent ; stamens 6, with linear anthers ; stigmas sessile, lateral; ovaries 1 — 2-ovuIed 5 capsules inflated, compressed, 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. In honor of the Scheuchzers, two brothers, distinguished botanists. Root perennial. Leaves cauline, linear, sheathing at base. S. PALU'STRIS. A rush-like plant, in swamps. Vt. N.York. Rootstock horizontal, fleshy. Stem about a foot high, simple, angular. Leaves seniicylindric, 4 — G inches long, in the barren shoots much longer, sheathing at base. Raceme terminal, 5 — 8-flowered. Flowers yellowish green, on short pedicels, each axillary to a bract. Stamens large, exserted, erect. July. Flowering Rush. ORCHIDACE^. 873 VALLISNERIA. ORDER CXLI. HYDROCHARlDACEiE. The Fros-bu Trite. JFls. — DicBcious or perfect, issuing from a spathe. Perianth. — Sepals 3, iierbaceous. Petals 3, colored. Sta. — Definite or indefinite, epigynous. Ova. — Adiierenl to the perianth, single. Stigmas3 — 6. Ovules indefinite. 2>. — Dry or succulent, indehiscent, 1 or more-celled. Seeds without alljumen. A small order of floating plants. Leaves parallel-veined. Native of Europe, Nonh America and the East Indies. Of no imponant use. Genera. Leaves short and verticillatc. Flowers axillar>\ solitary. . . . Vdora. 1 Leaves long, linear, radical. Flowers elevated on long scapes. . . . Vatlisneria. 2 1 . U D O' R A . Flowers dioecious; spathe bitid ; spadix l-flowered. Ster- ile.— Stamens 9, 3 of them interior. Fertile. — Tube of the perianth very long; abortive filaments 3; capsule ventricose, 3-seedcd. Gr. iidcog, water ; from its aquatic habits. Creeping. Leaves verticillate. U. C.ANADE'NSIS. Nutt. Elodea Canadensis. JVfc. Serpicula veniciliata. .n/a/i. Leaves verticillate, in 3s and 4s, lanceolate, oblong or linear, serrulate ; tube of the perianth dWfoTm. Resembling a coarse moss, in still waters. Stem filiform, diffusely diciiotomous, very leafy, submersed. Leaves ^ — ^- inch long, about .V line wide, thin and diaplianous, sessile, obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute, of a dingy wliite, the slender tube about as long as the leaves. Aug. Ditch .Muss. 2. VALLISNE'RI A. Flowers dioecious ; spatlie ovate, 2 — 4-parted. Sterile. — Spadi.x covered with minute floweis; corolla 0. Fertile. — Spathe bifid, l-flowcred; perianth elongated ; sepals linear; stigmas 3, ovale, bifid; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. In honor of Anthony Vallisneri, a Frencli botanist. Submersed, perennial. Lv3. all radical. Scape spiral, very long. V. America'na. Leaves linear, obtuse, serrulate at the end, tapering at the base, floating ; peduncle of the fertile Jlowcr long, of the sterile short, erect. A curious plant m slow moving or stagnant waters. Leaves linear, 1 — 2 feet long, about i inch wide, the edges tiiiiiner than the middle. Scapes several, of the sterile plants short, of the fertile plants very tortuous, 2 — 4 feet long when extended, thread-like, thickened at top, bearing each a single, white floivcr at or near the surface. Sep.ils and petals crowning the (1 inch) long, narrow, incurved ovary which is half concealed in the spathe. Jl. Aug. Tape Gruss. ORDER CXLIll. ORCHIDACEiE. The Orchis Tribe. P!s. — Very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of G parts. Cat. — Sepals 3, usually colored, odd one. nnnermnstby the twisting of the ovary. Gv. — Pctnls 3, u;ually colored, odd one lowest by the twisting of the ovary. 1-ip. — {Lafellum, or lowest petal) diverse in form.ol'ien lobe 1, trequeiitly spurred at base. Sta. — 3, united i ito a central column, the 2 lateral ones srenerally abortive, and the eectral one perfect; more rarely, the cei.tral abortive and lateral perfect. GG orchidace;e. 374 Aiith. — ^2, 4 or S-celled, persistent or deciduous, often operculate. Pol. — Kither powder)-, or cohering in waxy masses (poW/ira), which are either constantly adhering to a gland, or becoming loose in their cells. Ova. — l-ccUed, withJJ parietal placentte. Ovules indefinite. Sty. — Consolidated with the stamens. Stig. a viscid cavity in front of the column. Fr. — Capsule 3-ribbed, 3-valved. Sch. many, without albumen. An extensive order, embracing not less than 1500 species. They are among the most interesting and curious of plants, almost always remarkable for the grotesque form of their tortuous roots and stems, and the fragrance, brilliancy and odd structure of the flowers. They are all perennial herbs, often acaulesceul, with fleshy conns, or tuberous, fasciculated roots. Leaves simple, parallel-veined, entire. Flowers in terminal, or radical racemes, spikes or panicles, rarely solitary. The Orchidacea; are natives of every part of the, world. In the tropics multitudes of them are epiphytes, growing on living trees or decaying timber. This order is remarkable lor those qualities only, 'which please the eye. Many of its species are cultivated tor ornament, but few of them possess either active or useful proper- tics. The sakp of commerce is a nutritive, mucilaginous substance aflorded by the roots of some Asiatic Orchis. The aromatic vanilla, used to flavor chocolate, &c.,islhe fruit of the West Indian Vanilla claviculata. Conspectus of the Genera. ( ca\iline. Microstylis. 1 Leaf I ovate, (radical. Aplectrum. 4 solitary, I en.siform (rarelyi). Calopogon. 11 Leaves j near base of stem. Liparis. 2 2 only, ( near nuddle of stem. /-ufcra. 14 \ radical. ( ringent. Goodyrra. 13 Flowers Leaves < Sepals ( erect. SpiranthfS. 12 ;everal. (^several, ( cauline. Fls.3or4. Tiiphorn. 10 ■ SpurO. . . . ( Flower solitary, lip bearded within. Fugonia. 9 I J PoUinia 2. Fls. bracteale. Orckis. 7 ( Fertile ] Lip spnr- ( flattish. (PoUinia 4. Fls. bractless. Tipularia. t> Leaves 1 < anth. 1. [ red at base, ) ventricose. Flower and leaf solitar)'. Ctihrpso. 5 or more. ( Anthers 2 fertile, middle one sterile, pclaloid. Lip saccate. Cirj>rip(/lium. 15 ( Plants green. Flowers solitary. Lip bearded within. . ArtthiiM. 8 Leaves 0. ( Plants destitute of green herbage. Flowers racemose. . Corallurkizn. 3 § Pollen cohering in grains ivhich finally become waxy, and are definite in number. 1. MICRO'STYLIS. Segments of the perianth distinct, petals filiform; lip ses- sile, concave, erect, truncate and bidentate at summit ; column minute; pollinia 4, loose. Gr. jw.tx.go5, little, aTv'Koij style ; alluding to the slender column. 1. M. ORPHIOGLOSSOI'dES. Niitt. iMalaxis orph. IFfflrf. M. unifolia. illi. ictt/" solitary, ovate, ample.vicaul ; stem S-angled; raceme short, obtuse, capitate ; pedicels much longer than the t^owers. A small plant, in swamps, &c. Stem 5 — 9 inches high, with a single leaf a little below the middle. This leaf is rather acute, smooth, ovate or oval, about 2:^ inches in length, 1 in width. At the base of the stem, is an abrupt sheath, flowers whitish, minute, numerous, in a terminal raceme an inch or more in length, dense at top. Bracts minute. Pedicels about 4 lines long. June. 2. M. BFt.\CIIY'PODA. Gray. M. monophyllus. JVilld. Lcfff solit:iry; raceme subspicate, slender, elongated ; fioioers as long as the pedicels ; lateral petals refracted ; lip triangular-hastate, cucuUate, acumi- nate. N. York. July. 2. LIPA'RIS. Segments of llie perianth distinct, sublinear, spreading or deflexed ; lip spreading, flat, ascending, often exterior ; col- 0«CHIDACF.JE. 375 APLKCTEUM. umn winged; pollinia 4, parallel with each other, without pedicels or glands. Gr. XiTragos, elegant, shining ; a term cliaracteristic of these plants. 1. L. LILIFO'LIA. Rich. Malaxis lilifolia. Sic. Leaves 2, ovate-lanceolate ; scape triangular ; ifincr petals filiform, reflexed : lip concave, obovate, acute at the tip. Leaves radical, 3—6 inches long, ^ — i as wide, rather acute, tapering into a sheatiiing base. Scape about 6 inches high. Flowers 10—20, in a terminal, rather showy raceme. Pedicels near an inch in length. The 3 sepals greenish-white, linear. 2 upper petals capil- lary, vellowTsh white. Lip much larger than the other petals, white. In woods and swamps. June. Tway-hlade. 2. L. LcESE'LII. Rich. L. Correana. Spr. Malaxis Loeseiii. Sw. Leaws 2, ovate-oblong, obtuse, plicate, shorter than the few-flowered racemes ; scape angular ; lij) ovate, entire ; sepals and petals linear, subequal. About half as large^as the preceding, in moist meadows and fields. Leaves o_3 inches long, about 1 wide, obtuse or acute, sheathing at base. Scape 3—5 inches high. Flowers about 6, appressed to the rachis, in a thin raceme. Pedicels about 2 lines in length. Sepals and petals greenish white. Ovaries clavate, as long as the pedicels. June. 3. CORALLORHI'ZA. Segments of the perianth nearly equal, converging; lip produced behind ; spur short and adnate to the ovary ; column free ; pollinia 4, oblique (not parallel). Gr. KOgaXXioi/. coral, qI^cc, a root ; on account of its branched roots which much resemble coral. Plants leafless. Scape sheathed. 1. C. ODONTORHl'ZA. Mitt. C. innata. 5r. £'/> undivided, oval, obtuse, crenulate, spotted ; spur obsolete, adnate to the ovary ; cnpsute subglobose. A singular plant, with no leaves or green herbage, inhabiting old woods. The root is a collection of small, fleshy tubes articulated and branched much like coral. Scape 9 — 14 inches high, rather fleshy, striate, smooth, invested with a few, long, purplish brown sheaths. Flowers 15—25, in a long spike, of a brownish green. Lip white, generally with purple spots. Capsules large, reflexed, strongly ribbed. July, Aug. /3. (C. innata. JVutt.) ; lip white, without spots. More delicate and slender than the variety a. Flowers fev/er (7—10). Dragon s-claw. Coral-root. 2. C. multiflo'ra. Kutt. .Scape many-flowered ; /j'/) cuneate-oval, spotted, 3-parted, the middle lobe recurved, lateral ones short and tooth-like ; spur conspicuous, adnate ; capsule elliptic-obovoid. In woods, growing on the roots of trees. N. H. Common. Root coralline. Scape 10— lo inches high, leafless, brownish purple, sheathed with a few bracts. Flowers larger than in the other species, 15 — 20, erect, spreading, on a long raceme. Lip showy, 3—4 lines long, white, sprinkled with purple spots. Spur yellowish, conspicuous, but short and adnate to the ovary. July. Flowering Coral-root. 4. APLE'CTRUM. Segments of the perianth distinct, nearly equal, converg- ing; lip unguiculate, not produced at base; column free; anther a little below the apex; pollinia 4, oblique, lenticular. ORCHIDACEJE. 376 Gr. u, privative, 7rXi)jtTgoi/, a spur ; the lip being without a spur. A. HVE'MALE. A''utt. Cymbidium hycmale. Lei-// solitary, radical, petiolate, ovate, striate; lip irlfid, obtuse, with the palate ridged. A fine plant, in woods. Root bearing large, roundish, mucilaginous tubers. Leaf ratlier elliptic than ovate, 4 — 5 inches long, i — ^ as wide, twice as lono- as the petiole which arises from the summit of the tuber a short distance fiom the scape. Scape arising from beneath the tuber, about a foot high, invested with 2 — 3 sheaths. Flowers resembling those of Corallorhiza, brownish purple, erect, in a terminal raceme. Lip dilated near the end. Caps, large, smooth, nodding. My.,Jn. Adam- and- Eve. Putty-root. 5. CALY'PSO. Segments of the perianth ascendinji, second ; lip ventri- cose, spurred beneath near the end; column petaioidj polhnia 4. Named for the goddess Calypso (Gr. KaXvvrrco, to conceal). C. BULBO'SA. Salisb. C. Americana Br. C. borealis. 7*. Cypripediuip.i. ica/ solitary, radical, broad-ovate, nerved ; lip narrowed and subunguicu- late at base ; spvr bifid, longer tlian the lip, with acute teeth ; peduncle, longer than the ovary. This rare and beautiful plant is found in Vt., and is said to be also in the northern part of IS. H. Scane ()— S inches high, sheathed, bearincr a single, purplish flower at top, as large as that of a Cypripedium. Leaf petiolate, ij — 3 inches in diameter, subcordate at base. 6. TIPULA'RIA. Segments of the perianth spiithulate, spreading ; lip entire, sessile, conspicuously spurred at base ; column wingless, free; anther operculate, persistent-, poUinia4, parallel. Tipula, the crane-fly ; from the fancied resemblance of the flowers. T. DI'SCOLOR. J\futt. Orchis. P. Limodorum unifolium. Muk. A slender, green-flowered plant, resembling a Corallorhiza, growing in pine woods, Vt. Root bulbous. Leaf solitary, petiolate, ovate, plaited, smooth^ and longitudinally nerved. Flowers minute, greenish white, nodding, in a terminal raceme destitute of bracts. July. § § Pollen cohering in loaxy masses, which are pedicellnte, with glands at the base oj the pedicels. Jinthtrs of 2 distinct, vertical cells. 7. ORCHIS. Perianth ringent, the upper sepal vaulted ; lip entire or lobed, produced at base into a spur which is distinct from the ovary; anther terminal ; pollinia 2, adnate, pedicellate. The Greek name of these plants. Flowers racemose or spicate. * Lip broad, entire. Glands of the pedicels of the poUiuia enclosed. Orchis vera. 1. 0. SPECTABILIS. Leaves about 2, nearly as long as the scape ; lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse ;, segments of the perianth straight, the lateral ones longer ; spur clavate, shorter than the ovary, hrncts longer than the flower. This pretty little plant is found in shady woods and thickets, among rocks, «&,c. Root fasciculate. ORCHIDACE^. 377 Leaves few, radical, ovate, 3 — 6 inches long, i — ^ as wide. Scape 4 — G inches high, acutely-angled, with a lanceolate, acute bract and 3 — 5 large, showy flowers. Segments of the perianth purple, ovate-lanceolate. Lip and spur white or whitish, each about 6 lines long. May, Jn. Showy Orchis. * *■ Lip narrow, entire. Cells of the anther widely separated at base by the broad, inter- posed stigma. Glands of the pedicels of the poUinia naked. Plataxthera. 2. O. ORBICULA'TA. p. Platanthera. LimU. Leaves 2, radical, suborbicular, rather fleshy ; scape bracteate ; upper sepals orbicular, lateral ones ovate ; lip linear-subspathulate, nearly twice as long as the sepals; spur arcuate, compressed, clavate, twice as long as the ovary. A remarkable plant, not uncommon in old woods and in tiiickets, N. 11., Vt., tV^c. Leaves lying flat upon the ground, 3 — 6 inches in diameter, rather inclining to oval or ovate with the apex acute. Scape 1 — 2 feet high, sheathed with a few bracts, bearing a raceme of numerous, greenish white flowers. Lip § — 1 inch long, ^ — 1 line wide. Spur 1^ — 2 inches long. July. 3. 0. Hoo'keRI. Torr. Platanthera. Lindl. Leaves 2, radical, suborbicular, fleshy ; scape naked ; upper sepal ovate, lateral ones lanceolate, reflexed ; lip lanceolate, acuminate, a little longer than sepals; .s^^w/- subulate, arcuate, twice as long as the ovary. Woods. Very nearly allied to the former species. Leaves more fleshy and frequently per- fectly orbicular, 3 — 4 inches in diameter. Scape general!)' without a bract and perfectly smooth, 10 — 15 inches high. Flowers numerous, in a close, straigjit raceme, greenish white, more slender in all their p.uts. June. 4. 0. HYPERBO'REA. L. O. dilatata & 1-Iuronensis. S/vcn§-. Platanthera. iHirf?. Stem leafy ; leaves very erect, acute ; spike somewhat secund ; bracts linear- lanceolate, acute, longer tlian the flower ; sepals deflexed ; petals and lip linear, obtuse, subequal, and about as long as the pendulous, obtuse spur. A tall, leafy, variable species, found in mountainous woods and open meadows. Stems thick, 2 or 3, or even 4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 4 — 7 inches long, i — H inch wide. Flowers greenish in shades, nearly white in open situa- tions, forming a long, more or less dense spike. Julj'. Giant Orchis. /3. leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate ; spikes long, cylindric ; bracts as long as the flowers ; lip linear-lanceolate, obtuse. y. loicer leaves more dWdXcd. dipper ones grns%-Vike ; spike loose, slender; lip ovate-lanceolate, the length of the incurved spur. 5. 0. OBTUSA'TA. p. Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl. ie«/ solitary, oblong-obovate, obtuse; stem bearing the leaf near its base; spike loose ; upper sepal broadest : petals subtriangular ; lip linear, entire, with 2 tubercles at base, as long as the arcuate, acute spur. Found in muddy ponds and ditches. N. H. Stem slender, angular, G — 8 inches high, termi- nating in a thin spike of about a dozen small, greenish white flowers. Leaf tapering at base, and usually obtuse at the summit, 2 — 3 inches in length and 1 in breadth, issuing with the stem from 2 — 3 radical, sheathing bracts. Jl. * ♦ * Lip dilated, variously divided. Glands of the pedicels of the polliiiia naked, distinct. Habenaeia. t Lip toothed or 3-pained,not fimbriate. 6. 0. FLAVA. L. O. herbiola. i?r. Habenaria. jRic/(. Platanthera. ZuiaZs ovate-lanceolate ; h';; oblong, 2-toothed at base, with 2 roundish lobes and an intermediate minute one at the apex ; column elongat- ed. Root fibrous. Stem very slender, 5 — 10 inches high, sheathed with a few bracts bearing the 2 leaves near the middle. Leaves near an inch long, I as wide. Flowers small, the broad, obcordate lip twice as long as the sepals. May. § § § § Lateral anthers fertile ; the middle one sterile and petaloid. 15. CYPRIPE'DIUM. The 2 lower sepals united into I segment, or rarely, dis- tinct; lip ventricose, inflated, saccate, obtuse; column terminated by a petaloid lobe (barren stamen). Gr. KvTTQii, Venus, 7ro}i,ov, a slipper; from the slipper-like form of the lip. Flowers large, very showy, distinguished for the large, inflated lower petal or lip. 1. C. ACAu'le. ^it. C. humile. Sictz. Scape leafless, 1-flowered ; leaves 2, radical, elliptic-oblong, rather acute ; lohe of the column roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, deflexed ; pcta/s lanceo- late ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. A beautiful plant, in dark woods. Leaves large, plaited and downy. Scape 10—14 inches high, with a single lanceolate bract at the base of the large, solitary flower. Sepals H :"eh long, the two lower completely united into a broad lanceolate one beneath the lip. Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2 inches long, 1 wide, purple, forming the most showy part of the flower. May, June. Jlcaulescent Ladies -Slipper. 2. C. parviflo'rum. Willd. C. pubescens. Swtz. Stem leafy ; leave.? broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; Inhe. of the column triangular- oblong, acute ; sepals ovale, oblong, acuminate ; petalslong, Imear, contorted ; lip shorter than the petals, compressed. Woods and meadows. Stems usu- ally several from the same root, about a foot high. Leaves 3— G inches long, 2 — 3 wide, nerved, alternate, clasping, pubescent. Flower mostly solitary. Segments 4, greenish, with purple stripes and spots, the lower one bifid, composed of 2 united sepals, the 2 lateral ones 2—3 inches long, i inch wide, waved and twisted. Lip a large, inflated sac, bright yellow, spotted inside, with a roundish aperture above. May, June. Yellow Ladies' -Slipper. /i. pubescens ; Zeat;c5 lanceolate ; lobe of the column ohiuse. The flowers somewhat smaller. Meriden, N. H. 3. C. specta'bile. Stem leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobe of the cohimn elliptic- cordate, obtuse ; sepals broad-ovate, obtuse ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. A tall, superb species found in swamps. Lebanon, N. H. Stem thick, 2 feet or more high, hairy. Leaves 6 — 10 inches long, 2—4 wide, nerved, plaited, hairy. Flowers 2—3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with purple, 2 inches long, 1^ broad ; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of 2 sepals completely united. Jl. Tall Ladies' -Slipper. 4. C. ARIETi'num. jlit. Arietinum Americanum. Beck. Stemleafy; Zeares elliptical, striate-nerved; se^^a/s 3, distinct (the 2 lower not united), linear-lanceolate, the upper oblong-ovate, acuminate ; 2 lateral petals linear ; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obconic. In damp woods, Me. On Ascutney Ml., Vt. Dr. Phelps. Stems usually clustered, flexuous, 8 — 12 AMARYLLIDACE5:. 383 NARCISSUS. inche;* high, lower part sheathed. Leaves 3 — 5, 2 — 3. inches long, ^ — 1 inch wide, sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary, with a leafy bract at base. Segments about equal in length, the upper one as broad as the other 4 together. The singular form of the lip readily suggests the name of this curious plant. May. Ram' s-hcad . ORDER CXLVIII. AMARYLLIDACE.E. m jvw..,,. r..*.. Perianth mostly regular, adherent to the ovarj', colored, consisting of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Sta. — (3, arising t'rom the perianlh segments. Anthen introrse. Ova. — 3-celled,the cells many-ovuled (sometimes 1 — 2-ovuled). Style 1. Sti^. 3-lobed. Fr- — A 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Perennial herbs, generally with bulbous stems. Leaves parallel-veined. Flo'wers showy, almost always either yellow or white, often on scapes and wifti spathaceous bracts. Chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. . Very tew are found in our climate. Properties. A few of the Amaryllidace!»! possesses poisonous properties, which is very rare among the Endogens. The Hottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping them in the viscid juice of the bulbs of Haemanthus toxicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeti- cus, and other species, are emetic. The fermented juice of the Agave forms the intoxicating palque of the Mexicans. Many are highly ornamental and are therefore cultivated. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Corona 0. Scape bearing .3 — 5 small, yellow flowers. Hypoocis. 4 < Corona of 3 emarginate segments. .... Galanlhus. 3 Flo^ve^s regular. ( Corona monophyllous liarcifsus. 2 Flowers irregular. Stamens declined Amaryllis. 1 1. AMARY'LLIS. Perianth irregular, funnel-shaped, nodding; filaments de- clined, arising from the orifice, unequal in proportion or direction ; seeds flat, numerous. Lat. Amaryllis the name of a Nymph celebrated by Virgil and other poets ; derived from Gr. ufActgiJcrcru), to shine with splendor. A splendid genus, with a few native and many foreign species. Thev are easily cultivated from offsets or the seed. A shell taken from the bulb with the leaf on it, and planted in a pot of mould, will pioduce a bulb, as will almost any bulbous plant. Sweet. 1. A. FORMOSl'ssiMA. — Lv:>. radical -.forcers nodding, very ringent, tube fringed ; stamens included in the involute lower segments. A splendid flow- er, from Mexico, often grown with us in large pots of light, loainy soil. Root bulbous. Leaves thick, oblong, narrow. Scape a foot high. Spathe red, dis- closing a single large flower of a fine dark red color. Jn. — Aug. Jacobea Lily. 2. A. Atama'sco. — Spathe 2-cIeft, acute ; flower pedicelled ; corolla campanulate, with nearly equal petals, suberect. A pretty species found in Penn., south to Carolina, sometimes cultivated. Leaves linear, a foot long. Scape round, 6 inches high. Spathe a little colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, solitary, white and pink. Sepals acuminate. Jn. Mamasco Libj. 2. NARCI'SSUS. Perianth regular ; corona monophjUous, funnel-form, con- sisting of a whorl of united sterile stamens, within which the fertile ones are inserted. AMARYLLIDACE^. 884 HYPOXIS. Gr. vagx.1), stupor; from the effects produced by the smell of some of the species, which are poisonous. A well known, popular genus, whose species are easily cultivated, many of them, very fragrant and beautiful. They have bulbous roots, ensiform leaves, and usually yellow flowers, with a long, com- pressed spathe, opening on one side, and deciduous. 1. N. JONQUi'lla. — Scripe 1 — 3-flowered ; segments reflexed, spathu- late ; cup (corona) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, spreading, crenate. Native of Spain. Scape a foot high, round, slender, bearing at the summit a few flowers of a rich yellow, and very fragrant. May, Jn. Jonquil. 2. N. POE'TICUS. — Scape 1-flowered ; segments imbricate at base, reflex- ed; corona expanded, flat, rotate, crenulate ; 3 cnUliers shorter than the tube. Native of S. Europe. Scap'» about a foot high, leaves of the same length. It bears a single flower, which is mostly white, but having the crown singular- ly adorned with circles of crimson, white and yellow. Jn. Poet's jXarcissu^. 3. N. Pseudo-Narci'ssus. — Scape2-edge(], stTSilght.sin-ated; segments sulphur color ; corona with a serrate-crenate orifice. Native of England. Root bulbous. Ijcaves linear, a foot long, striate, ribbed. Scape a foot high, bearing at the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup or corona. April. May. Daffodil. 4. N. TAZe'tta. — Spathe many-flowered ; corona campanulate, trun- cate, shorter than the petals; leaves flat. Native of Spain. Root a large bulb. Leaves smooth, sword-shaped. Scape naked, striate, a foot high, with 10 — 12 flowers. Corolla white, cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April. May. Pulyantkus. 3. GALA'NTHUS. Flowers spathaceous; sepals 3, concave; corona formed of 3 small, emarginate segments ; stigma simple. Gr. yaXa,, milk, avSos; on account of the delicate whiteness of the flower. Ornamental, bulbous exotics. G. NIVA'lis. — Xcffires linear, radical,' keeled, acute; scape l-flowcred. Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in Spring. It is a small plant, hiilf a foot liigh, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, large, nodding flower white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, narrow leaves towards the top. Snow-drop. 4. HYPO'XIS. Spathe 2-leavec]; perianth persistent ; capsule elongated, narrowed at the base ; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crustaceous integument. Gr. 'JTTiu, under, o|v«. sharp ; on account of the pointed base of the fruit. Small, bulbous, grass-like plants, with yellow flowers. Lvs. radical, linear. H. ere'cta. Pilose; scipe about 4-flowercd, shorter than the linear-lanceolate leaves. In woods and meadows. Leaves all radical, G — 12 inches long, 3 — 5 lines wide, very acute. The slender, hairy scapes, several from the same root, arise G — 9 inches, divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3 — 5 pi-duncles having each a minute, subulate s[ athe at ih^ ba;e. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yellow within J segmeals ova!, lather obtuse. Jn. Ydluw Stir-grass. OR DER C L. I R m A C KJ£. The his Tribe. Per. — Tube adherent to the ovary, limb G-parled, colored, in 2 often unequal series. Si'/.— 3, alternate with the 3 petals. Anthers "J-celled, e.Ktrorse. Ova- — 3-celled, rnany-ovuled. Style 1 . Stif;mas 3, dilated or pelaloid. JTr. — Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous, with hard- ened, fleshy albumen. Perennial herbj, arising from bulbs, corms or rhizomas, rarely from fibrous roots. Leaves equitant, mostly distichous. Flowers with spathaceous bracts. They are chiefly natives of the I'ape of Good Hope, or of the middle of Europe orNoith America. Properties. More remarkable for their beauty tlnm their utility. Some of them are cathartic, as Iris tnberosa. The aromatic oris-ioot is the dried rh'izoma of Iris fioreiilina of S. Kuropc. Saffron consists of the dried otange-colored stigmas of Crocus saiivus. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Stamens distinct. Iris. 1 f Petals smaller than the sepals. I Stamens united. . Tigridia. 3 \ I suberect, tube very long. Civcus. o Flowers regular. ( Pet. and sep. subequal, | spreading, flat ; tube short. Sisyrinchiuin. 4 Flowers irregular. Stamens distinct, ascending. Seeds winged. Gludiolus. 2 1. IRIS. Sepals 3, rcflexed, laii^er (liaii Ihe 3 erect petals ; sfamens disliiut; style sliort or Oj stigiria-s petaloid, coverini;' the stamens. Name from the Greek, signifvinjr rainhoio ; on account of the vaiied colors of tlie flower. Lvs. mostly ensiform. 1. I. VERSI'COLOR. Stem terete, fle.xuous ; Icavrs ensiform ; fowcrs beardless ; ovriry triano-u'nr with concave sides and roundish anok-s Grows in wet grounds, wiiere its larjfe, blue flowers are conspicuous among the grass. Rliizoma lanre hori- zontal, acrid. Stem 2 — 3 feet hiaiewhat branched. Leaves erect, smooth, a foot long. Flower inodorous. 5— G inches broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is verv evanescent, lasting but a lew hours, but a new one appears daily for several weeks. It ripens seeds, from whi^h, or from offsetL^. it may be increased. July — Sept. Tiger -jlower. 4 . S 1 S Y R I' N C H I U M . Spathc 2-lcaved; srgnr.:nts of the peiianth fial, equal; stamens monadelphous ; stigma 3-tlef(. Gr. (Tvi, a hog. and Q^yXj"^- ^ snout ; whether from the fondness of swine for rooting it up or from some fancied resemblance we know not. Grass-like plants, with compressed, uncipital scapes. 1. S. ANCEPS. Scape simple, winged ; vnlvrs of the spathc unequal shorter than the flow- ers; -petals mucronale. A delicate little plant, witli blue flowers, common in low grass-lands. Stem or scape 10 — 12 iiuhes liigh, so winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Leaves linear, about as long as the ecape, sheathing at base. Spithe of 2, nearly equal, acuminate valves, 2 — 5- flowercd. Flowers purple or blue, on iilitl-rm pedicels. Sepals a little broader Ihan the petals, spreading. Ca^^sules globose. Jn, Jl. Uiuc-iycd-giuss. DIOSCOill ACEjE. SS7 DIOSCOKEA. 2. S. mucrona'tum. Saipr. simple, subsctaceous; spathe colored, outer valve longer than the peduncles, eiidinrr in a long, nincronate point. Found in wet meadows where the grass is not luxuriant, l-eaves radical, a line wide. Scape G — 10 inches high. Spatlie of '2 very unequal valves. H — 4-floweicd, tinged with purple. Flowers smaller than in the preceding, of a fine blue color. June. 5. CROCUS. Pcrianlii funnel- form, ilie segments unilcd at base into a loni; aiuJ sleiulci- tiil)e ; sliijma o-clofi, convolute, cicsicd. Named from the youth Crocus, M'ho, according to Grecian mythology, wns chaniied into this flower. Spalhe radical, 1—2 leaved, thin, transparent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite sessile upon the bulb. After flowering t!ie ovary arises from the ground by the growth of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun. 1. C. SATI'VUS. — Lcnrc.t linear, revolute at the margins; stigmn 3-parted, as long as the corolla, reflexed. From Asia. Stem bulbous. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal, white furrow above. Flower nearly or quite sessile on the bulb, with a long white tube, and purjjle, elliptical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exsert. of a deep orange-color, its virtues, both medicinal and coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept. A variety, perhaps the most common, hasj'ellow perianths. Stiffion, 2. C. VF.RNUS. — Sdjirmas included within the flower, with 3, short, wedge-shaped segments. Native of the .Alps. Stem bulbous. Scape an inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, eenerally purple, often yellower white ; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the moulh with a circle of hairs, limb cnmpaiiulate, much shorter than the tube. Anlheis yellow, sagittate. P'lowers in March or April. The Crocus is prop- agated in gardens, chiefly by bulbs. Spring Crocus. ORDER CLT. DIOSCORIACE^. Uc Yam Tribe. Fls. — Dicecious. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary ; sef^ments of limb C, in 2 series. Sterile. — Stame.Ms 6., inserted into ihe base of the sepals and petals. Fertile.— Ovary .3-celled. cells 1— 2-ovalei!. Styles and s/igiias nearly distinct. Pr. — Capsule 3-win,?ed, compressed, '.2 of the cells .siimelinies alxirtive. Sds. — Flat, compressed. Embryo small, in cartilaginous albumen. A small order of twiniiip; shrubs. Leaves usually alternate and reticulate-veined. Flowers inconspicuous. The only remarkable or useful product of this order is yams, an important article of food in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscorea saliva, iScc. DIOSCO'REA. Flowers dioecious; styles of llie fertile flowers 3; cells of the capsule 2-seeded ; seeds membranaceoiislj margined. Named in honor of Pedacius Dioscorides, a Greek physician and florist, who is supposed to have lived under Nero. D. VI LLC's A. Leaves alternate, opposite and verticillale, cordate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 3-nerved ; sUm round. This delicate vine is occasionally found in low woods and hedges, flowering in June. Stem slender, smooth, twining SMILACACEJE. 888 SMILAX. and climbing; 3 — 6 feet long. Loaves mostly alternate, 2—4 inches long, | as wide, smooth above, smooth or villinis beneath, on reflexed and channeled footstalks. Flowers minute, numerous, red, sessile in small fascicles or racemes, arranged in an alternate manner upon a long, slender axillary com- mon peduncle. June, July. Yaiu-rout. ORDER CL!I. S.MlLACACEiE. TheSmilnx Tribe, jr/s. — Dicrcious or perfect. Perinnih free from the ovarj", C-parted, regular. Sta.—d, in-f-rtrd illKi (hetiiisr r.Mllc srL'Ulclll.S. Ofa.— :-!-<-i'1IimI; c, ■lis 1 (.r [lUiiiy-srril.J. Pr, Heny rounilisli, lew ur iiian\ -sci-ilrd. Seedi with cartilnginous all/umen. A sinallorder olheibs ftlie bulbous species yield a nutritious diet, as the asparagus, onion, garlic. The well known active medicine, .squills, i» the bulb of Scilla marnima, of t<. liurope. The various kinds of officinal aloe.?, are the product of several species of Aloe. The powerful ajtriijgent drngoii's blood, is the concentrated juice of Dracxiia Draco of the Canajy Isles. Conspectus (f the genera. * Segments of the perianth scarcdy cohering in a tube. ) erect. . . . TuUpa. \ i solitary, | drooping. . . . Knjthroiuvm. 4 f on a scape, I umbellate. A;c Convallaria. 12 f Fls. cam- < on a leafy i Petals with a grooved line. . . Lilium. 2 I panulate, (stem ) Petals with a'lioney cavity at base. FriliUnrin- 3 J 1 Valves (J; stamens hypogvnous. CmivaUaria. Vi 1 f racemose. | Valves G, bearing the stamens. . A^phodelus. 10 Branches 0 Flowers < corymliosc, pedicels bracted at base. . . Onithogalum. 9 or leafless. [ subrotate, ( umbellate, from a leafy spathe. . . . Allium. 7 I Sep. and petals recurved. Sds. few. Streptnpus. 15 Branches ( Leaves ovate. A:c. ... I SepaU and pet. erect. Sds. n-.any. Uvulann. 14 leafy ) Leaves filiform, fasciculate Asparagus. IG * * Segments of the perianth cohering into a tube at base. (Stamens inserted at I Tube straight. Native. . . Alelris. H top of the tube | Tul)e incurved. Kxotic. . . Poly oithes. 0 Stamens inserted in the middle of the tube t/i/acinthus. 9 Smmens inserted at base of tube, declined. . . . Hfmerncn'lis. 5 Flowers axillary on a leafy stem Puli/gonatum. 13 TniBK 1. TULlPACEiE. Bulbous. Sepals and petals scarcely adhering in. a tube. Integvmcnts of the seed siij't and pair. 1 . T U' L 1 P A . Pcriiinlh cnmpanulatt; ; slamcns short, ?ubiil:i(c ; anthers 4-anglc(l ; «ligmi thicl; ; capsule ohioiig, triaiigulai'. From Hie Persian mine tliini'ihnn, .synnnymoiis with turban; a name not inapprnpri;!t,e to llie form of lliese inairiiifincnt flowers. FIs. solitarv, termi- nal. A favorite sreniis of about xJO, chiefly oriental species. Onl/ two are generally cultivated. 1 . &F>NKRI a'N.A. — Sea])c l-flowered. smontli ; /ffu-fs ovate-la ncrolatc ; f.oicer erect, seirments obtuse, smooth. iNamed for Grsner, a Zurich botanist. It nppeiirs to have been introduced into Europe from Persia in l-'^nD Its varieties ate endless, and may be produced by first planting the seed in a rich soil, and afterwards transplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. After a few years, the tlovvers become broken or varicjrated with colors in that e.\quisito manner so miicli admired. I ri London catalogues there are enumerated and described nearly 700 varieties. May. Common Tulip. T. stvvKoi.KNS differs from T. Gesneriann. in having a pubescent scape and fragrant flowers. It is moreover much smaller, and blossoms earlier. 2 . L I' L 1 U M . Perianth rannpamilate, !*r<.MTi. HEMEROCA'LLIS. Perianth campaiuilate. with a cyiindi ic tube; stamens de- clined ; stigma simple, villous, small. Gr. TifAiQci-j the day, and x.a.XXoi, beautiful ; flowers beautiful, but lasting only a day. An ornamental genus of the easiest culture. LILIACK.E. 892 ALLIUM. 1. H. FULVA. Leaves linear-lanceolate, carinate ; pc/a/,s obtuse, wavy ; nerres of sr-pa's branched. IN alive of the Levant, naturalized in some parts of this country. A well known, showy border flower. Leaves very numerous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round, thick, naked, smooth, branchinir, 3 feet high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a tawny red. Style striate. July. Common Day Lily. 2. H. FLAV.\. — Leaves broad-linear, carinate; segments flat, acute; nerves of the sepals undivided- iS'ative of Siberia. A foot high. Flowers a bright yellow, much smaller than those of H. fulva. Scape branching. Julv. Ye.Uow Dill) Lily. 3. II. JaPO'NICA. — ieffcrs cordate, ovate, acuminate ; florrers infundi- buliform. A fine species from Japan. Leaves as large as the hand, very smooth, on long, radical petioles. Flowers large, white, on a scape a foot high. June. JVhile Day Lily. G. POLYA'NTHES. Perianlh funnel-fornn, incurved ; lilamcnts inserted into the throat ; ovary at the boltori) of the tube. Gr. TioKvi, many, ay3oi; the flowers of the plant being numerous. P. TUBRRO'SA. — iMrc.s linear-lanceolate; petals ohlnng. A fine p:irlor plant, native of Ceylon. Stems bulbous at base with tuherous branches. Scape scaly, 2 — 3 feet high, with alternate, large, white, regular flowers, of a delicious fragrance which is most powerful at evening. Aug. Sept. Tuberose. TiiiEK 3. SCILLEiE. Bullous. Flowers vsually smaller thnn in the preceding. Intcgvmcnt cf tho seed black and brittle. 7. A'LLIUM. Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spatiu' ; peiiaiith deeply (3 parted, mostly spreading. Celtic all, hot or burninq;. Strong-scented bulbs. Lvs. mostly ladical. Umbel on a scape. Segments of perianth ovate, the 3 inner somewhat small- er. Ova. angular. Stig. acute. Caps. 3-lobed. 1. A. TRICO'CCUM. Scnjin terete ; Ic/ivcs lanceolate, oblong, flat, smooth; umhd globose ; seed solitary ill each cell of tiie 3-celled capsule. A strong-scented plant, common in damp woods. Bulb oblnng, acuminate. Leaves .'')--8 inclies Imig, an inch or more wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and disii|)pearing before tiie opening of the flowers. Scape a foot or n)ore higii. bearing a thin, 2-leave(l deciduous spalhc at top, with an umbel of JO — 12 while flowers. June, July. Lancc-lcutcd Gallic. 2. A. Canade'nsf.. Scape terete ; leares linear ; iimhrl capitate, bulbinTous. In woods. Leaves radical. | as lonir as the scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 12 — 18 inches high, round, smooth, bearing a sp-ithe of Novate, acute bracts at the top, wiUi a iiead of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished will) a bract beneath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. June. Canadian Garlic. LILJACKiE. 393 ORNITHOGALDM. 3 .\. VINEA'LE. Stem slender, with a few leaves ; cmiline lenves terete, fistulous ; vmhel bulbiferous ; stamens exsert ; _^/«7nt'««i- allcrnately tricuspid;ite, llie middle point beariii(T the anther. Meadows. N. York. J.eaves (J— 12 inches Icinw. Scape I — 'Z i'eet high, bearing a spathe of '2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flowers with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Ferianth purple. June. Cruw Garlic. 4. A. CE'rNUUM. Roth. Sfrt/;« quadrangular; /ewce.s- linear, flat ; W7nte/ cernuous ; .nt, native of woods at the South, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabitant of our gardens, l^eaves 2, seldom :», ovate-ellip'.ical. Scape G inches high, with white flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May. Lily of the Valley, LILIACEiE. 896 UVULAKIA. 13. POLYGON A'TUM. Pcri.inih tiiUnlar, c\ lindraal, G-cleft ; stamens insnied near the siinmiit of the tuhe; berry globose, o-celled, cells 2-seeded. Gr. TToXvi, many, yovv, knee ; from the many-jointed rliizoma. Stem simple. Lvs. alternate. Fls. axillary. P. MULTIFF.o'RUM. Hook. P. pubcscens, biflora, canaliculata, &c. P. Sfeni recurved, hmooth ; leaves distichous, lanceolate, amplexicaul, smooth above; ;;Bf/M«c.''S axillary, 1 — 4-flovvered. In woods. Stem I — 3 feet high, most recurved in the tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the smallest plants, 2^ — G inches long, 1 — 2^ wide, nerved, smooth and crlossy above, paler and generally pubescent beneath. Pedutules filiform, branching, scarcely a fil'ih as long as the leaves F'lowers 5 — H lines Ions, pendulous, greenish subcylindric. June. Jointed Solomon's Sciil. «.. , to turn, and -rovi, a foot ; in botanic language, a twisted foot- stalk, the peduncle of each flower being constantly twisted in a peculiar manner. Fl. solitary, axillary. 1. S. AMPLEXIFO'lius. Dc. S. distortus. Mx. Uviilaria. L. Smooth ; leaves oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and entire on the maro-in, glaucous beneath ; p«/«ce/s solitary, geniculate and distorted in the middle ; sepals long-acuminate, reflesed ; anthers very acute, entire ; sligma truncate. Native of woods. Stem round, dichotomous, 2 feet high. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, ^ as wide, very smooth. Peduncles opposite the leaf, twisted and bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower gibbous at base, of a pale straw-color. Anthers sagittate, attenuate at the apex into a lono-. subulate point. Fruit oblong, red, many-seeded. Jn. Twisted Bell-wort. 2. S. RO'SEUS. Mx. Uvularia. L. Smooth ; leaves oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciliate, under surface green like the upper; pedicels short, generally distorted in the middle ; segments spreading at apex ; anthers short, 2-horned ; stigma trifid. A more common species, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high, round, dicho- tomously biauching. Leaves 2 — 4 inclies long, ^ as wide, endino- in a slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged vvith minute, routrli hairs. Flowers reddish, spotted, suspended beneath the branches, one under each leaf. June. Rose Bell-wort. Tkibe 6. ASPAPvAGE^. Stem vsualhj fiilhj developed, or if not, the leaves are coriaceous and permanent. 16. ASPA'RAGUS. Perianth 6-parted, erect; ovary turbinate ; stamens erect; style very short; stigmas 3; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. Gr. .— Capsule 3 (somelimcs Ij-celled, 3-valved, with luculicidal dehisee'nce. Seeds numerous (sometimea solitary), atlachcd to a central axis. Albumen farinaceous. II PONTEDERIACE.E. 398 HETERANTHERA. A small order of aquatic plants. Leaves sheathing, parallel-veined. Inflorescence various, often spathaceous. Of no known use. Conspectus of the Genera. ( solitary SchoUera. 3 Flowers regular, ( 2—4 logelher in a spathe Heleranthrra. 3 Flowers irregular, in a terminal spike. PoiUederia. 1 1. PONTEDE'RIA. Perianth bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube perforated with 3, longitudinal clefts, the lower part persis- tent ; stamens unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit of the tube; utricle 1-seeded. Named in honor of Julius Pontedera, a botanic author and professor, of Padua, about 1720. Fls. blue, mostly spicate. P. corda'ta. Leaves subradical, cordate-oblong ; fowers spiked. A fine conspicuous plant, native of the borders of muddy lakes, &,c., growing in patches extend- ing from tlie siiores to deep water. Stem thick, round, erect, arising I — 2 feet above the water, bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4 — 7 inches long, \^ — 3 wide, very smootli and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautii''ully arranged to conform to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular. Perianth 2-lipped, each lip S-cleft, always blue, appearing in July. Pickerel-weed. ji. angusttfoUa (Torr.) ; leaves narrow, truncate and subcordate at base. 2. SCHO'LLERA. Spathe l-flowered; tube of the perianth very long and slender, limb 6-partcd, equal ; anthers of 2 forms; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. Named for F. A. Scholler, a German botanist. Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base. S. GRAMi'nEA. Schreh. Leptanthus. Mi. Stem floating, rooting at the lower joints ; leaves linear. A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water. Stem slender, dicliotomous, 1 — 2 iect long. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long, 1 — 2 lines wide, obtuse at ape.x, slightly sheathing at base. Flower solitary, issuing from a short (1 inch) spathe. Tube 1^ inch long, limb in G, linear-lanceolate segments, yellow. Stamens 3 (4, authors) ; filaments broad, one of them abortive, the other 2 wit!i linear anthers longer than the thick style. Jl. Aug. YcUoic-eijcd Water-grass. 3. HETERA'NTHERA. Spathe several-flowered ; tube of the perianth long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal ; stamens 3 ; anthers of 2 forms ; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded; dissepiment contrary. Gr. iTtga,, otherwise, ai'^ig ; the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower. H. RENIFO'RMIS. Ruiz and Favon. Leptanthus. .¥i. Slem prostrate or floating ; leaves suborbicular, reniform or auriculatn at base; spathe acuminate, few-flowered. Ou muddy or inundated banks. MELANTHACE.1:. 399 ZIfiADENDS. Stem 4 inches to a footer more in length. Leaves ^ inch long', 2 inch broad, on petioles 1 — 2 inches long, with a broad sinus at base and a short, abrupt acumination. Spathe closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. Tube of the perianth ^ inch long, limb in U oblong segments. Filaments inserted at the orifice, 2 of the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. July. Aug. ORDER CLV. MELANTHACE^. The Colchimm Tribe. Perinnlh rcjrular, in 2 series, each of 3 segments which are distinct or united at base, gen- Sta.—G., with e.Mrorse anthers. [ernlly involute in ffistiv'ation. Ova. — 3-cellcd, 9— many-ovuled. Styles distinct or 0. Stigmas undivided. Fr. — Capsule or berry 3-cellod, generally with septicidal dehiscence. Seeds with a membranous testa, and dense, fleshy albumen. Herbs witli bulbs, rhizomas, corms, or fasciculate roots. Leaves parallel (rarely re- ticulate)-veined. Pro}>erties. The order is generally pervaded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous qualities, most powerful in Veratrum and Colchicum. The corms and seeds of the latter are the most important medicinal products of the order. Their virtue is due to an a/i-aimt; principle called veratria, which is found in this genus, as well as in most of the others. Conspectus of the Genera. r Sepals and petals ( Ovaries 1. . . . Jfehnias. 4 j sessile, without glands, I Ovaries 3. . . . Veratrum. 3 1 Sepals and petals | Stamens perigynous. . Melanthium. 1 Leaves alternate . . [ with 2 glands at base. \ Stamens hypogynous. . Zigadenus. 2 ( in two unequal whorls. Mtdeola. 6 Leaves verticillate, I in a single whorl of 3 'RUHum. 5 1. MELA'NTHIUM. Flowers monoecious'poljgamous; perianth rotate, 6-parted, segments unguiculate, with 2 glands at base, the claws bear- ing the stamens; ovary often abortive; capsule exserted, subovoid, summit trifid and tipped with the 3 persistent styles; seeds margined. Gr. f^iXcii, black, avBoi ; alluding to the dark color of the flower. Leaves alternate, narrow. Panicle terminal. M. Virgi'nicum. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; panicle pyramidal ; segments of the 'perianth sub- orbicular, hastate or auriculate at base. Native of wet meadows and margins of swamps. N. York. Rare. Stem 3 — 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves about a foot long, and an inch wide, sessile on a contracted and subclasping base. Flowers greenish yellow, becoming brown, on shoit pedicels, arranged in simple, alternate racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10 — 15 inches in length. Lower flowers generally sterile. Jul}', Aug. 2. ZIGADE'NUS. Perianth deeply G-parted, spreading, colored, each segment with 2 glands above ils contracted base ; stamens inserted in contact with the ovary ; capsule membranaceous, o-celled, many-seeded. Gr. ^i'-jyoi, a pair, aon", a gland ; alluding to the glands of the segment MELANTHACEai. 400 TRILLIUM, Z. glabe'rrimus. Mx. Rfiot bulbous ; slern leni'y ; Z^rtccs linear, channeled, recurved ; irof^s ovate, acurninule; srgrnenis of tlic jitritnitli a.cumm;ile. Wet meadows. N. York. Found near Rochester. Eaton. Stem 2 — 13 teet high. Lower h'aves about 10 inches lontr ; upper ones gradually diminisliing, all concave and spreading. Panicle terminal, loose, consisting of several greenish white flowers. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, free from the stamens, vvilii the 2 glands at the base of each distinct and conspicuous, June. Zigadene. 3. VERA'TRUM. Flowers monoecious-polygamous ; perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading; stamens G, inserted on the receptacle; ovaries 3, unilcd at base, often abortive; styles short; capsule 3, con- nate, many-seeded. Lat. vcre, at.rum, trulj' black ; alluding to the color of the root. Leaves alternate, plicate. Panicle terminal. Segments of the perianth sessile and without glands. V. Vl'RIDE. Leaves broad-oval, acuminate ; panicle compound, racemose ; hracfs oblong- lanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy pedicels. A large-leaved, coarse- looking plant, oi our meadows and swamps. Root large, fleshy, with numer- ous lorig fibres. Stem 2 — 4 feet high, striate and pubescent. Leaves strongly nerved and plaited, the lowest near a foot long and half as wide, sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many axillary (or bracted) racemes which together form a very large, pyramidal, terminal panicle. July. The root is emetic and stimulant, but poisonous, and should be used wiiii caution. When powdered it causes violent sneezing. Fulie-root. American HctUbore. 4. IIELO'NIAS. Perianlh G-parled, spreading, pelaloid, the segments Fcssile and without glatids; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3-celled, 3-horncd; ceils many-seeded. Gr. IXos, a marsh, where some species grow. Lvs. mostly radical, narrow, often gramineous, sheathing at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple raceme. H. IJIOI'C.X. Ph. Veratrum luteum. Z. S;!^;to leafy ; /cr/ccs lanceolate, radical ones oblanceolate ; rfl<;fT«c spiked, nodding, dioecious; pedicels short, without bracts; stamens c:xseried ; segments linear. In low grounds. Root premorse. Stem or scape 12 — 30 inches high, furrowed. Radical leaves 4 — 8 inches long, \ — 1 inch wide, in a sort of whorl at the base of the scajje. Flowers small, very numerous, greenish white, in long, terminal, spicate racemes which are more slender and weak on the barren plants. Ovaries as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Capsule 3-furrowed, oblong, tapering to the base, opening at the top. The fertile plants are taller, moie erect, but with fewer flowers. Jn. Unicorn-root. 5. TRI'LLIUM. Perianth deeply G-parted, in 2 distinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored petals; stamens nearly equal; stigmas sessile, distinct or approximate; berry 3-ceiled; cells many-seeded. MKLANTHACE^. 401 Lat. irilix, triple; because the sepals, petals, carpels, cells, stigmas and leaves are in 3s. Stem simple. Leaves reticulate-palinale- veined. Flowers solitary, terminal. 1. T. ERE'CTUM. L. T. atropurpureum. Cart. Leaves rhomboidal, acuminate, sessile ; ■peduncle inclining ; flnice.r nodding ; petals scarcely longer, but much broader than the sepals. A conspicuous plant in woods, of tine appearance, but of an intolerably offensive odor. At the top of the stem, which is a foot high, is a whorl of 3 leaves which are 3-nerved, 3 — 5 inches long, of etjual width, and a single, nodding flower, on a nearly c/cc< pedimcle. Petals broad-ovate, an inch long, twice as wide as tlie sepals and of a dusky purple, greenish outside. May. Batli Flower. /3. album ; Jloiccrs white and much smaller. 2. T. ERVTIIROCA'RPUM. Mx. T. pictum. p. Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, abruptly petioled ; ■peduncle erect ; petals lanceolate-ovate, recurved, twice as long as the sepals. A beautiful flower, adorning our woods m May and June. Stem 8 — \'Z inches higli, with a whorl of 3 brolid-ovate leaves at top. These are 3-nerved, rounded at base, long acuminate, 3 — 4 inches long, | as wide, petiole 1 — 2 lines long. T'lower nearly erect. I'etals wavy at the edges, white, finely radiated with purple lines at base. The root is considered medicinal. Smiling Wakc-rvbvn. 3. T. ce'rnuu.m. Leaves suborbicular-rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, shortly petiolate ; flower cernuous. on a recurved peduncle. A large species, with a small flower. Stem slender, 10 — 15 inches high. Leaves 3 — 5 inches in diameter, nearly round, on petioles a line long. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves. Sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, J inch in length. Grows in thickets. xN. Y. May, June. JVudding Trillium. 4. T. GRANDIFLO'RUM. Sulisb. Leaces broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, abruptly acuminate; pedu-ncle in- clined ; flower subeiect ; petals much longer than the calyx, spathulate- oblanceolate, connivent at base. Damp, rocky woods. Abundant at Fotsdam, N. Y., &.C. Stem 8 — 12 inclies liigh. Leaves 3—5 inches in diameter. Flower larger than in any of the preceding species. Petals II — 2 inches in lengtii, broadest near tlie ape.x, with a short, abrupt acumiuation, white, varying to rose-colored. May. G. MEDE'OLA. Perianth deeply [)artc(l into G petaloid, revolule segments; filignaas 3, (livaricalc, uiiiLclI al base ; berry 3-celled ; cells 3 — 6-seedt'd. Named for the fabulous sorceress, Medea ; for its supposed medicinal virtues. Stem simiile. M. Virgi'nica. Lf.nvcs verlicillate in the middle of the stem, 3 at the top. None can but ad- mire tiie symmetry of i!s form Rhizoma white, fleshy, tuberous, ivsrnibling the cucumber in flavor. Stern erect,! — 2 feet high, invested with loose, downy wool. Leaves in two wiiorls, one ju.st above the middle of the stem, consisting of G — ^ wedge-lanceohite leaves (3—4 inciies long.i as wide) ; tlie other at tlie top, of 3 ov~ate shorter ones. Flowers in the upper whorl, 1,2 or 3, pendulous, with greenish, revolute segments, 'i'he stigmas are very long, reflexed. dark red. Woods. Julv. Cucumber -rcot. II* JPNCACEJE. 402 ORDER CLVI. JUNCACE.E. The Rush Tribe. Perianth more or less glume-like, regular, 6-Ieaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals). Sta. — 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. Anthers "J-celled. Ova. — -■j-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiments not reaching the centre l)-celled. Styles united into 1. Stigmas 3. Fr. — Capsule 3- valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. Seeds lew or many, with a fleshy albumen. Herbaceous plants, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry. green flowers. Inflorescence cymose, capitate or fascicled. They are chiefly natives of tlie cool parts of the earth. Properties unimportant. Genera. Capsule mo.stly3-celIed. Seeds numerous Jiincus. 1 Capsule l-celled. Seeds 3, fixed to the bottom of the cell Luzuta. 2 1. JUNCUS. Perianth persistent ; stamens G; capsule mostly 3-cclIed ; seeds numerous, atticlicd to the inner edge of ihe dissepi- ments. Lat. jurtgo, to join ; because ropes were anciently made of these plants. * Leaves none, or all radical. 1. J. EFFU'SUS. Scape straight, not rigid ; juinicle lateral, loose, decompound ; capsules obo- vate, obtuse. Very coniinon in ditches and moist lands, I'orming tufts. Scape solid witii a spongy pith, soft, striate, 2 — 3 feet high, bearing a very loose, spreading panicle, which protrudes from a fissure opening in the side of the stem about half way up. Flowers small, green, numerous, with 3 white anthers and yellowish seeds. June, July. Snjl Rush. BaUrush. 2. J. &ETA'CEUS. RosthoiD. Sca/^e filiform, striate; umhel lateral, compound, few-flowered •, peduncles compressed, several-flowered; perianth segments \ery acuie. Swamps. A very slender species, growing in tulls, about '2 feet high. Scapes sheathed at base. I'anicle small, 20 — 30 flowered, bursting from the side of the scape some distance below the summit. July. 3. J. FILIFOR'MIS. L. (not jl/z.) Creeping, leafless ; scape slender, filiform, minutely striate, flaccid ; panicle subsimple, lateral, near the middle of the scape; sepals pale, nearly equal, lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule. White Hills. N. 11. Green. Scape a few inches in length. 4. J. te'nuis. S/cm erect, roundish, simple; Ze'/pM setaceous, channeled ; cnrymh dense, terminal; leaves of the calyx acuminate, longer than the obtuse, 3-sided capsule. About foot-paths and road-sides. Stem leafy at the base, about 8 — 12 inches high, with a long, leafy involucre at top investing the corymb. July. Slender Rush. * * Stem leafy. Leaves subcylindrical, nodose-articulate. 5. J. NODO'SUS. L. J. polycephalus. Mx. Stem leaves siibcoinpressed ; panicle terminal, decompound ; heads globose, dense, 10 — If) flowered; sepals subequal, lanceolate, rigid, very acute, about equaling the oblong-lanceolate, acute, triquetrous, shining capsule ; segments 3—6. In boijgy meadows. Sternly — 2 feet high. Leaves thick, jointed by internal transveTse partitions. Pleads resembling small burrs, some sessile, others pedunculate. Leaflets of the perianth produced into a short cusp or awn. Aug. Sept. /3. heads mostly but 2, one of them lateral and pedunculate, the other sessile. Plant slender, 8 — 12 inclies high. JUNCACE^. 403 LUZULA. 6. J. acumina'tus. Mx. Stem erect; leaves terete ; panicle terminal, compound ; heads 3 — C-flower- ed, both pedunculate and sessile ; leaflets of the peiiatUh linear-lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the acute capsule. Very common in boggy meadows. Stem 12 — IS inches high, tough and wiry. Leaves few and short, with knot- like joints. Panicle erect. Aug. * * * Stems leafy. Leaves nearly flat, channeled above. 7. J. BULBO'SUS. Stem sifiiple; leaves linear-setaceous ; pnnicle terminal, compound, subcy- mose, shorter than the involucre ; perianth segments obtuse ; capsule longer than the calyx, subglobose. Grows in salt marshes, forming tufts. It has a blackish appearance at a distance from its dark green loliage and dark-colored spikes. Stem 8 — 12 inches high, wiry. Leaves short. Panicle small, terminal, dichotomous, subtended by an involucre of 2, setaceous, unequal leaves. Aug. Black Grass. 8. J. bufo'nius. Sif 771 dichotomous above; leai^es grooved, subsetaceous ; floicers ohlong, subsolitaiy, sessile, unilateral. A small, caespitose species, common in wet grounds, ditches, &c. Stems numerous, 3 — 8 inches high, with alarge,few- tlowered panicle at top. Leaves few, 2 — 3 inches long. Peiianth segments twice as long as the ovary. July, Aug. Toad Rush. 9. J. milita'kis. Bic. LnafsoVilvLTy, jointed, longer than the stem ; panicle terminal, proliferous ; heads about 5-liowered ; stem thick, round, smooth, 2, 3 or 4 feet high. Leaf jointed, cylindrical, loosely cellular within, 2—3 feet long, inserted below the middle of the steni, but rising above its summit. Panicle erect, teiminal, composed of several pedunculate heads each with 4— G sessile flowers. Shores of ponds. Ms. N. H. July. Buijontt Rush. 10. J. tri'fidus. Stem sheathed at base ; ^er?/ solitary, linear-setaceous near the top ; sheaths ciliate; tmc/s foliaceous, long, grooved. Heads about 3-flovvered, terminal. While Hills. N. H. Bw. Stems crowded, thread-like, i foot high. Radi- cal leaves 1 — 2, very short. The cauline leaf resembles the 2 bracts, apparently forming with thorn a foliaceous, 3-bracted involucre. Jl. Three-leaved Rush. IL J. EMARGINA'TUS. Rostli. Stem compressed; lear^es flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle corymbose, simple, proliferous ; floicers in capitate clusters, triandrous ; perianth about as long as the obtuse capsule, the sepals and bracts somewhat awned. In low grounds. Ms. N. York. Stems 1—3 ieet high. P..adical leaves numerous, sheatliing ; cauline 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globose, 3— C-flow- ered heads both pedunculate and sessile, longer than the erect bract at base. Sepals edged with dark purple, unequal. Aug. 2. LU'ZULA. Perianth persistent, bibracteate at base; stamens 6 ; cap- sule 1-celled, 3-seedod ; seeds fixed to the bottom. Italian luccioln, a glow-worm ; from the dew glistening upon its flowers. Stem nodose, leafy. Lvs. flat, gramineous, generally pilose. Fls. terminal. 1, L. CAMPE'stRIS. W. Juncus campestris. L. Leaves hairy ; spikes terminal, with or without peduncles ; leaflets of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, awned, Ioniser than the obtuse capsule. In meadows. Stem simple, straight, 3 — 12 inches high, according to the mois- XTRIUACE^. 404 TRADESCANTIA. ture. Leaves grass-like, 2 — 6 inches long, very hairy at the margins. Heada in a sort of umbel, with an involucre ot 2 or 3 short, unequal leaves. Perianth dark brown. An early species, flowering in May. Field Rush. 2. L. PILO'SA. JVilld. Juncus pilosus. L. Leaves pilose ; panicle cymose, spreading ; floicers solitary ; capsules obtuse. Common in woods and groves. Stem 4—10 inches high. Radical leaves numerous, 2 — 4 inches long, linear-lanceolate, ribbed, fringed with long white hairs. Panicle S — 12-flower(d, with a leafy bract. Pedicels about ^ inch long, finally deflexed. Perianth brown, with 2 green bracteoles. May. Hairy Wood-rush. 3. L. MELANOCA'RPA. Dcsv. Juncus melanocarpus. Mx. Stem clonorated; /caties sublanceolate, glabrous; corymb decompound; peduncles elongated, the branches with 3- -b pedicellate flowers ; sepals ovate, acuminate, longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronale capsule. Native of the Wiiite Hills, N. li. Bw. Stem 12— 18 inches high. Radical leaves g — 10 inciies long, 3 — 5 lines wide ; those of the stem much shorter, all very smooth. Panicle large, nodding, many-flowered. Capsule black. June. 4. L. SPICA'TA. Dc. Juncus spicatus. fVilld. Leaves linear, hairy at the base ; spil;e cernuous, compound ; stpols acumi- nate-awned, about equal in length to tlie subglobose capsule. White Hills, N. H. Bootl. Stem b — 10 indies high, slender, simple. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, a line wide, smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long. Aug. ORDER CLVil. COMMELYN.\CE^. The Spider-won Tribe. Perianth in 2 series, the outer (calyx) nf.3 herbaceous sepals, the inner (corolla) of 3 colored Sta.—Q, some ofthem usually delbrined or abortive, hypo;ii'ius. [petals. Oua.— 2— 3-celle(l, cells few-'ovuled. Styles and stigmas united into one. Pt. — Capsule 2 — 3-ceUed, 2— 3-valved ; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. See- invested with tortuous, capillary, scarcely hispid setse. Style -S-cIeft, not bul- bous at base, deciduous. Spikelets numerous, terminal, in cymes or panicles. Stem leafy. Trichophorum. 4. S. atrovi'rf.ks. Muh. Stem obtusely triangular, leafy, 2 feet liigh ; cyme terminal, compound, proliferous ; involucre of 3 leaf-like bracts, longer than the cyme ; spikes ovate, acute, crowded, 10 — "20 in a globose head ; heads numerous, ^ inch in diame- ter, dark green ; gluvics ov'iiXe, mucronate; ac/tenium white, smooth ; bristles 4. Common in wet meadows. June, July. 5. S. bru'nneus. Muh. Stem obtusely triangular, leafy, 2 — 3 feet high ; cyme decompound, its principal branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at base ; fpikclcts clustered in heads of 3 — G; .^.MJrtes obtuse, reddish brown ; a^/ie/iZMm smooth, yellowish white, shorter than the 4 or 5 tortuous bristles. Much resembles the la.st species. Margins of waters. Rare. Aug. Sept. 6. S. mari'timus. Strrn acutely 3-angled, leafy. 2 — 3 feet high; Peaces broad-linear, rough- edged, carinate, taller than the stem ; spikes conglomerate, G — 10, nearly an inch long, corymbose ; iiivulucrc of about 3 very long leaves ; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ; style 3-cleft; bristles 4. Salt maishes. Aug. 7. S. Rrio'phokum. Mx. Trichophorum cyperinum. Pers. Stem obtusely triangular, leafy, 3 — 5 feet high ; leaves 2 feet long, rough- edged ; panicle umbellate, decompound, large and loose ; bristles G, capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being o or G times as long as the white achenium. A common, stiff, rank meadow grass, which cattle do not eat. Spikelets numerous, small, ovoid, obtuse, in small clusters. Involucre 4-leaved. Aug. 8. S. linea'tus. Mx. Trichophorum lineatum. Pcrs. Stem triangular, very leafy, 2 — 3 feet high ; panicles terminal and axillary, decompound, at length nodding; involucre of 1 — 2 bracts, longer than the leaves; spilics ovoid, pedunculate, solitary ; glumes lanceolate, ferruginous; bristles 6, as long as the glumes. Swamps. Aug. i 3. Ovary invested with setcB. Style 2— .'3-cleft, articulated to the achenium, with a dilat- ed or bulbous, persistent base. Spikelet solitary, terminal. Setae straight, retrorsely liispid. Eleocharis. 9. S. tf.'kuis. Slender Club rm^h. Stem leafless, almost filiform, quadrangular, the sides snlcate, 8 — 15 inches high, with a long, purple sheath at base ; spike terminal, elliptic-oval, acute at each end ; glumes dark purple, ovate, obtuse, the lower ones larger and empty; ovary roundish, tapering below, invested with 2 or 3 or 0 setce. Com- mon in wet places. June, July. 10. S. p.\Lu'STRis. Marsh Club rusji. Stem leafless, round, inflated ; s/)t7tc/.?/s smooth and shining, lance-oblong, acute, often oblique, terminal ; glumes subacute, the lower ones larger, some- limes e.-npty. Wet grounds. Root creeping. Stems numerous, 1 — 2| feet CTPERACK^ 410 SCIRPOS. high, each with an obtuse sheath at the base. Achenium roundish-obovoid, rugose, punctate, surrounded with 3 or 4 scabrous bustles, and crowned with a tuljercle. July. 11. S. oBTu'sus. Willd. Headed Cluh-rush. S. capitatus. Muh. Stem sulcate, subterete, 6 — 15 inches liigh ; spikelet ovoid, very obtuse, often nearly globose; glumes round, dark brown, with whitish margins; achenium obovate, compressed, smooth, brown, invested with 6 setae as long as the glumes. Shallow waters. July. 12. S. acicula'ris. L. S. trichodes. Muh. S. capillaceus. Mx. S/e//i leafless, setaceous, quadrangular, very slender, 3 — G inches high; spi.'cc els oblong-ovate, acute, 4 — Sfliowered ; glumes obtusish, the lowest one larger and empty; adieainm obovoid, triangular, verrucose, yellow and shining. Shallow waters. July. Hair Cluh-rush. 13. S. intkrme'dius. Turf Club-rush. Slein slender, declining, quadrangular, furrowed, CEspitose, 2 — 3 inches long; .v/;t/ie ovate-oblong ; ^/M7Ht's acute, dark brown ; style 2-cMi; achenivm broad-obovate, compressed ; tubercle minute, distinct ; bristles 6, longer than the fruit. In running water, forming strong, dense turf. July. 14. S. planifo'lius. Flal-lcuvcd Cub-rush. Slem cffispitose, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3-angled, 5 — 10 inches high ; leaves broad-linear, flat, rough on the margin, equaling the stem ; ^pike obTong-lanceol.ite, compressed, terminal, 4— 8-tiowercd ; glumes ovate-mu- cronate, yellowish; bracts at'the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer tiian the spike; achenium reddish brown, invested with 6 bristles longer than itself. In cold, hard soils. June. 15. S. CiT;sPiTo'sus. Scaly Cluh-rush. Stems ceespitose, round, sheathed at base with numerous rudiments of leaves; 5/yj/tei' compressed, terminal; 2 /o?«er ff/u/^es involucre-like, as long as the spike ; ach. with 6 bristles. Grows in dense tufts, 4—12 inches high. Spike 4— 5-flowered, reddish brown. On the White Mts., iN. H. Bw. July. 16. S. subterjiina'lis. Torr. Stem floating, furrowed, inflated, leafy below, 3 ft. long; Zeore.s very narrow ; spike solitary," somewhat terminal (the stein being continued above it in the form of a bract), lanceolaie ; style 2-clefl ; bristles ti. Streams, &c. Mass. Aug. 17. S. TUBERCULO'SUS. Mx. Sfem coluuinar, striate, 12 inches high, leafless, sheathed at base ; spikclei ovate-laticeolate; glumes very obtuse, loose; ach. somewhat triquetrous, smaller than the sagittate tubercle with which it is crowned ; bristics (J, as long as the tubercle. Sandy swamps. Mass. July. i, 4. Ovary desUtulc ol'selce. Achenium 3-anglecl. Style trifid, not ciliate, bulbous at base. Glumes cariuate, somewhat 4— &-raiiked. Inflorescence terminal. Tkichelostylis. 18. S. capii-la'ris. , • , , Stem cajspitose, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4— S inches high ; leaves subradical. setaceous, shorter than the stem ; spikelets ovoid, 2—4, peduncu- late, inner one sessile ; gUniies oblong, ferruginous, margin pubescent; ach. white. In sandy fields. Aug. 19. S. autumna'lis. . Stem compressed, 2-edged, ca-spitose, leafy at base, 3—10 inches high ; leaves flat, linear, shorter than the stem ; vmbel compound ; involucre 2-leaved ; spikelets lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided, 2—3 together; glumes brown, niucronate ; htly bifid, scabrous on the edge, diverging and reflexed, a little longer than ihe ovate, obtusish glume ; stem, erect, stiff, leafy below, 8—24 inches'high. Common in wet places over the Northern States. CYPERACE^. 416 26. C. sciRpoiTJES. Schk. Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse, lowest bracteate ; perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acute glume; stem G — IG inches high, leafy towards tiie base. Wet places in the country. The more lanceolate fruit and glume, and more flexible stem, separate it I'roin the preceding. C. scirpuides has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet. 27. C. CURT A. Good. Spikelets 4 — 7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproximate, lower often remote; perig. round-ovate, acutish, obtusish, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toothed, slightly scabious, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume ; stim 1 — 2 feet high, usually light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets. Moist places over the country. 28. C. sphjErostachya. Deio. C. canescens, /3 sphseroslachya. Tuck. Spikelets 3 — 4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile, few fruited, 2 — G ; perig. ovate-lanceolate or roundish rostrate, longer thnn the ovate and hyahne white glume ; stc7n 1 — 2 feet high, slender, flaccid, subrostrate, and with the leaves, green. Common in N. England, and N. York, in wet places. c. Ovale-lanceolate spikelets j few-fruited. 29. C. Deweyana. Schk. Spikelets about 3, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, alternate, subremote, highest bracteate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, acuminate, bifurcate, plano- convex, slightly scabrous, on the margin, a little longer than the ovate-lanceo- late, awned hyaline glume ; stem 1 — 4 feet long, subprocumbent, with radical leaves ; whole plant yellowish green. Common in open woods or on the borders ol' woods. • 30. C tkisperma. DciB. Spikelets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate, highest ebracteate ; perig. ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at the orifice entire, nerved, subscabrous on the edges, somewhat diverging, longer than the oblong acute and liyaline ffluine; stem 10 — 24 inches high, prostrate or recurved, filiform, slender, longer than the leaves. In tufts in marshes or wet woods; common in N. England and N. York. f. Spikelets oval. 31. C. scopa'ria. Schk. Spikelets .5 — 10, usually 5 — 7, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest with a long deciduous bract; perig. ovate, lanceolate, nerved, erect, slightly mar- gined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume ; stem IS — 24 inches high, leafy towards the root. Moist places, very common. fi- aggregata \Dew.) ; spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral. 32. C. lagopodioi'des. Schk. Spikelets 8 — 20, cylindric, ovate, rather near, alternate and sessile ; perig. lanceolate, ta])ering at both ends, concavo-convex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous on the maioin, nearly twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume ; stem nearly 2 feet high, leafy; the whole light green. Common. 33. C. strasii'nea. JVahl. Spike con\pound, erect; spikelets about G, ovate, short-oblong, alternate, sessile, subapproximate; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, compressed, ciliate- serrate on the margin, beaked, 2-toothed, widely winged, commonly shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; stem, 12 — 20 inches high, longer than the leaves; .fpikclits whitish or tawny. Common in woods and fields. a. hrcvioT {Dew.) ; spikelets 3 — 5, often closely approximate, and more nearly round ; perig. slmrter-ovate, and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolale glume. This is the plant originally described by Willdenow. /3. minor {Dew.) ; spikelets small, 5 — G, globose or obovate, less approxi- mate ; perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaliug the ovate acute glume. CTPERACE^. 417 34. C. tk'nf.ra. Dew. C. adjnsta. Boott. Spike compound, recurved ; spikelets about 5, obovate, reniotish, alternate, sessile, brownisli, attenuated below, the lowest bracteate ; /rwj^ ovate, com- pressed, somewhat winged, rostrate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the oblong-lanceolate scale ; stem 15 — 30 inches high, small and slender, erect, with a nodding spike, longer than the leaves. Light green. Common. 35. C. kkstijca'cf.a. Sckk. Spikdets 5 — 8, obovate and clubform, sessile and alternate, approximate, lower one bracteate ; pe.ricr. roundish-ovate, rostrate, winged, striate, 2-tooth- ed, scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume ; stem 1.5 — 30 inches high, erect and stiff, leafy below. Plant pale green. Spikelets greenish to brown. Common in fields, but not abundant. The clubform spikelets from the decurrent scales of the staminate flowers, especially mark this species. 36. C. MiRABiLis. Dew. Spikeleis 7 — 1 1 , ovate-globose, alternate, sessile, often closely aggregated, and stiff-form, bracteate below ; perig. ovate, sublanceolate, scabrous on the margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverging, scarcely twice longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume ; stun 18 — 3G inches high, erect, stiff, rough above, rather slender ; plant light green. Common about fences and hedges, and has a specially rigid appearance. 37. C CRISTATA. ScllW. Spikdets 6—14, globose, sessile, closely aggregated into a head, of a crested form, bracteate ; peritr. ovate, oblong, compressed, winged, rostrate-acuminate, bifid, concavo-convex, scabrous on the margin, longer than the oblong, lanceo- late glume ; stem 1 — 3 feet high, acutely triangular. Plant yellowish green. Common in fields and meadows on colder soils. 38. C. tenuiflo'ra. Wahl. Spi'.elets 2 — 3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate, lower one bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, plano-convex, equaling the oblong-ovate, hyaline or white glume ; stem a foot or more high, slender, subprostrate, longer than the flat and narrow leaves. Light green. Spikelets whitish. Burlington and Salem, Vt., in swamps, Rohbins; Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N. Y. Kneirs- kern; Southampton, Mass. Chapman. C. Stamens and Stigmas on separate spikes. 1, Sta)7iinate spike single. 39. C. au'rea. JVutt. C. pyriformis. Sckw. Staminate spike short, cylindric, pedunculate ;, pistillate spikes 3, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate, subapproximate, bracte- ate ; perig. globose, obovate, or pear-forin, obtuse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate, acute or short-mucronate glume ; stem 3 — 10 inches high, slender, often subprocumbent. Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds. 40. C. saxa'tilis. L- Stamin'ite spike oblong, thick ; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong, obtuse, sessile, lower pedunculate ; perig. elliptic, plano-convex, obtuse, short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong and obtuse glume ; stem 6 — 10 inches high, erect, with long and leafy sheaths and bracts. Spikes nearly black. White Mts., N. H, Barralt; Woods, Vt. Pursh. 41. C. co'ncolor. R. Br. Staminate spike erect, cylindric ; fertile spikes 2 — 3, erect, subsessile, cylindric ; pcritr. oval, entire, smooth, mucronate, about equal to the oblong and obtuse glume; stem 10 — 15 inches high, smooth, leafy below ; bracts auriculate ; staminate spike sometimes pistillate above. White Mis., N. H. Boott. Closely related to C. ccespitosa L. but has a smooth stem; scales of light color. CYPEBACE^- 418 3. Staminate spikes one or more, and the vpper part of the pistillate sometimes staminate. 42. C. ri'giua. Good. Staminate spike oh\ong, cy]\n(\nc, rarely 2; pistillatr. spikes 2 — 3, oblong, cylindric, densely flowered, short and thick, approximate, lower one subpedi- cellate, with a bract surpassing the stern ; pcrig. ovate, obtusish, entire at the orifice ; glumfi nearly twice longer than the mature fruit and subequal before; stem's — d inches high, tirick and stiff, often recurved ; /cares stiff and glaucous. Ipswich, Ms. Oakes. Has been compounded with C.cccspilosaiiW this time. 43. C. CvESPITo'SA. L. Sia?«r/ia/e s/^jAe single, oblong, cylindric, sometimes 2, with oblong black scales ; p'stillule spike 2 — 3, cylindric, obtuse, rather thick, remotish, bracleate, lowest one short pedunculate ; -jierig. ovate, obtuse, glabrous, entire at the orifice, scarcely rostrate, a little longer than the oblong, obtuse, black glume ; stem G — 14 inches high, scabrous on the edge, lealy towards the base ; leaves flat. Wet places, Ipswich, Mass. Oakes; N. York and Michigan. 44. C. STRic'TroR. Dew. C. stricta. Goodn. Staminate sp kes 1 — 2, with oblong and blackish acutish glumes; pis!illate spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, staminate above, and hence acutish, lowest short- pedunculate ; perig. ovate, compressed, acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling off, glabrous, a little longer than the oblong and acute glume; stem a toot and more high, triquetrous and rough on the angles, with reticu- lated filaments connecting the leaves towards the base ; leaves erect, close; whole plant glaucous except the spikes. Wet places; common. 45. C. STRICTA. Lfim. C. acuta, of American authors in part. SlainiiKite spikes 1 — 2, cylindric, lower one sessile, and the scale rusty brown and obtuse, pstillnte spikes 2 — 3, long cylindric, upper half slaniii, ale, lower longer, short-pedunculate, loosely flowered below; pcrig. ovate-acumi- nate or elliptic, compressed, at the orifice entire or slightly emarginate and its glume strongly ferruginous, the lower ones acute-lanceolate, the upper linear and obtuse, commonly longer and narrower than ttie perigynia ; s em 2 feet high, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves. Boott. Wet places, as bogs ; common. 46. C. ACUTA. L. C. csDspitnsa of Am authors in part. Spikes long and slender; slaminnte 2 — 3; pistiWite'i — 4, long, slerrder, cylindric, short pedunculate, nodding towards nraturity, remotish, bracleate ; perig. oval or oblong, obtuse, orifice |)rotended, or very short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong, acute glume; sicm acute, triquetrous, lax ; the stamens at the summit of the pistillate spikes render them acute. Common. /3. erecta (Dew. Schk. fi^. 85, c) ; spikes shorter, 2 of each ; pisli'late nearly erect, oblong, close-flowered ; perig. shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume. Evidently mrsplaced by Sclikahr. y. sparsiflirra {Dew. Schk. fig. 92, b.) ; pistillate spikes very long, recurved, very sparsely flowered below Coirrmon. 47. C. AqUA'TiLis. IVafd. Staminate sp kes 1 — 4. erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, the glume oblong, obtusish ; pistillate spikes often 3, cylindric, thick and thickened above, 1 — 2 inches long, suberect, short-pedunculate, densely flowered; perig- elliptic, lenticular, rather small, entire, glabrous, protruded at the orifice, about equal lo the ovate, acutish glume ; stem 20 — 3U incires high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous. In marshes and wet places. Common. 48. C. crini'ta. Lam. C. leonura. IVahl. Schk. fig. 1G4. Staminate spikes one or more, lax, oblong, sometimes with a few pistillate flowers; pistillate spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nodding, attenuated below, and more loosely flowered, often staminate at summit; perig. ovate, sub-inflated, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, about A as long as the oblong, obtusish, scabrous-awned glume ; stem, 12 — 24 inches high, rough, triquetrous. Common in wet places. CTPERACE^. 419 B. grjnandra (Deio. C. gynandra Seine.) ; pistillate spikes pendulous, thicker in'the midst; glumes about twice as long as the perigynia. 49. C. PALEACEA. SJireh. Sc/i I,: Cig. 12'o. Pistillate spikes ahoat 4, \ong-cyVindTic, densely noweved, recurved, with a long reclined peduncle ; perig. ovate, suborbicular, obtusish, emargmate at the orifice, convex both sides; glumes terminated by a long, serrate point more than thrice the length of" the perigynia ; stem 20—42 inches high, recurved, rough-edged, pale-gieen. Common in dry grounds. II. STIGMAS THREE. D. Spikes andkogynous. Moncecious. 1. Stamens at the summit. »• Spike single. 50. C. POLYTRICHOIDES. Muli. C. microstachya. Mx. Spike oblong, terminal; perig. 3—8, oblong, alternate, subtriquetrous, glabrous, einarginate, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse, and rarely mucrona'te glume ; stem 4—12 inches high, veiy slender, with setaceous and Bubradical leaves. Common in wet and cold grounds. 51. C. LENEOGLOCHIN. Ehrltt. C. pauciflora. Lightfoot. Spike, about 4-flowered, with 1 or 2 staminate flowers at the apex; perig. lanceolate, subtriquetrous and tapering, much reflexed, twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume; stem 3—8 inches high, with subradicaland linear leaves. In Ashfield and Hawley, Mass., in a marsh. Porter. b. One or more radical peduncles with a single spike. 52. C. PEDUNCULATA. Muh. Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, long, recurved, pedunculate ; perig. obovate, triquetrous, recurved at the apex, couinionly glabrous, a little longer than the oblong or obovate, mucronate glume; stem 4—12 inches high, triangular, ratherprocumbenl; s/a?ne«5 sometimes removed a little from the pistillate spike. Common in woods; flowers early in the spring. 3. Spikes staminate at the base. c. Spikes one, often more. 53. C. sqUAMOSA. L. Spikes 1 — 4, oblong, cylindric, oblusr, upper one attenuated below at first by the decurrent staminate flowers, all very densely flowered; perig. ovate, Bubo-lobosp, long-rostrate. 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrose, longer than the lanceolate glume; stem- 1—2 feet high, slender for the large spike or spikes ; lower spikes pedunculate. Large and fine. It is C. typliirea Mx. when only o?ie spike is present. /3. C. tijphinuides (Srlnc.) ; spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and both longer and smaller. E. Spikes Dicecious. 54. C. scirpoi'dea. Mx. Spike oblong, cylindric, acutish ; sUiminatc glume oblong, obtusish ; pr.rig. ovate (oval),subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, acutish glume, Bcarious on the edge ; stem 4 — 10 inches high, erect ; leaves flat and long. White Mts., N. H. Oakes. F. Tekminal Spike andkogynous, pistillate at the summit; the other pistillate. 55. C. VIRESCENS. Muh. Spikes 2—4, oblong, erect, alternate, the lotcer sub-sessile, bracteate ; upper spike very rarely wholly staminate ; perig. ovate, obtuse, costate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, pubescent and mucronate glume, or about equal to it; iteiJi 1 — 2 feet high, rather slender ; leaves towards the base. Whole plant pubescent and light green. /3. costata {S liw.) ; perig. strongly costate, outer sheaths purplish brown ; haves numerous and larger. Both are coairaon in open woods and hedges. CYPKRACE^:. 420 56. C. HiKsuTA. Willd. Spikes 3, short-oblonj;, thick, alternate, erect, the loicer subsessile and long bracleate, all approximate and densely flowered ; pcrig. ovate, triquetrous, nerved, obtuse, entire at the orifice, glabrous in maturity, about equal to the ovate, acuminate, glabrous glume; stein 12 — 20 inches high; leaves and sheaUis retrorsely pubescent; vjipcr spike very rarely all staminate. Moist upland meadows. Common. fi. pedunculala. Torr. ; 5;>:/.t5 oblong-c)'lindric, pedunculate ; Zeaees slightly pubescent. Common. C triceps (Alz) much resembles this, — is not pub- escent but glabrous. 57. Buxbaum'ii. JVa/tl. Spikes about 4, cylindric, thick, upper one sometimes wholly staminate and sometimes staminate above and below ; pit-ti'liferuus oblong, subremote, subsessile, bracteate ; pcrig. ovate-oblong, acutish, or obovate, obtuse, subtri- quetrous, entire at the orifice, nerved and glabrous, scarcely equal to the oblong and mucronate glume; stem 10 — 18 inches high, leafy towards the base. Common in wet grounds. It is described as sometimes having 2 stigmas in Europe, but placed by Schk., Walil., &c., in the division having 3. 58. C. graci'llima. Sc/tw. Spikes 3 — 4, long, graceful, sub-loose-flowered, distant, long-pedicillate, recurved in maturity, bracteate, tipper one rarely all staminate ; pcrig. oblong, triquetrous, obtuse, oblique at the orifice, slightly 2-lobed, longer than the oblong and obtuse and short-awned glume; stem ofien 2 feet hiiih, reddish towards the base, leafy and subprocumbenl, pale green. Common in damp meadows. 59. C. FORMOSA. Dew. Spikes 3 — 4, oblong, short and thick, distant, 1-sided, on a long and slender peduncle, recurved ; pc/i"'. oblong, triquetrous, subinflated, acutish at either end, nearly entire or 2-lolied at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and acute glume ; stem 1 — 2 feet high, 3-sided, dark brown towards the base, yellowish bright green. Common in wet meadows. 60. C. Davi'sii. Torr. C. Torreyana. Deio. Spikes 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparsely flowered, remote, pediciUate, pen- dulous in maturity, pcrig. oblong-conic, subinflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, acutish, short-rnstrate, 2-lobed at the orifice, glabrous towards maturity, about equaling the oblong, scabrous-awned glume ; stem 1 — 2 feet high, triquetrous, scabrous above, with leaves equaling it ; /euivs and 5/i<;«i/(5 pubescent, some- times but very little, light green. Fust found on the alluvial meadows of the Housatonic in Mass., Dewey. Sometimes nearly pubescent. G. Staminate Spike single. ] • PiuiUate spikes short and sessile or nearly sessile. Perigynia radiating or diverging. 61. C. vARiA. MyJt. Stuinituile spike erect, short or subelongated ; pistillate . — 16 inches high, hardly erect; Iracls sometimes transversely rugose. Plant often subpubescent, and of a light green. In dry meadows. ' Common. 100. C. UNDULATA. KuTtZe. Pistillate spikes 2. erect, ovate-oblong; ;3e?7V. oblong, round, triquetrous, obtuse, striate, very short-beaked, bidentate, longer than the oblong, cuspidate, mucronate glume; stem 12 — 18 inches high, erect, triquetrous, scaljrous ; lower Iract transversely waved-plicate ; learrs pubescent. In the same situa- tion as the preceding, and scarcely to be distinguished from it. 101. C. Torre'yi. Tuckermun. Staminate .spike oblong, short pedunculate ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, short, cblcng, subsessile, erect ; pcrig. oblong, obovute, very obtuse, glabvcus, LL* CYPERACE^;. 426 Bubtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, subrostrate, twice longer than the acute glume ; stem 12 — 18 inches high, erect, triquetrous, with subradical and pub- escent leaves. Pale green. N. Y. Tuckerman. 102. C. milia'cea. Muh. Staminutc sjiikc erect, slender; pistillate^ — 3, long-cylindric, slender, loose- flowered below, nodding; ferig. ovate, triquetrous, glabrous, subrostrate, entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginate or obcordate awned glume; stem 12 — 24 inches high, slender, scabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate. Yellowish green. Wet meadows ; common. 103. C. LIMOSA. L. Pistillate spikes 1 — 3, ovate or oblong, long-pedunculate, aubloose-flowered, smoothish, pendulous; pcrig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equal to the oblong and obtuse, or ovate cuspidate glume ; stem 8 — 1() inches high, ascending, obtusely triquetrous, with subradical, flat and narrow leaves. Glaucous green. Marshes, common. 104. C. RARiFLORA. Smith. C. limosa. /3. rariflora. JVakl. Pistillate spikes about 2, linear, quite loose-flowered, long-pedunculate, nodding ; pcrig. ovate-oblong, triquetrous, depressed, equaling the ovate, subcircinate, brown glume ; sfem 10 inches high. Glaucous. White Moun- tains, N. II. Barralt. 105. C. iREiGUA. Smith. C. limosa. /3. irrigua. Wakl. Pistillate spikes 2 — 3, ovate-oblong, thickish, nodding; perig. roundisb- ovate, short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, red- brown o-lume ; stein near a foot high, longer than the flat, subrecurved leaves ; glaucous. Staminate spike rarely pistillate at the summit, or pistillate with stamens at the base. Marsh. Bridgewater, N. Y. Gray; also in marshes in Mass. and Mich. Coolij. Rare. 106. C. hysterici'na. JVilld. Staminatc spike rarely pistillate, at the snmmit ; pistillate spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, attenuate, subdistant, long-bracteate, nodding, rarely sheath- ed; pcrio-. ovate, inflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, bifid, glabrous, twice longer than the oblono-, emarginate, submucronate glume ; stem 12 — 24 inches high, scabrous above, with long, linear-lanceolate leaves. Yellowish green. Wet places ; very common. 107. C. Pseudo-Cype'rus. L. C. furcata. EIL Staminatc spike long and slender, rarely pistillate above ; pistillate spikes 2 — 5, long-cylindric, pendulous, thick, dense-flowered, with very long and leafy bracts ; pc?v>. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rostrate, 2-forked, reflexed, triquetrous, glabrous, generally longer than the lanceolate, mucronate- setaceous, glume ; stem IS — 30 inches high, large, rough, with long and wide, rough leaves and bracts. Plant very glabrous and yellowish gieen. Wet places about ponds and ditches. Common. 188. C. Coole'yi. Dew. Stamina.te spike short and small, with oblong-lanceolate glumes ; pistillate spikes 2 — 4, cylindric, oblong, or ovate and short, rather dense-flowered, upper sessile, loircr on very long, recurved peduncles ; pcrig. ovate-rostrate or oblong-lanceolate, bifurcate, nerved, about equal to the ovate, awned, scabrous (jlume ; stem filitbrm and scabrous, subproslrate,a foot or more high, much shorter than the subradical, narrow leaves. Light green. Marsh in Macomb Co., Mich. Cooley. 109. C. scABR.iTA. Sclnr. Pistillate spikes '.i — G, cylindric, subrecurved, remotish, long-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-oblong, subiiiilated, subbifid, rostrate, quite scabrous, longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, short-bidentate, ciiiate glume ; stem 1 — 2 feet hicrh, acutely triquetrous, rough above, longer than the leaves towards the base. Bright green. Along brooks and streams. Conunon. CTPERACE^. 427 H. Staminate spikes usually two or moke. tlO. C. Schweki'tzii. Deic. Staminate spikes 2, rarely 1, upper long and slender, lower with a few perigynia at the base; pistillate spikes 2— -A, oblong, cylindric, subapproxi- mate, subrecurved, subloose-flowered, lowest often long-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering above, rostrate, inflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate, subulate, subsetaceous glume ; stem 6 — 12 inches high, scabrous above, very leafy. Pale yellowish green. Wet sandy grounds. Not abundant. 111. C. RETRORSA. Schw. Staminate spikes about 3, rarely 1, often with a few perigynia at the base ; pistillate spikes 4 — G, oblong cylindric, approximate, dense-tlowered, with long and leafy bracts, the lowest often remote and long-pedunculate ; perig. ovate- inflated, subglobose, rostrate, bifurcate, nerved, reflexed, twice longer than the lanceolate glume ; stem 15 — 30 inches high, scabrous above, large, stiff and leafy. Bright green. In clusters about pools of water, common. The lower spikes sometimes have 1 or 2 smaller spikes attached to them. 112. C. ARISTATA. R. Br. Pistillate spikes 2 — 4, cylindric, distant, close-flowered, erect; perig. ovate, oblong, nerved, deeply bifid, very glabrous, long- rostrate, longer than the oblong, awned glume ; leaves and sheaths villose on the under side; stem a foot or more high. Bright green. Watertown, N. Y. Torr. ^~ Gray. Is not this very closely related to the following species .' 113. C. TRICHOCARPA. Mllh. Staminate spikes about 3, erect, rarely 1, or pistillate above, cylindric, Zouser shorter; pistillate spikes 2 — 4, erect, long-cylindric, smoothish, rather loose- flowered; perig. o\a.te, conic, inflated, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, densely pubescent, about twice longer than ovate-lanceolate glume ; stem, 15 — 30 inches high, scabrous above, and with pubescent leaves and sheaths. Light green. In wet and marshy places. Common. /3. turhinata {Dew.) ; pistillate spikes ovate, or short-oblong, thick, remote, dense-flowered; perig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, longer than the ovate-oblong, mucronate glume ; stem 2 — 3 feet high. Glaucous green. In a pond in Beckman, N. Y., there abundant. 114. C. LONGiROSTRis. Torv. Staminate spikes 3, short ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, quite loose-flow- ered, pendulous, subdistant, with filiform peduncles; perig. o\ ate, globose, inflated, glabrous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate, cuspidate glume ; stem 15 — 30 inches high, rather slender, stiff, leafy below. Bright green. On light soil of hedges in N. England and N. York. Common. 115. C. LANUGINOSA. Mx. C. pelita. Muk. Staminate spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, erect, dense-flowered, sometimes short-oblong and thick, subrostrate ; perig. ovate, short-rostrate, bicuspitate, subtriquetrous, thick, pubescent and woolly, about equaling the ovate-lanceolate awned glume ; stem 12 — 24 inches high, nearly round, below, with flat, linear-lanceolate leaves and bracts. Glabrous and yellowish green. Wet places and marshes. Common. 116. C. FiLiFORMis. Gooden. Staminate spikes 2 — 3, with oblong glumes ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, ovate, oblong, short-cylindric, close-flowered, reniolish, erect; perig. ovate, villose, short-rostrate, bil'urcate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume ; stem 20 — 30 inches high, erect, slender, stiff, with convolute leaves and bracts. Pale green. Marshes. Common. 117. C. LACUSTRIS. Willd. Staminate spikes 3 — 4, erect, sessile ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, erect, oblong, cylindric, short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering or lanceolate, CVPERACEJE. 428 bifurcate, glabrous, a little longer than the oblong, mucronate glume ; stem 2 — 3 feet high, scabrous above, erect and large, with long and large leaves and bracts. Light green. Marshes. Common. 118. C. ripa'ria. Gooden. Staminate spike 3 — 5, oblong, thick, erect, sessile ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, erect, oblong, often long-cylindric ; perig. ovate-elliptic, contracted into a short, bifurcate beak , glabrous, about equaling or shorter than the ovate, mucronate, or oblong-lanceolate glume; stem 2 — 3 feet high, scabrous above, leafy below. Bright green. 110. C. OLiGOSPKRMA. Mx. Oakesiana. Dew. Staminate spikes several, sometimes one, erect, slender, long-cylindric, with an oblong obtusish glume ; pistillate spikes 1 — 3, ovate, globular, sessile, distant; pcrig. fevi', ovate, inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, a little longer than the ovate lanceolate glume ; stem 1 — 2 feet high, scabrous above, leafy below ; leaves involute and rush-like. Light green. About the lakes of N. Eng. and N. Y. Abundant in marshes of Mich. 120. C. VESICAKIA. L. Staminate spikes about 3, erect, oblong ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, erect, dense-flowered, alternate, long bracteate ; perig. ovate, oblong-conic, terete, inflated, rostrate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, bicuspidate, nearly twice longer than the oblong-lanceoiate glume ; s/c?« about 2 feet high, shorter than the leaves. Bright green. Marslies. JNot common. /3. niriculata (Dew. C. ntriculata. Boott ) ; perig. oblong-elliptic, nerved, cylindric-rostrate, bicuspidate, more or less longer than the lanceolate, scabrous- nwned glume. Marshes, with the other. 121. C. ampulla'cea. Gooden. Staminate spikes2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, erect ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, long- cylindric, erect, close-flowered, short-pedunculate, sometimes staminate above ; perig. subglobose, inflated, diverging, nerved, glabrous, setaceous, rostrate, bifurcate, little longer than the lanceolate glume ; stem 2 — 3 feet high, obtusely triquetrous, leafy. Light green. Marshes. Common. 122. C. moni'le. Tuckerman. Staminate spikes 2 — 4, long, slender, cylindric, with a long lanceolate glume ; pistillate spikes 2, long, cylindric, short-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, erect ; perig. ovate, long-conic, subtriquetrous, inflated, rostrate, bicuspidate, more than twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume ; stem 15 — 30 inches hio-h, erect, with long leaves and bracts. Bright green. Marshes ; not com- mon. Moie loose-flowered and fruit longer than that of C. visicaria. L. 123. C. bulla'ta. Schk. Staminate spikes 3, erect, slender, cylindric, with oblong-lanceolate glumes ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, rather long, cylindric, nearly erect ; perig. ovoid-globose, inflated, glabrous, costate, with a long scabrous beak, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate glume ; stem 20 — 30 inches high, rather slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy and shorter than the leaves. Glabrous, light green. In wet meadows. Common. 124. C. TucKERMA.Ni. Dew. Staminate spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, lower ones sessile and short, with an oblong, acutisli glume ; pistillate spikes 2 — 3, oblong, cyhndric, thick and large, pedunculate, subloose-flowered; perig. inflated, ovate, large, conic, costate, bifurcate, glabrous, nerved, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; stem about 2 feet high, erect, scarcely scabrous ; bracts and haves long, not wide ; light grcen.^ Wet places in meadows, common, and has been ranked under C. hullata. 125. C. MiRATA. Dnc. C. arista. Z)c2c. not of K. £r. Staminate spikes 2 or more, long cylindric ; pistillate spikes about 2, long- cylindric, pedunculate, subdense-flowercd,subercct ; pcrig. ovate, conic, long GRAMINE^. 429 rostrate, costate, bifurcate, glabrous, subinflated at the base, about equaling the ovate, long-setaceous or long awned glume ; stem about 2 feet high, rough ; leaves and bracts larger than the stem ; light green. Shores of lake Ontario, N. Y. Sartwell. Also found in the State of Georgia. ORDER CLXI. GRAM1NE.E. The Grass Tribe. Fls. — In liule spikelets composed of bracts imbricated in 2 rows. Glumes. — Outer bracts {calyx, Linn.) generally 2 and unequal, sometimes 1 only. Paleee. — Inner bracts (corolla, Linn.) 2, alternate, the lower (exterior) one simple, the upper (interior) often doul)ly carinate, being- composed of 2 pieces united by their edges. Scales. — Innermost bracts (nectary, Linn, rudimentary petals) 1 — 3, distinct or united, mem- Sta. — 1 — 6, commonly 3. Anthers versatile. [branous, hypogynous. Ora. — Simple, with 2 styles and 2 feathery stigmas. Fruit a carj'opsis. . [the hilum. &;«rf— With the embryo situated on the outside of farinaceous albumen, at the base, next An immense order of herbaceous plants, of the highest importance to man. Stems (r.ulm.'i) mostly cylindrical, hollow, jointed and closed internally at the nodes. Leaves alternate, entire, parallel-veined and generally linear, sheathing at the base, with the sheaths split down to the node on one side. Flowers generally perfect, the spikelets arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles. The grasses are universally diffused throughout the world, having no other limits than those that bound vegetation in general. But the species and their characters are widely different in difierent climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion of the earth's surface with a compact, soft, green, caipet- like turf; but in tropical regions this beautiful gras.sy turf disappears and the grasses become larger, more isolated like other plants, fewer in the number of individuals, with broader leaves and more showy flowers. Properties. This family doubtless contributes more to the sustenance of man and beast than all others combined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the farinaceous albumen of the seed and in the herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is found among them, with the single exception of Lolium temulentum. The poisonous and me- dicinal ergot or spurred rye is only a parasitic fungus, and therefore forms no exception to this remark. The stems of many grasses contain sugar, as the inaize and sugar-cane. Srlex is also a frequent ingredient. To this order belong the common grains, maize, wheat, rye, rice, barley, oats. &c. The most impoitant of the cultivated grasses are Phleum or Timothy grass, several kinds of Poa, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Festuca, Aira, i'anicum, Cinua, Biiza, &c. Conspectus of the Genera. * Spikelets l-floivered. •s ( Fruit white, u g r sessile. ( Fruit black. . S ^ f cartilaginous, ( stipitate. Fruit black. g ts j" with a) (naked. Stamen!. S 8 J single ] herbaceous, ( hairy. Stamens 3. . ~ c f-S 1 awn, [membranaceous, l-kee!ed. to CL, t lower one with 3 awns ; upper very miimte. _c3 j" o J ( Paleaj coriaceous. "m 2 I I Stigmas 2. ( Palece membranaceous, p J g PalccB ( 2. I Stigmas 3. Panicle dense. . C 5 " (. awnless, ( solitary'. Panicle capillary. ^ S I o I awned as well as the palea;. Panicle conglomerate. . ^ lo J j subequal, one awned. Panicle capillary. Glumes minute, | unequal, one of them hardly perceptible. ( Stamens 1,2 or 3. Palese awnless. Glumes 0. ( Stamens G. Paleaj awned. Polygamous. . < ' j Glumes unequal, lanceolate. Aquatic. Glumes equal, roundish, thin. . Awns shorter than the glumes. Awns longer than the glumes. . ( Gluines with long awns. Spike 1. in unilateral spikes. 05 [ in cylindrical spike ( Stems Spikelets in pairs or 3s, polygamous. fistulous, j Glumes awnless. Sterile fl. pedicellate. Andtopogon. Stem solid with pith. Flowers paniculate. * * Spikelets 2-Jloivered, one of the flowers abortive. j Glumes unequal. f PaleED awnless. | Glumes equal, striped. Inflorescence paniculate. . . | Paleoe awned. Glumes unequal. Inflorescence linear, unilateral spikes, generally digitate. Inflorescence a compound, cylindrical, bristly spike Otyzopsis. 4 Piptatherum. a Stipa. Cinna. 9 Calamagrostis 12 Agrostis. 5 Aristida. 1 Milium. 17 Agrostis. .5 Psamma. 11 Trichodium. 7 Polypogon. 6 "Pnchochloa. 10 Muhlenbergia. 8 Leersia. 4S Zizania. 49 Spartina. 1.5 Paspalum. 10 Phleum. 14 Alopecurus. 13 Hnrdeum. 43 Andtopogon. 46 Sorghum. 4V Panirmn. IS Phalari-s. 21 Holcus. 22 Digitaria. 19 Selaria. 20 GRAMINE^. 430 ^ i% S i Spikelets 2 — 30-Jloivered ; when but 2-Jlotvered botk perfect or both staminate. f apex entire. Sta. 2. Anthoxanthum. \ apex bifid. Awn bent. Avena. near the base ;' apex multifid. . Aira. J which has 2 bristly teeth. Trisetum. on tlie back ( near the apex ( which is merely bifid. Bromus. i withlong:, silky hairs. Arundo. f which is entire j and naked. . . Festuca. Lower "j J between the 2 teeth ; awn twisted. Do.nthoma. pnlea; I 1 which is tricuspidale. . . . UraUpsh. awned . .. [ at tlie apex [which is eroded. Perfect fl. diandrous. Hitrochloa. STer. ped. ( Ovary with 2 scales. Poa. flowered. ( Ova. adnate to ^n.\stp..Fe.<,tuca. Lower palen; awnlesi Knleria. XJniola. Briza. ■Glyceria. Triaispis. Lolium. Trlticum. ovate. . . ( Terminal pedicel flowerless Spikelets acute at base, flat, ancipital. ■ entire. \ Spikelets cordate at base, tumid. . I denticulate. Spikelets terete, linear. Aquatic. , bifid and trieuspidate by the projecting nerves. f Glumes ( 1 (in the top spikelet 2). J broad, ( 2 in each spikelet. I" Spikes 1 Gl.sub- | collateral. Spikelets in2s,&c. Elymus. J 2-ranked. [ulate, . J opposite. Spikelets solitary. Secale. Inflorescence ) j paniculate. Scarcely awned. Dac.tylis. spicate [ Spikes unilateral, | digitate. Palea; awiiless. Eleusine. Stem solid with ( Spikes terminal, digitafe, pistillate at base. . lYipsacum. pith. Monoecious. ( Spikes lateral, pistillate ; panicle term, staminate. Zea. Tribe 1, STIPACE^. Inflorescence panicled. Spikelets solitary, 1-floivered. Ghtmes membranaceous. PalecB mostly two, lower one coriaceous, intyolute, awned. 1. ARISTl'DA. Glumes 2, unequal; paleas pedicellate, lower one with 3 awns at the tip, upper one very minute or obsolete. 1. A. dicho'toma. Poverty Grass. Casspitose ; s/c?« dichotomousty branching; p«?tiV/e contracted-racemose; lateral aicns very short, the intermediate one nearly as long- as the paleas, con- torted. A slender grass, in sandy soils. Stems 8— 12 inches high, branching at each joint. Leaves very narrow, with very short, open sheaths, and a very short stipule. Spikelets slender, on clavate peduncles. Aug. 2. A. purpura'scens. Poir. Stem erect, simple, filiform, 2 — 3 feet high ; leaves very narrow, flat, erect, a foot in length, with short, open sheaths ; panicle long, loosely spicate ; spike- lets on short clavate, appressed pedicels ; aicns nearly equal, divaricate, twice the length of the paleae ; jialea: often dark purple. Sandy woods. Sept. 3. A. gra'cilis. Ell. Stem very slender, a foot or more high ; leaves setaceous, erect, with short sheaths, pilose at the throat; panicle very slender ; spikelets somewha.t re- mote, appressed ; lateral awns siiort, erect, intermediate one longer, spreading. Mass. A grass of little value, as well as the other species. 2. STIPA. Glumes 2 ; palese mostly 2, shorter than the glumes, the lower with a long awn at the apex, the upper entire ; awn jointed at the base, deciduous ; caryopsis striate. 1. S. avena'cea. Feather Grass. Stem naked above, 2 — 3 feet high ; leaves smooth, striate, setaceous, chiefly radical; particle spreading, somewhat 1-sided, 4 — 6 inches long, at length diffuse, branches capillary, solitary and in pairs; glumes nearly equal, mucronate, as long as the dark brown, cylindric fruit; scales 2, lanceolate. Sandy soils. Mass. N. Y. June. GRAMINE^. 431 AGROSTIS. 2. S. Canadensis. Leaves sela.ceous; panicle small; ^/umes smooth, ovale-obtuse, as long as the pubescent fruit; «(/;« thick and short. Amherst, Mass. Neither this nor the preceding species is common or of much value in agriculture. 3. PIPTA'THERUM. Glumes longer than the elliptic paleas ; scales ovate, entire. P. NIGRUM. Torr. Black-seeded Millet. Orjzopsis melanocarpa. .1f«A. Stem erect, simple, leafy, IS — 24 inches high ; panicle simple, flexuous, few- flowered ; s;;i/a/t«5 racemose, ovoid-lanceolate ; gumes acummate, mucronate, smooth; pa'tm hairy, nearly black when ripe, the lower one tipped with an awn an inch in length ; fruit black. Rocky hills. Aug. 4. ORYZO'PSIS. Glumes 2. suhequal, loose, obovate, awnless; paleae 2,C}Hn- dric-ovate, hairy at base; scales linear-elongated. 0. asperifo'lia. Mx. Mountain Rice. Stem nearly naked, purple at base, 10—20 inches high ; leaves subradical, erect, rigid, pungent at the point, nearly as long as the stem, cauline ones few and very short; spikelcts in a racemose, simple, flexuous panicle, 1 — 2 upon each branch; glumes abruptly acuminate ; palece white, the lower one with a long bent awn. Woods. Leaves green through the winter. Caryop- bis white, about as large as rice, farinaceous. May. Tribe 2. AGROSTIDE^. Inflorescence panicled, rarely spiked. Spikelets solitary, 1 -flowered. Glumes and paletn of nearly similar tixture., v.^uaUy carinate. 5. AGRO'STIS. Inflorescence paniculate ; glumes 2, acute, subequal, the lower one larger ; paleae 2, unequal, the lower one larger, awnless or awned, larger than the glumes. * Paleas awnless. 1. A. vclga'ris. X. Red-top. Bent Grass. A. polymorpha. Gray. Stem erect, 1—2 feet high; panicle spreading, with the branches finally divaricate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, scabrous, with smooth, striate sheaths, and short, truncate stipules ; lower palea twice as large as the upper, and nearly as long as the lanceolate, acute glumes. A common grass, spread over hills, vales^and meadows, forming a soft dense turf. Flowers very numerous, purplish, July. Introduced. 2. A. alba. L. White-top. Florin Grass. A. decumbens. Mah. Stem decumbent, geniculate, rooting at the lower joints, sending out stolons ; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth, those of the stolons erect and subulate; sheaths smooth, with a long, membranaceous stipule ; panicle dense, narrow, at length spreading, whitish, sometimes purplish ; lower palea 5-nerved, rarely awned. In meadows, or in dry soils, hence its characters are variable, being often nearly erect. June. Introduced. 3. A. lateriflo'ra. Mx. Muhlenbergia. Gray. Stem erect or ascending, with swelling nodes, much branched and leaty above, often nearly leafless below, 1^—3 fe'et high ; leaves lanceolate, scabrous, with half clasping sheaths; 7ja«jc/er>- numerous, terminal and lateral, narrow and dense-flowered, lateral ones partly enclosed in the sheath; glumes na.riow, acuminate, mostly shorter than the subequal, pubescent palea;. Wet shades. Aa^. GRAMINE^. 432 AGROSTIS. /S. fil/formis { Torr. A. filiformis. Muh.) ; stem erect j 'panicles very slender ; palccc scarcely longer than the glume. 4. A. soboli'fera. Muh. Mulilenbergia. Gray. Stem erect, slender, producing shoots at base, sparingly branched, 18 — 30 inches high; brajiches erect and HWihrm; ywdes not sweUing; leaves \inea.r- lanceolate, with open sheaths; panicle simple, filiform, with appressed branches, and crowded spikelets: pulea equal, longer than the acute glumes. Rocky hills. Aug. 5. A. ViRcr'NicA. L. Vilfa vaginiflora. Gray. Stems numerous, assurgent, procumbent and hairy at base, nearly simple, about a loot long; leaves somewhat :i-rowed, involute, rigid, erect, 2 — 3 inches long, with smooth sheaths which are hairy at the throat and swollen with the enclosed panicles; panicles spike-form, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones concealed ; glumes nearly equal, about as long as the subequal paleaj. Sandy soils. Sept. Oct. 6. A. losgifo'lia. Torr. Stem erect, simple, 2 — 4 feet high ; leaves 2 feet long, filiform at the end, with smooth, closed sheaths and bearded stipules ; panicles terminal and later- al, contracted into a spiked form, generally concealed in the swelling sheaths ; glumes much shorter than the subequal, smooth, spotless palea;. Sandy fields. Sept. Oct. * * Paleffi awned. 7. A. clandesti'na. Sprcng. Stem terete, rigid, erect, smooth, about 2 feet high ; leaves very long, rigid, glaucous, scabrous on the margin ; jianicle contracted, chiefly concealed ; palea unequal, much longer than the glumes, slightly awned, hairy and spot- ted. Dry hills. Sept. 8. A. sylva'tica. Torr. Muhlenbergia. Gray. Stem ascending, 2 — 3 feet long, much branched, diffuse, smooth, with swelling nodes; ieaues lanceolate, scabrous, nerved, 4 — 6 inches long, with smooth, open sheaths ; panicles slender, rather dense ; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, a little shorter than the palece; awn several times longer than the spikelct. Rocky shades. Sept. 9. A. tenuiflo'ra. Willd. Muhlenbergia. Gray. Stem erect, subsimple, pubescent at the nodes, with a few appressed branches ; leaves 6 — 9 inches long, 2 — 3 lines wide, lanceolate, nerved, sca- brous, spreading, with pubescent sheaths ; panicle contracted, very slender and lono-, with remote, filiform branches ; glumes subequal, acuminate, half as lon'a'cs linear-lanceolate, striate, with smooth, nerved sheaths; /j«7it(;^e erect, rather loose, oblonor.the branches capillary, aggregated in 4s and 5s; glumes very acute, smoothish, much longer than the palece ; loicfr paha bifid at the apex, with an exserted awn arising from below the middle of the back. Wet grounds. Common. Aug SRAMINEiE. 435 2. C coarcta'ta. Torr. C. Canadensis. Katt. Glaucous ; stem erect, 1 — 4 feet high ; haves linear-lanceolate, scabrous, with the nerves and keel white; sheaUis striate; stipule oblong-, obtuse; panicle condensed and spike-form, the branches rigidly erect, short and aggre- gated; ^/jtmes acuminate, lanceolate, lower 1-nerved, upper 3-nerved ; Loicer palea 5-nerved, bifid at the apex, with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. Bogs. Jul}'. Aug. Tribe 3. PHLEOIDE.E. Inflorescmce in dense, cylindric orvnilateral xpikes. Spilcelets l-flowered. Glumes 2, ofneariy similar texture with the palecE. 13. ALOPECU'RUS. Glumes subequal, connate, distinct; paleas uniled into an inflated glume, cleft on one side below the middle, generally awned ; styles off en connate. 1. A. prate'nsis. Fox-tail Grass. Stern erect, smooth, leafy, about 2 feet high bearing an erect, dense, many- flowered, cylindric, obtuse, paniculate spike, about 2 inches long ; leaves flat, smooth, with swelling sheaths and ovate stipules ; o-/;iH(Ci- ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the palese ; awn twisted, scabrous, twice tha length of the flower. Fields and pastures. An excellent grass. Jn. JI. 2. A. genicula'tus. Stem ascending, geniculate, rooting below, sparingly branched, 1 — 2 feet high; spike cylindrical, about 2 inches long; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth, flat, acute, a few inches in length, with slightly inflated sheaths, and long, entire stipules ; glumes slightly connate at base, hairy outside ; pulew truncate, smooth, half as tong as the geniculate awn Wet meadov.'s. Jn. fi. aristulatus {Torr. A. aristulatus. Mx.) ; awns very short. 14. PHLEUM. Glumes 2, equal, carinate, much longer than the pales, rostrate or mucronate; paleae 2, included in the glumes, truncate, awnlcss. P. prate'j'se. Timoihi) or Herri's Grass. Stem erect, simple, terete, smooth, 2 — ^1 feet high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous, roughish ; .sAw^/zs striate, smooth ; stipule obtuse, lacerated ; glumes apparently bicuspidate, in a dense, long, cylindric, green spike ; anthers purple; 5.!*o'??ifts white. This is probably the most valuable of all grasses. Introduced and extensively cultivated. Jl. 15. SPARTI'NA. Spikelets imbricated in a double row in unilateral, panicu- late spikes ; glumes 2, unequal, compressed 5 paleae 2, subequal, compressed, awnless ; style long, bitid. 1. S. cynosuroi'des. Stem slender, smooth, 3 — 5 feet high ; leaves 2 — 3 feet long, sublinear, convolute and filiform at the end ; sAfrtZAs striate, glabrous ; panicle, loose, slender, composed of 20 or more alternate, one-sided, pedunculate spikes 2 — 3 inches long ; spikelets arranged on 2 sides of a triangular rachis ; glumes acuininate°one of them with a short awn ; palea white and awnless. Marshes. A coarse, sedore-like grass. Aug. GRAMINK.'E. 436 2. S. ju'ncea. Root creeping extensively ; stem erect, rigid, round, smooth, 1 — 2 feet high ; haves convolute at the edges, spreading, in 2 rows ; spikes 3 — 5 ; peduncles smooth ; rachis compressed ; loiver glvmc 3 times as long as the upper ; palui obtuse, lower one shorter ; styles 2. Marshes and river banks. Ji. Aug. 3. S. GLABRA. Mufi. Stem smooth, succulent, terete, 3 — 5 feet high ; leaves concave, erect, about 2 feet long, ^ inch wide at base, tapering to a long acumination ; spikes 10 — 15, erect'and appressed, alternate and sessile upon a triangular rachis ; spikehts in a dense, double row. Marshes. Aug. Sept. Tribe 4. PANICE./E. Jnflme$r.ence spiked or panided. Spikdets 1 or (more, usually) H-Jlowered, one of the flowers being sterile or imperfect. Glumes rtsually [membranareovs) cf a thinner textvre than thepalea, ■which are more or less cartilaginous, the lower paJea half enfolding tlie upper, sometimes awned- 16. PA'SPALUM. Flowers in unilateral spikes ; glumes 2, membranaceous, equal, subovbicular, closely pressed to the 2 paleae ; stigmas plumose, colored ; carjopsis coated with the smooth, plano- convex paleae. 1. P. ciliatifo'lium. Mx. Stem decumbent, simple, slender, 1—2 feet long ; leaves flat, hairy and ciliate, about 6 inches long, with hairy sheaths ; spike 1 (or 2, the second being smaller than the other), terminal, on a long peduncle, somewhat looselj 3-rowed ; spikdets pedicellate, appressed, plano-convex. Sandy fields, not common. Sept. 2. P. seta'ceum. Mx. Stem erect, slender, smooth and purplish below,. 1—2 feet high; leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy both sides; sheaths nerved, smooth, villous at the throat; spike mostly solitary, on a very long, terminal peduncle, often with another on a short peduncle from the same sheath ; spikehts plano-coaveiy alternate, in 2 rows, with the flat side out. Sandy fields. Aug. 17. MI'LIUM. Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes 2, without involucre or awns ; palcce 2, shorter than the glumes, awnless, oblong, concave, persistent and cartilaginous, coating the carjopsis. 1. M. EFFu'suM. Spreading Millet Grass. Siem erect, simple, smooth, 5—8 feet high, bearing a compound, diff"use panicle; haves flat, 8— 12 inches long, i — I inch wide, on smooth, striate sheaths; branches of the panicle clustered, horizontal, 1—6 inches long; spikdets ovate, few and scattered; paha smooth and polished. Woods. Plant pale green. Summer. 2. M. PUNGENS. Toi-r. Dwarf Millet Grass. Stem erect, simple, rigid, 12 — 18 inches high ; Zra?7cs lanceolate, cauUiie very short, pungent, at length involute, radical G— 8 inches long, erect, acute and pungent; sheaths strmie, rough, tumid ; j9aw;V/e contracted, few-flowered ; peduncles h\M ; ff I umes b.\\' nless ; palecs ha.hy, about equaling the glumes ; style 2-parted. May. 18. P A' N I C U M . Glumes 2, unequal, the lower mostly very small ; flowers 2, dissimilar, the lower abortive or sterile, with 1 — 2 paleae, the eRAMINE^. 4S7 upper palea membranaceous; the upper perfect, with the palese cartilaginous, equal, concave, awnless, coating the caryopsis. * Spikelets in racemose panicles. 1. P. CKUS-GALH. Cocksfoot Grcss. Root annual ; stem terete, smooth, 3 — 4 feet high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, serrulate, witli smooth, striate sheaths and no stipule; racewes dense, «pike-form, compound, alternate and in pairs ; rorhh hairy and rough ; glumes hispid with bristles ; lozcer abortive palea ending in a long, rough awn. A coarse, weedy grass, introduced into cultivated grounds. Aug. Sept. 2. P. HIS'PIDUM Stem thick, 3—4 feet high ; leaves broad, flat; panicle compound, nodding, dense, 4—6 inches long, with alternate racemes ; flowers always awned. Salt marshes. Best distinguished from the preceding by its hispid sheaths. Sept. Oct. 3. P. agrostoi'dfs. Stem compressed, glabrous, 2—3 feet high ; Irnves very long and numerous, eauliiie linear-lanceolate, carinate, rough-edged, on short, striate sheaths; pau'cles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, composed of racemed branches; spikelets small, lanceolate, acule, crowded and appressed ; upper glume b-nerr- ed; palea of the neutral flower nearly equal. Aleadows. Common. July. 4. P. ANCFPS. Strm compressed, 2—3 feet high ; leaves linear, carinate, very Inrtg; sheaths ancipital, pilose on the throat and margin ; panicle erect, contracted, with nearly simple branches; spikdets \n\.eirn^\.ed\y racemose, very acuminate ; vpper palea of the neutral flower oblong, obtuse or emarginate. Fields and meadows. Common. July. 5. P. pf.duncula'tum. Torr. S/em dichotomously branched above, round, 3 — 4 feet high ; lenves^'mch wide, tapering to the point; sheaths hispid and papillose ; panicle compound, smooth, on a long peduncle, branches in pairs, racemed; spikelets ovate, •mooth ; vpper palea of the abortive flower half as long as the lower. Moist woods. July. 6. P involu'tum. Torr. Stem casspitose, simple or sparingly branched at base, a foot high ; Isavs frect. verv narrow, somewhat ligid, at length involute ; panicle simple, few- floweied, flowers acuminate; upper palea of the neutral flowers very small. Deerfield, Mass. 7. P. df.paupera'tum. Muh. Csespitose ; stem hairy at the joints, about a foot high ; leaves linear-lanceo- late, smooth or hairy, lower ones shorter than the upper; sheaths pubescent; panicle few-flowered, terminal, erect, branches tortuous, in pairs, one of them 2-flowered, the other 1-flowered. Barren soils. May, June. 8. P. proli'ferum. Lnm. P. geniculatum. Muh. Stem assurgent, geniculate at base, very smooth, thick and succulent ; leaves iinear-lanceoTale,4 — 6 lines wide, 10 — 15 inches long, on tumid sheaths hairy at throat; yjanic/rs large, pyiamidal, terminal and axillary, smooth ; spikelets racemose ; abortive flower with one palea. Wet meadows. Sept. * * Spikelets in loose panicles. 9. P. CI.ANDESTl'NrM. Stern with short, axillary, appressed branches, 2 — 3 feet high, rigid, leafy; Imvps 3 — 6 inches lonff, an inch broad, lanceolate, subcordate at base ; sheaihs hispid, enclosing the short, lateral panicles ; upper palea of the neutral flower tibtuse. Moist woods. July. Aug. MM* GRAMINF,^. 438 DIGITARIA'^ 10. p. latifo'lium. Stem nearly simple, with the nodes retrorsely pilose ; leaves lance-ovatCj clasping, somewhat pubescent; ptt'/i/>/e terminal, a little exserted from the sheath, simple, pubescent ; spikelcts rather large, oblong-ovate ; abortive JloweT staminate. Common in ditches, woods, &c. Jn. Jl. 11. P. NERVO'SUM. Stem simple, smooth at the nodes, 3 — 4 feet high ; leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth, a little ciliate on the margin, cordate at base, an inch wide with short sheaths; pa?i/cZc much branched, smooth, many-flowered, pedunculate or sessile, branches flexuo'js, somewhat spreading ; s'pikelels ohXong; abortive fioioer staminate. Bogs. July. 12. P. Dicno'TOMnM. Ph. Stem much branched and dichotoraous above, erector decumbent, 1 — 2 feet high, branches fasciculate ; /caycs linear-lanceolate, smooth, very numerous, ] — 2 inches long, ciliate at base ; panicles lateral and terminal, simple, capil- lary, with loose, spreading branches; spikelels minute, ovoid-obtuse. Woods, Variable. July. 13. P. ni'tidum. Lam. StC7n erect, simple or branched, slender ; leaves few, remote, broad-linear ; sheaths bearded at the throat; panicle capillary, terminal, smooth, the branches few or numerous, somewhat verticillate ; spikelets small, oblong-ovoid, pubes- cent, laiocr glume very small. This species appears to be liable to much variation, and several forms are described differing m the degree oi' pubescence, t)ie more or less expanding panicle, and in the stem being simple or more or less branched. Woods and meadows. Jn. Jl. 14. P. MACR0CA'RP0>f. To?r. Stem erect, simple, straight, 2 — 3 feet high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, erect, Bubpilose beneath, 3 — 0 inches long; sheaths hispid, villous on the margin, with no stipules ; panicle rather compound, smooth, with few, spreading, flexuous, subsimple branches; spikelets ovold-glohose ; abortive fiotccr neuiial. Banks of Connecticut river. Mass. July. 15. P. capilla're. Stem nearly simple, assurgent at base, 1 — 2 feet high ; leaves hairy, broad- linear, acuminate, 4 — G inches long ; sheaths covered with hispid hairs ; ■panicle large, pyramidal, capillary, loose, expanding; spikelets small, lanceo- late, acuminate, smooth, on long, hispid peduncles; abortive fioioer of 1 palea. Fields and roadsides. Aug. 16. P. VERRUCO'SUM. Stem slender, decumbent and geniculate, branching from the base, 1 — 2 feet high ; leaves linear, a few inches long, spreading, smooth ; panicle much ex- panded, few-flowered, flowers verrucose ; abortive fiuwer of one palea, and neuter. Swamps and thickets. Panicle terminal and lateral, loose and capillary. Aug. 17. P. virga'tum. Glabrous and often purple ; stem 3 — 5 feet high ; leaves long, linear-lanceo- late, hairy at base ; sheaths striate ; stipule with long, white cilifB ; panicle virgate, at length spreading, diffuse, very large ; floiccrs acuminate ; palea of the abortive flower nearly equal, enfolding the purple stamens. Banks of streams. Not common. Aug. None of these species are of much value in agiiculture. 19. DIGITA'RIA. Inflorescence digitate or fasciculate ; spikes linear, unilater- al ; spikelets in pairs, on short, bifid pedicels, 2-flowered; glunies 2, the lower very small, sometimes wanting; lower 0RAMINEJE. 439 flower abortive, with a single, membranaceous palea ; upper flower perfect, with 2 cartilaginous, subequal paleae ; car} op- sis striate. — Root annual. 1. D. sanguina'lis. Purple Finger Grass. Crab Grass. Stems decumbent at base, radiating and branchincp at the lower joints, 1 — 2 feet long; Zeaws linear-lanceolate, on long, loose sheaths, softly pilose, the sheaths strigosely hairy ; spikes 3 — 5 inches long, fasciculate at the top of the stem, 5 — 9 together ; spikdets in pairs, oblong-lanceolate, closely appressedto the rachis,in2 rows. Common in cultivated grounds. Aug. — Oct. Ann. 2. D. GLABRA. Stem generally decumbent, rarely rooting at the joints, a foot long ; leaves short, flat, nearly glabrous ; spikes digitate, spreading, 3—4 ; spikdets crowd- ed, ovoid ; glume equaling the abortive flower, both hairy. Sandy fields. Aug. Sept. 3. D. filifo'rmis. Stem erect, filiform, simple, 12 — 18 inches high; leaves short, nearly smooth, narrow-lanceolate; spikes 2 — 4, filiform, erect ; spikehts in 3s, all pedicellate ; glume solitary, as long as the abortive flower. Dry, gravely soils. Aug. 20. SETA'RIA. Inflorescence a compound, cylindrical spike; spikelets 2-flovvered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more bristles; glumes, flowers, paleoeand fruit as in the genus Panicum. 1. S. vi'ridis. Wild Timothy. Stem smooth, 2 — 3 feet high ; leaves lanceolate, flat, minutely serrulate ; sheaths striate, hairy on the margin, and witli a setose stipule ; spike cylin- dric, compound, terminal, green ; involucre of 4 — 10 fasciculate bristles, much longer than the spikelets ; palea: nf the perfect fioiver longitudinally striate, punctate. Common in cultivated grounds. July. Aug. 2. S. GLAL'CA. Bottle Grass. Stem 2 — 3 feet high; lenvcs lanceolate, carinate, rough, hairy at base; sheaths striate, smooth; stipule setose ; spike cylindric, yellowish green, 2 — 4 inches long ; involucre of G — 10 fascicled, scabrous bristles much longer than the spikelels ; palece of the perfect jiower transversely rugose. Fields and road- sides. July. Aug. S. S. vkrticilla'ta. Stem smooth, about 2 feet high ; leaves lanceolate, rough-edged ; sheaths smootii, hairv on the margin; spicate panicle composed of short, divided branches in interrupted verticels, 2 — 3 inches long ; bristles of the involucre in pairs, rough backwards ; palece of the perfect flower roughish punctate. Sandy fields. July. 4. S. Ita'lica. Stem somewhat compressed, about 4 feet high ; leaves lanceolate, 1 — 2 feet long, an inch wide ; sheaths roughish, pilose at the throat; spike compound, interrupted at the base, nodding, C — 8 inches long; spikelets conglomerate ; involucre of 2 bristles, several times longer than the flower. Ditches. July. Tribe 5. PHALARIDE^. liifloreutnce a contracted panicle. Spikelets solitary, with 1 perfect flower and 1 — 2 imperfect ones. Lower palea awned or mucronate, upper with 2 keels. 21. PHA'LARIS. Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, carinate ; paleae 2, coriaceous, awnless, shorter than the glumes, coating the GRAMINE^. 440 ANTHOXANTHUM. caryopsis, each with an external, accessory palea or abortive rudiment at base. 1. P. arundina'cea. L. p. Americana. Torr. Stem erect, sparingly branched, 2 — 5 feet high ; leaves spreading, lanceolate, nerved, rough-edged, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, spicate, somewhat secund, 2 — 4 inches long; ^/?wwes 3-nerved, whitish, scabrous ; rudiments pilose. Common in ditches and swamps. July. Aug. /3. picta is the well known striped or ribbon grass, with beautil'ully variega- ted leaves longitudinally striped in endless diversity. Cultivated. 2. P. Canarie'nsis. Canary Grass. Stem erect, or geniculate at the lower joints, round, striate, leafy ; leaves lanceolate ; panicles spicate, ovoid, erect ; glumes whitish, with green nerves ; rudiments smooth. Fields and pastures. Introduced. July. Ann. 22. HOLCUS. Spikelets 2-flowered ; ghimes herbaceous, boat-shaped, mucronate ; flowers pedicellate, the lower one perfect and awnless. upper one staminate or neuter, awned on the back. H. lana'tus. Soft Grass. Hoary pubescent ; stem 1^—2 feet high; ZeffDc.9 lanceolate, 2 — .5 inches long ; sheaths striate ; panicie oblong, dense, whitish with a purple tinge ; Howcrs shorter than the glumes, sterile one with a recurved, included awn. Common in wet meadows. Very soft with whitish down. Jl. 23. HIERO'CHLOA. Spikelets 3-flowered ; glumes 2, scarious; lateral flowers staminate, triandrous ; central flower perfect, diandrous (rare- ly triandrous). 1. H. borea'ms. Seneca Grass. Smooth, glossy ; stem simple, erect, 1.5 — 20 inches high ; radical leaves as Ion o- as the stem, cauline 2 — 4 inches long, lanceolate, mucronate ; panicle rather I -sided and spreading, pyramidal, few-flov^^ered, 2 — 3 inches long; i;-a?ic/(/e/s flexuous ; spikelets hro-dd, subcordate, colored, unarmed ; lower palea ciliate. Wet meadows. Very fragrant. May. 2. H ai.pi'na. Smooth ; stem erect, stout, C — S inches high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; sheaihs tuinid, longer than the internodes ; panicle ovoid, 1^ — 2 inches long, with the branches in pairs ; spikelets purple, compressed, large, longer than the branches; glumes lanceolate ; lower Jiower with an awn about as long as the palese. Summits of the While Mts. Bic. Jn. 24. ANTHOXA'NTHUM. Spikelels 3-flowered, the central one perfect, the 2 lateral ones neuter, each consisting of one bearded palea; glumes 2, unequal, the upper one larger, enclosing the flowers; palece of the perfect flower 2, short, awnless ; stamens 2. A. odora'tum. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. Stem fc;lender, erect, 12 — 18 inches high ; leaves short, striate, pale green ; panicle spicate, oblong-ovoid ; spikelets pubescent, on short peduncles ; palea ef the lateral fiowers linear-oblong, ciliate on the margin, one of them with a ORAMINEa:. 441 URALEPSIS, bent awn from near the base, the other with a straight awn from the back near the summit. An early-flowering, deliciously fragrant grass. Introduc- ed. May, June. Tribe 6. AVENEiE. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets solitary, feiv-flowered. Glumes and paletB of similar texture. Upper flowers generally pedicellate, with awn-like processes or abortive rudiments between tha upper and the lower ones. Upper palea with 2 keels. 25. AI'RA. Spikelets 2-flovverecl, without abortive rudiments; glumes 2, membranaceous and shining, subequal; one of the flowers pedicellate; paleaj subequal, pilose at base, the lower one lacerate at apex and awned on the back. 1. A. FLEXUO'SA. Stem smooth, 1 — 2 feet high, nearly naked ; leaves setaceous, smooth, with striate sheaths and truncate stipules; panicle loose, spreading, trichotomous, with long, flexuous branches; aiotis geniculate, longer than the palete. Vales and hills. Saddle Mt., Ms. An erect, elegant grass, growing in tufts. Jn. 2. A. CjESPito'sa. Caespitose, glabrous ; stein 18 — 30 inches high ; leaves narrow-linear, scab- rous above, smooth beneath, flat; panicle pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally diff'use; aw?is straight, about as long as the paleae which are longer than the bluish glumes. Swamps. May. 26. TRISE'TUM. Spikelet 2 — 5-flowered ; glumes 2, as long as the flowers ; lower palea with 2 bristles at the apex and a soft flexuous awn from above the middle of the back; scales ovate; fruit coated, furrowed. 1. T. PALu'sTRE. Torr. Avena palustris. Mx. S^sm erect, contracted at the nodes, slender, smooth, about 2 feet high; leaves lance-linear, about 3 inches long, roughish, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, contracted, nodding, yellowish green ; spikelets 2 — 3-flowered, middle flower abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending in 2 setose teeth, and awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. Wet meadows. May — July. 2. T. purpura'scens. Torr. Avena striata. Mx.f Stem leafy, 2 feet high ; leaves narrow-linear, keeled, 4 — 6 inches long and with the sheaths smooth ; panicle very simple, almost a raceme, few-flowered, 4 — 6 inches long; glumes 3-flowered, very unequal, entire ; spikelets lanceo- late, terete, purple, smooth ; loicer palea 7-nerved, 2-cleft at the extremity; awn geniculate. Mountain bogs. 3. T. subspica'tum. Br. T. aroides. P. rfe B. Aira. L. Stem a foot high; leaves narrow, 2 — 4 inches long; panicle contracted into a spike 2 inches long; aicn at length deflexed,longerthan the glume. Rocks and mountains. Little Falls, N. Y. Gray. White Mts., N. H. Pickering. Jn. 27. URALE'PSIS. Spikelets 2 — 3-flowered; glumes 2, shorter than the flow- ers; flowers stipitate and distinct; paleas 2, very unequal, distinctly villous on the margins, the lower one tricuspidate, the central cusp setose ; upper palea concave on the back ; fruit gibbous, coated. • GRAMINE^. 442 ARUNUO. U. aristula'ta. CsBspitose ; stems procumbent at base, bearded at the nodes, 10 — 18 inches high ; leaves subulate, tiie upper ones sliorter than tlie sheaths, hairy beneath ; panicles simple, racemose, terminal and lateral, concealed in the sheaths of the leaves, the upper one partly exsert; spilalet 3-flowered ; aicn of the palca as long as the lateral cusps. Sea-coast and sandy fields. Aug. Ann. 28. AVE'NA. Spikelets 2 — 5-flovvered ; glumes 2, loose and membranace- ous, subequal, longer than the flowers; paieas 2, mostly hairy at base, tlie lower one bitid, with a twisted or bent awn at the back. 1. A ela'tior. L. Arrhenatherum. Beauv. Stem 2 — 4 feet high, geniculate, smooth ; leaves lance-linear, rough on the margin and upper surface ; panicle louse, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ternate; spikelets 2-flowered ; awn twice as long as the palea ; upper foioer perfect, mostly avviiless. A tall grass, introduced and naturalized in culti- vated grounds. May. June. 2. A. Pennsyi.va'nica. L. Arrhenatherum. Torr. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; panicle slender, with short, alternate branches ; a%cn twice as long as the flowers, geniculate, from the base of the lower palea ; upper jioictr awnless. Fields and open woods. Rare. July. Ann. 3. A. pR.5:cox. P.dcB. Aira. L. Ctespitose ; stem erect, a few inches high; leaves i — 1 inch long, rough; sheaths deeply striate ; panicle dense, racemose; spihelels ovate, 2-flovvered, glumes as long as the flowers ; lower palea with a bent awn from the lower partof the back twice its length. Ithaca, N.Y. Eaton. Sandy fields. Jn. Ann. 4. A. SATi'vA. Common Oat. S'^cm smooth, 2 — 4 feet high ; ieai;?* linear- lanceolate, nerved, rough, with loose, striate sheaths; stipule lacerate ; panicU loose ; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the lower one mostly awiied ; palea: somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing the caryopsis. A highly important grain, one of the staple productions of the soil; said to have been first discovered in the Island of Juan Fernandez. Ann. yS. nigra ; palca: dark brown, almost black, awnless. Black Oats, y. secunda ; panicle \-s\ded ; awns short. Horse-manc Oats. 5. A. ste'rilis. Animated Oat. Stem?. — 4 feet high, and with the leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, flat; spikelets 5-flowered, outer flowers and awns hairy, inner flowers awnless. From Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosi- ty. The awns are 2 inches long, geniculate, and twisted more or less according to the state of the atmosphere. Hence the tumbling motion of these spike- lets in the moist and warm hands, like a grotesque insect. Ann. 29. ARU'NDO. Spikelets many-flowered ; glumes 2, awnless, lanceolate, unequal ; lower flower staminate and naked at base; the others perfect, pedicellate; paleae unequal, the lower one mucronate, acuminate or slightly awned. A. phragmi'tes. Siem smooth, stout, erect, G — 12 feet high, often an inch in diameter at base ; leaves lanceolate, 1 — 2 feet long. 1 — 2 inches wide, rough-edged, smooth and glaucous ; panicle large and loosely branched, branches in half whorls, GRAMIXEJE. 443 filender ; spikelel.s 3 — 5-flowered, very slender, erect ; glumes shorter than the flowers which are of a dark hue, with tufts of long, white, silky hairs. About ponds. July. Tribe 7. FESTUCACE^. Inflorescence panicled. Spikelets many-flowered, ohlong. Flowers nessHe, closely arranged in 2 TOWS on the rackis. Palete o/shnitar texture with the glumes, the upper one with 2 keels. 30. DANTHO'NIA. Spikelets 2 — 7-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the flowers, cuspidate ; paleae hairy at the base, lower one tidentate at the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth, the upper one obtuse, entire. D. spica'ta. P.deB. Wild Oafs. Avena. i. 6Yem slender, nearly erect, 12 — 18 inches high; lower leaves numeiows, 4 — (J inches long, flat, hairy above, cauline leaves much shorter, subulate, erect, on very short sheaths ; panicle simple, spicate, short, erect ; spikelets 3 — 8 or 10, about 7-flowered ; glumes a little longer than the flowers; lowr.r palea hairy, about half as long as its spirally twisted awn. Pastures and open woods. June — Aug. 31. BROMUS. Spikelets 3— 20-flowered ; glumes 2, shorter than the flow- ers ; lower palea cordate, bifid at the apex, usually awned a little below the tip, upper palea conduplicate, ciliate on the margin; scales ovate, smooth. 1. B. secali'nus. Chess. Stem smooth, erect, 3 feet high ; leaves flat, rough at the edge and above; */teai/;5 nerved, smooth ; 5ii/«//e laciniate; pa7«'t/c spreading, the branches mostly simple, each beariu'f 1 — 2 spikelets; spikelets ovate, compressed, about 10-flowered, large, 2-ranked, oval, appearing not unlike short heads of rye. A handsome grass in fields, often among wheat. June. Ann. 2. B. MOLLIS. Soft Brown Grass. Stem erect, mostly pubescent, 1 — 2 feet high ; leaves and sheaths downy- pubescent ; panicle erect, close, compound, 3 — 4 inches long; spikelets oblong- ovate, slightly compressed, tomentose, 5 — 10-flowered ; flowers elliptical ; loicer palea oblong-lanceolate, 7-nerved, v/ith a straight awn nearly its length. A coarse grass, in fields and roadsides. June. July. 3. B. cilia'tus. Stem slender, 3 — 4 feet high, bearded at the nodes; leaves hairy above, smooth beneath, ;|^ inch wide ; sheaths downy ; panicle drooping; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, terete, 8 — 10-flowered, with acute, ciliate glumes (not mu- cronale; ; palea. hairy, villosely ciliate on the margin ; aw,-n short. Woods. Jn. 4. B. PURGANS. Stem round, smooth, 3 — 4 feet high ; leaves broad-linear, smooth and glau- cous ; sheaths pilose with reversed hairs ; panicle nodding, with rough and fle.xuous branches ; spikelets lanceolate, terete, 6 — 8-flowered ; jloioers hairy, with a straight awn. Meadows. July. Aug. 5. B. PUBES'CENS. 67cm striate, smooth above, hairy below, with black nodes, 2 — 4 feet high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy above, rough-edged; upper sheaths smooth, lower ones hairy ; panicle loose, nodding, branches in clusters of 2 — 5, flexu- ous ; spikelets lanceolate, 8 — 12-flowered ; Jloioers pubescent, with short straight awns. Woods. Common. Jn. «RAMINE^. 444 E(£LERIA. 32. FESTU'CA. Splkelets oblong, acute at each end, subterete; glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the flowers ; paleai lanceolate, lower one acuminate or awned at the extremity. 1. F. tene'lla. Slender Fescue Grass. Stem filiform, wiry, often growing in tufts and geniculate at base, 6 — 12 inches high ; leaves erect, linear-setaceous, 2 — 3 inches long ; sheaths sub- pubescent, with lacerated stipules; panicle simple, contracted, rather secund, branches alone or in pairs ; splkelets 5 — 7-flowered, with subulate, subequal glumes, at length brownish ; fluwers subulate, longer than their awns. Sandy fields. June. 2. F. ela'tior. Tall Fescue Grass. Utem smooth, 3 — 4 feet high; leaves lanceolate, smooth, rough-edged, afoot long, on smooth, loose sheaths; panicle drooping, very branching, loosely spreading, branches in pairs ; spikelets lance-ovate, acute, 4 — 6-flowered, racemose on the branches ; lower glume shorter ; lower paZea acuminate or mucronate. A fine grass, in meadows. June. 3. F. prate'nsis. Meadow Fescue Grass. Stem smooih, 2 — 3 feet high ; leaves lance-linear, nerved, smooth, rough- edged, about 8 inches long ; sheaths nerved, smooth with obsolete stipules ; panicle branched, spreading, somewhat l-sided, branches subsolitary ; spikelets lance-linear, 7— 9-flowered; lower gbime smaller ; lower palea acute. Intro- duced in fields and meadows. June. July. 4. F. DURiu'scuLA. Hard Fescue Grass. Stem smooth, 12— 18 inches high; /cnues linear, very acute, a little scabrous; stipules membranaceous, lacerate ; panicle oblong, spreading, inclining to one side, branches in pairs; spikelets nearly terete, 5 — 7-flowered ; lower glmne smaller, upper one 3-nerved ; palece unequal, lower with short awns. Fields and pastures. A fine grass. June. July. 5. F. NUTANS. Stem erect, slender, smooth, with black nodes, about 3 feet high ; leans narrow-linear, a foot long, nerved ; panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding, branches in pairs ; spikelets lance-ovate, 3--5-flowered ; floicers smooth, awn- less and nearly nerveless. Open woodlands. June. 6. F. fascicula'ris. Stem, much branched from the base, with short internodes, procumbent, geniculate, 12 — 18 inches long ; leaves linear, very long, 5-nerved, scabrous, on long, loose sheaths ; panicle erect, inclining to one side, with strict, spike- form bmnches ; spi/ie?c^^appressed, secund, 8— 10-flowered ; ^/w7He5l -nerved, lower one very short ; lower palea: tipped with awns of their own length. Wet meadows. Aug. Ann. 7. F. ovi'na. Sheep's Fescue. Stem erect, ascending at base, 6—10 inches high ; leaves very narrow, rough, radical ones very numerous, 2—4 inches long, cauline iew, short, erect ; jHtnicle few-flowered, simple, contracted ; spikelets ovate, 4-flowered ; palcce roundish. A valuable grass, recently introduced. June. 33. KffiLE'RIA. Spikelets compressed, 2— o-flowered ; glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the flowers; upper flower pedicellate, with a short, awn-like rudiment at the base of the upper palea; paleag 2, the lower awnless or awned beneath the tip. GRAMINE^. 445 1. K. irunca'ta. Torr. Slem slender, 2 feet high ; leaves smooth, narrow, 4 — 6 inches long; panicU oblono-, loose, racemose ; spikelets 2-tiowered, in clustered racemes, on short, suberecl branches; ^/wmejs subequal, the lower one linear, upper one much broadt-r, very obtuse or truncate ; pateoi awnless. Fields and open woods. Jn. /3. major ; leaves broad-linear, very long; panicle large, spreading. 2. K Pennsylva'nica. Stem smooth, 2 — 3 feet high, nodes black ; leaves 1 — 2 inches long, narrow, flat, lower ones soft pubescent; panicle very slender, loose, 4 — S inches long ; siiikelets about 3-flowered, shining ; lower glume linear, upper one much broader, oblanceolale, 3-nerved ; fjaiecE awnless. Rocliy woods. May. June. 34. TRICU'SPIS. Spikelets terete, tumid, about 5-flovvered ; glumes 2, un- equal, carlnate, shorter than the flowers; lower palea bitid- toothed, tricuspidate by the projecling keel and two lateral nerves, upper one truncate, almost emarginate; caryopsis 2-horiied. T. sf.slerioi'df.s. False Rtd-tnp. Slem very hard and smooth, erect, 4 — 5 feet high ; leaves smooth beneath, lance-linear, nerved, 12 — \6 inches long; luir.er sheaihs olten hairy ; stipules 0 ; panicle, loose, expanding, branches tlexuous, smooth, long; spikelets (jva.le- lanceolate, purple, shining, 4 — 5-flowered ; ^/j/wes unequal, mucronate ; lower palea with 3 projecting nerves. A splendid grass in sandy fields. Aug. 3 5. G L Y C E' R 1 A . Spikelets slender, many-floweied ; glumes 2, unequa!, nerveless, truncate, shorter than the flowers; lower palea herbaceous, embracing the upper, bidentate one ; scales con- nate, truncate. 1. G. FLu'iTANS. Br. Festuca fluitan's. L. Stem compressed or ancipitous, ascending at base, 3 — 5 feet high ; leaves lance-linear, smooth beneath, about a foot long; ihealhs nerved, smooth, willi a very large stipule ; panicle secund, long, slender, slightly branclied ; spikelets Ion"-, linp;u-,appressed, about 10-flovvered ; Jluicers obtuse ; lower palea7-neT\- ed, denticulate. Aquatic. June. July. 2. G. acutiflo'ra. Torr. Slem somewhat compressed, 1 — 2 feet high; leaves narrow, attenuated above, half as long aa the stem; »/nic/e simple, long, appresscd ; spikelets linear, 4 — G-flowered ; Jluicers very slender, acute, indistinctly nerved, la- undated meadows. Jn. 3G. POA. Spikelets compressed, ovate, oblong or linear, many-flow- ered (3 — 20); glumes 2, shorler than the lower flowers; paleiE subcqual, awnless, often wiih an arachnoid web at base, the lower one herbaceous, scarious on the margin ; scales ovate, acute, smooth. * Flowers weUied al base. 1. P. prate'.nsis. L. Spear Grass. P- viridis. Muh. Stem terete, smooth, 1—2 feet high ; leaves carinate, linear, abruptly acute, GKAMIMCE. 446 radiciil ones very ]im(.7t« 7-ncrved. Swoolh, lance-linear ; stipules short, obtuse ; panicle erect, few-tiowered, branches wide-spreading, capillary, purplish, bearing the ovate or cordate, tumid, pendant and tremulous spikelels at the ends, these are about 7-tio\vered, greenish purple; palea nerveless. Naturalized in the vicinity of Boston. Bw. May. 38. UN I' OLA. Spikelets compressed, 3 — 20-flowered ; lower flower abor- tive; gh}mes 2, shorter than the lower flower; lower paleae boat-shaped at the end, truncate and mucronate between the lobes, upper subulate, somewhat bifid; scales emarginate; carjopsis with 2 horns. 1. U. spica'ta. Stan smooth, round, branched at base, 1 — 2 feet high ; cauJine hazes numer-^ ous, 3 — 6 inches long, involute, rigid and acute; sheaths longer than the joints, close, upper ones hairy at throat; stipule inconspicuous; panicle densely spicate, consisting of short, fasciculate branches v/ith sessile spikelets ; spikelets oblong, 5 — 9-flovvered ; jlowers triandrous. Salt marshes. July. 2. U. gka'cilis. Mx. Stem slender, leafy, '^ — 4 feet high ; leaves broad-linear, tapering to a slender point, flat, 12 — 18 inches long ; sheaths sliorter than the joints ; panic' e long, racemose, branches solitary, short, remote, erect ; spikelets 3-flowered ; floioers spreading, straight, monandrous; ^itt7jjes rigid, acute. Sea coasts. N. Y. Aug. 39. DA'CTYLIS. Spikelets aggregated, compressed, 3 — 5-flowered ; glumes unequal, the larger one carinate, shorter than the flowers; paleai subequal, lanceolaie, acuminate, the lower one emargi- nate, carinate, mucronate, upper bifid at apex ; scales dentate. D. glomera'ta. Orchard Grass. Stem roughish, 2 — 4 feet high; ?cfft>«s linear-lanceolate, carinate, a little scabrous, glaucous; sheaths striate; stipule lacerate; panicle remotely branched, rather secund ; spikelets about 4-flowered, in dense, glomerate, unilateral, terminal clusters; glumes very unequal ; on/Acrs large, yellow. A fine, well known grass, of rapid growth, introduced in shady fields, as orchards, &c. June. ORAMlNEiE. 449 Tribk 8. CHLORIDES. Infloreicence scpiked. SpikeUt.i solitary, few-flou-ere J, the terminal flown often abortive. Clunui carinate, not opposite. Upper patea with two keels. 40. ELEUSl'NE. Spikes digitate, uniialeiiil ; si>il Stem slender, round, smooth, simp]e,^irout 2 feet high; leaves broad-linear, 4 — 6 inches long, rough-edged, otherwise smooth as well as the sheaths ; spikes 2 — 3 inches long ; spikelets with the lat^ral flowers neuter ; glumes and 7vrt/c(E produced into fine, smooth awns 6 times as long as the flowers > abortive Jlowcrs on short pedicels. Marslrcs. N. England. June. 4 4. L O' L I U M . Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, remote, with the edge to the rachis ; glume to the lower spikelet single, to the terminal one 2; paleae herbaceous, subcqual, lower^one short-awned or mucronate, upper bilid-toothed. 1- L. pere'nne. Darnel Grass. Smooth ; stem terete, 1 — 2 feet high ; leiives la^ice-linear, shining-green, on striate sheaths with truncate stipules ; rachis flexuous, grooved, 5 — G inches long; spikelets about 16, longer than the glumes, 7 — 9-llowered, alternate, in two opposite rows ; lower palea 5-nerved, dipper with 2 prominent, rough keels. Naturalized in meadows, cultivated grounds, &c. May — June. 2. L. temcle'ntum. Poisonmis Darnel. Stem terete, smooth, 2 feet high ; leaves lance-linear, rough-edged, and with the sheaths smooth on the surface ; stipule truncate ; rachis flexuous, 4 — 6 inches long; spikelets much compressed, 5 — 7-flowereH, longer than the glumes; lower palea 5-nerved. produced into an awn twice its length. Pie- markably distintjnished from all other grasses by its poisonous seeds. July. Ann. It is said by Muhlenberg to be naturalized in New England. 45. E'LYMUS. Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2 — 6- flowered; glumes 2, collateral, subcqual, subulate; paleae lanceolate, lower one entire, mucronate or awned ; scales ciliate. GRAMINEiE. 451 ANDROPOGOK. 1. E. Virgi'nicus. Lime Grass. Stem erect, smooth, 3 — 4 feet high ; leaves lance-linear, flat, scabrous, deep green, ^ inch broad ; sheaths nerved ; stipule very short; spike erect, thick, 3 — 5 inches long; spikelets in pairs, about 3-flowered ; ghimes both in front, lance-linear, slightly connate at base, produced into a scabrous awn ; flowers smooth; lower pulea awned. Banks of streams. July. Aug. 2. E. Canade'nsis. E. glaucifoHus. P. Slen erect, smooth, stout, 3 — 5 feet high ; leaves lance-linear, flat, smooth, dark green or often glaucous ; spike rather spreading, 4 — 8 inches long, gen- erally nodding at the summit; rachis hairy ; spikelets 2 — 5-flo\vered ; gluvies 5 — 7-nerved, shoit-awned, hairy ; lo7vcr palca iiairy, awned. A tall, beautiful grass, with long, recurved, waving spikes. River banks, «tc. Aug. 3. E. viLLo'sus. Rye Grass. Stem slender, striate, sipooth, 2 — 3 feet high ; leaves rough-edged, pubescent above, i inch broad ; sheaths hairy, especially the lower ones; spike 2i — 3^ inches long, a little nodding and spreading ; rachis and flowers hispid, pilose ; spikelets 1 — 3-flowered; ^Zunics linear; lower palea with a long, straight awn. Dry grounds. July. 4. E. Hystrix. Hedgehog Grass- Stem round, smooth, 2 — 4 feet high ; le'ives lance-linear, carinate, scabrous, generally glaucous and with the sheaths striate ; spike 4 — 6 inches long, erect ; rflcAi's nearly smooth, flexu^ous ; spikelets remote, diverging, almost horizon- tal, 2 — 3-flowered; glumes 0, rarely 1 or 2 ; flowers smoothish ; loirer palea terminating in a very long awn. An odd looking grass, common in moist woods. July. Tribe 10. SACCHARINEiE. Inflorescence pnnirlfd or apik'cl. Spikelets generaUy in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other mostly pedicellate and imperfect. Ciliimcs of stouter texture tliun the paUa:. Valta. delicate and membranaceous, the loiver commonly awned. 46. ANDROPO'GON. Spikelets in pairs, polygamous, the lower one incomplete, on a plumosely 'bearded pedicel, upper one l-flowered, per- fect; glumes subcoriaceous, awnless ; paleae shorter than the gkimcs, one generally awned. 1. A. furca'tus. Mvh. Forked Spike. Stem semiterete above, 3 — .'i feet high ; haves lance-linear, rongh-edged, radical ones very long; sjiikes digitate or fasciculate, in 2s — 5s, 3 — 5 inches long, purple ; spikelets appressed, abortive one on a plumose pedicel, stami- nate, with 2 palese, awnless, perfect one with 2 unequal glumes ; lower palea bifid, awned between the divisions. Meadows and low grounds. Aug. 2. A. scopa'rius. Mx. Purple Brown Grass. Stem slender, paniculate, 3 feet high, branched, one side furrowed, branches fascicui;ite, erect; Icares lance-linear, somewhat hairy and glaucous ; spikes simple, lateral ann terminal, on long peduncles, 2 — 3 from each sheath, purple; spikelets remote, abortive one neuter, mostly with 2 palejE, awned. Woods. Aug. 3. A. Virgi'nicus. CiEspitose ; s'fl?7i subcompressed, 3 feet high, branches few and short, half concealed ; leaves linear, lower ones a foot or more long, rough-edged and hairy ; slienths smooth ; spikes short, in slender, half concealed fascicles of 2 or 3, lateral and terminal ; abortive spikclet a mere pedicel, without paleffi, pcr- fect monandrous, with a straight awn. Swamps. Sept. GRAMINE.'G. 4;V> 4. A. macrou'kus. Iniian Griiss. Stem silicate on one side, much branched above, 2—3 feel high ; leaves linear, rou^ih, lovvt r ones very long, upper ones erect ; shctiihs hairy ; sjiikes conju(77i retrorsely scabrous. '^ — ."> feet hiffh ; lenres lanceolate, carinate, the margin very rouiili backwards ; sliciilhs also very rough with retrorse prickles; jmmd p \uwc\\ blanched, diffuse, shealhed at the ba'se ; 5//i/.-/!/c7*' spreading ; w«/cffi cili:ite on the keel, white, coiiiprtssed and closed ; slaineiis '3. A very rou'.rh grass, common in swamps, by streams, ».Vlc. Aug. 2. L. Vikgi'mca. IJ'hit' Grns'-: Stem slender, branched, ffeniciilale or decumbent at base, 2 — 3 feet long, nodes letrorsely hairy ; liarr.f liince-linear, ronghish ; sheaths roughish back- wards, striate ; jinnicle simple, at length much exserted, the lower branches diffuse; fdwcrs pedicellate, in short, ajjpressed, fli xii>>us racemes; lower pa/ca boat sli;iped, mucronate; stamens \ — 2. Damp woods. Aug. 41). ZIZA'NIA. Monoecious; glumes 0; spikelets l-flowered; pnlere 2, herb iceous. Sieiilr. — I'aleai subequal, awnless; slameiis 6. Ffr/'A. — Spikelets sulnilaie ; palea; unequal, linear, lower one wilh a siraiglit awn ; sidles 2; ear} opsis enveloped in ibc plicate pa!ea3. GRAMINE5;. 453 Z. a^ua'tica. Indian Rice. Stem, i inch in diameter, fislular, smooth, 6 feet high; leaves lance-linear, 2—3 feet long, an inch wide, smooth, serrulate ; panicle a foot or more long, pyramidal, the lower branches divaricate and sterile, the upper spicate and fertile ; spihhts on clavate pedicels ; awns long, hispid ; fruit slender, finch long, blackish, deciduous, farinaceous. Inundated shores of ponds and rivers. The fruit, which is very abundant, affords sustenance to wild geese, ducks, and other water fowls. Aug. 50. TRIPSA'CUM. Moncecious; spikes digitate ; glumes 2, coriaceous; paleas 2, membranaceous. SUr'iU spikelels 2-flo\vered, outer flower staminate, inner neuter. Fertile spikdels 3-flo\vered, the 2 lateral flowers abortive; outer glume enclosing the flowers in a cavity of the rachis, with an aperture each side at base. T. dactvi.oi'dfs. Sesame Grass. Stem slightly compressed, smooth, solid with pith, brown at the nodes, 4 — 6 feet high; leaves near an inch broad, long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughisli above ; .ipilces 5—8 inches long, usually 2—3 together, digitate, terminal, staminate flowers above, pistillate below, without awns. River banks and sea shores. Rare. July. fi. monostuchyon ; spike single. 51. ZEA. Monoecious. Staminate Jl.-;. in terminal, paniculate racemes; spikelets 2-flowercd ; glumes 2, herbaceous, obtuse, subequal ; palece membranaceous, awnless, obtuse. Pistillate Jls. lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed in a spathe of numerous bracts ; spikelets 2-flovvered, one flower abortive ; glumes 2, very obtuse; pales awnless ; style 1, tiliform, very long, pendulous; carvopsis compressed. Z. Mays. Maize. Indian Corn. Roof, fibrous, annual ; stem erect, 5 — 10 (in some varieties 15 — 20) feet high, channeled on one side, leafy; leaves lance-linear, entire, 2 — 3 feet long. The varieties of this noble plant are numerous, produced by climate and culture. It is a native of the warm latitudes of America, but how widely it has been cultivated on both continents, and how important it is to man, it ia unnecessary heie testate, July. SECOND GHANS EIVISION, CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants chiefly composed of cellular tissue, loilhout spiral vessels^ destitute of true flowers, and producing spores instead of seeds. CLASS V. ACROGENS. Flowerless plants with a proper stem or axis, often v/ith a vnscular system composed chiefly of annular ducts, usually furni>he(l with leaves. Grovvtei by the extension of the apex, without subsequent increase in diameter. Spores with a proper integument, and contained in a vessel analagous to an ovary, called tueca or SPORANGIUM. ORDKR CLXII. EQUiSETACE/E. TAc Scouring nu,k Tribe. InfloTesreiire{hy analogy) a dense, cylinclric, terminal spike oi stroliile. Scales t>i' the siruliile peltate, liexagnnal. sul)verlieillate. Tnerfp4—7, attached to tlie undei suriiue cit the scales, with lateral deliiscence. SpoTff numerous, globose, surrounded by minute prranules. [in a spiral manner. EUiters, bodies ol' unknown use, consisting of 4 elastic, clavaie filaments involving the spore* Plant lejifless, simple or with verlicillate branches. Stem striate-sukale, joijiied. fistuUir between, and separable at, the joints. Shealk^ dentate, crowningthe summit ol'each inlerjiode. An order consisting at present ol a single genus, growing in wet grounds, on river banks, and borders oC woods, thrtmihout mist countries. 'I"he llquisetaccre aijonrid In the (iissil remains oi' coal measures with other (""ryptogaml.i, as Fiycopodiace.x and Filii-es.iudicatiji? that lliese plants were once ol gigantic dimensions, and I'ormed a large part of the original flora otour globe. Prnperiies. They abound insilex, and hence are used by cabinet-makers, comb-makers, &c., in polishing their work. EQUIS K'TUM. Clinractci- IJic sanne ;is that ofllio order. 1. E. iivkm'.\i,f.. Scouring Rush. 5' cms all siiiiple, erect, very rough, each bearini a terminal, ovoid spike; sheiith ctnerous white, bhici< at the base and siiiiimit, sliorl, with subulate, awned and deciduous teetii. Very nolii:eable in wet, shady srrounds, and by brook sides. Stems about 2 feet iiijrh, often 2 or more united at l)ase frotn the same root. Sheaths 1 — 2 lines lonir, I — 2^ inches ajiart. the white ring mucii broader than the black, .at length entire from the fallinir of the teeth. The roughness of the cuticle is owing to the silex in its composition. Jn. LVcoHoni \CK.E. 455 eq^uisetum, 2 E. auvk'nse. Field Horsetail. Fa-li f xleiiis erect, siinplf, stcrilr with simple, qnadrangulnr branches, de- cumbent at base. Low giounds. Fertile stems fnst a p|)ea ring. (J — 8 inches hijri), with :5 — 5 joints siirmnunled by large, inflated sheaths cut into hrnir, dark brown leeili. Spike nblono-, ^—2 inches long. Stt'rile stems rather taller than the fertile, remaininir ihronirh the season, after these have decayed. At each joint is a whorl of snnple, rough, ascending branches, issuing i'rom the base of the sheaths, their joints also sheathed. April. 3. K. syi.va'ticum. Wi:od II irsr.tail. Sl.r.rilc iind ferlilK stems with conipound, rough, diflexed, angular branches. Grows iti woods and low grounds. Stems!! — Hi inches high ; ihe fertile with 4 — 5 whorls of branches Irom the base of the sheaths which are 2— :i inches opart, and cleft into .several large, tawny red teeth or segments ; the sterile taller and more slender, with more numerous whorls of branches. The branches are all subdivided and curved downwards. Spike oval cylindiic, pedicellate. .May. 4. E. v.\kieo.4'tum. Sw. E. seorpoides. Mx. CiEspiti'.se ; .sVcw.f branching at base, filiform, scabrous; spike blackish; sliralhs :?-toothed, blackish, teeth meinbranaeeoiis. whitish, deciduous at the tips, liilly woods. Stems numerous. 3 — (J inches long, (i-fiirrowed (.")-lur- rowed. Bed:), sheaths very shoit, 1 — 2 inches a[iail. Spikes small, ovoid terminal. July. 5. E. LiMo'suM. L. Pipes. E. uliginosum. H^illd. Sums somewhat branched, erect, striate-siilcate ; brnnclus from the middle joints, simple, short, 5-sided, smooth ; tpke obhmg-ovoid ; s.Wir. • a ppressed. Borders of [nmds and swamps Slejns 2 — ?> feet high, slender, rarely simple, generally wiih 2 — U whnrls about the middle, liranehes very irrejrular in lenfftli aiid position. Sheaths :j — -1 lines long, white at Ihe summit, tipped with as many !d;i k, subulate teeth as there are furrows (15 — 20). This species is greedily devoured by cattle. July. G. v.. PAi.u'sTKF.. Marsh II rsclnd. •S.7;ms- biMnnhed, smooth, sul'viate; //r.7,nr//c5 simple, pentagonal, curved tip- wards; sheitli siimewhat appressed, remote. lO-tootlied at tlie ape.x ; .'■pike oblonir. dark brown. Marsiies. Stems 1 — 2 fi'et high, deeply kirrowed. Branches short and like the other spt-cies produced in wlioils i'rom the bases of Ihe sheaths, at first horizoniil, finally bending to an upright position. Spike an inch long. May. June. ORDER CLXIII. [.YCOPODI.ACE/E. The Cluh Moss Tribe. Infloreacmce axillan', or crowded iiiio a ."sort of ameiit or spike. Thecn: of two kiiul.<'iii the .«ame plant, se.<-ile, 1, ullfii 'i-celieit. Sporea few, rather larse in same of the tlieca;, other theca; eoiitaining minute grains, ap- peariiio: like fine powrler. Stems creepiiiproi erect, braiicliiiiir, rarely simple, abonndiii? in dnot.«. Leaves small, luinienms, crowileil, ejilire, lanceolate or subulate, l-iierveil. liike the l!(|iii»etacen?, tliPseplanis appear to liave been very abundant in the first a^es of the world, anil to have attained a sifjanlic size, though at present but a few feet in lenp-th. Properlie.s an inmorlant. Some are emetic The powder contained in the ihccrc is hiylily inflamable, and is used in the manufacture of fireworks. Genera. Loaves cnnline, on erect or creepin? stems. Lyrnpodium. \ Loaves or iVjikU laJical, long-, linear-subulate Isoetis. 2 LYCOPODIACEJE. 456 LYCOFODIUM. 1. LYCOPO'DIUM. ThecfE axillary, sessile, 1-celled, some of them 2-valved, filled with minute, farinaceous grains, others Svalved, con- taining several larger globular s[)ores. * Inflorescence in pedunculate spikes. 1. L. clava'tum. L. Common Club Rush. L. tristachium. Kutt. Stem creeping ; branches ascendinop ; Uaccs scattered, incurved, capillaceous- acuminate; spikes in pairs, rarely in 3s, cylindrical, pedunculate ; bracts oT the spike ovate, acuminate, erosely dt-nticulate. A well known evergreen, trailing upon the ground in shady pastures and woods. Stem and branches clothed with numerous, linear-lanceolate leaves which are entire or serrulate, and end in a pellucid, curved bristle.j Spikes perfectly straight, parallel, erect, and upon an erect peduncle. July. 2. L. compi.ana'tum. Ground Pine. Stem trailing; branches dichotomous; /caijes 4-ranked, unequal, the margi- nal ones connate, diverging at apex, the superficial ones solitary, appressed; peduncles elongated, supportmg 4—15, cylindric spikes. A trailing evergreen, common in woods and shady grounds. Stem round, creeping among the moss and leaves, often 10 feet in length. Branches numeiously subdivided, compressed, somewhat resembling the branchlets of the cedar. Leaves minute, very acute. July. 3. L. Carolinia'num. S^em creeping ; /eares somewhat 2-ranked, spreading, lanceolate, entire; peduncle erect, ^solitary, elongated, bearing a single spike ; in/cis sublanceolale, entire. In muddy grounds. Both the stem and its branches are prostrate with erect, slender peduncles 3—4 inches high. July. 4. L. sabin.^fo'lium. Willd. L. alpinum. Mx. Stem elonirated, creeping; ir«nc7tes erect, short, dichotomous, with fastigiate divisions; Icaiws imbricated on all sides, erect, terete-subulate, aristate-acumi- nate; spikes peduncled by the attenuated and slightly leafy summits of the branches, cylindric, solitary, with cordate, acuminate bracts. White Mts.; extensively" creepino; among the rocks, with eiect, numerously divided branches, a few of the divisions terminating in spikes an inch in length. Jl. * * Spikes sessile, t Leaves surrounding the stem. 5. L. dendroi'decm. Tree Club Moss. Stem erect ; branches alternate, crowded, dichotomous, erect; leaves linear- lanceolate, in G equal rows, spreading ; spikes numerous, solitary. An elegant little plant, common in vvoods, readily distinguished oy its upright, tree-like form. Plant about 8 inches high, with branches more or less diverging. These arc subdivided into numerous, forked branchlets. radiant, so as together to represent a spiral arrangement. Spikes 1 — 1, an inch long. July. p. obscurum {Turr. L. obscurum. L.) ; branches spreading; ipike mostly solitary. 6. L. rupe'stre. Rock Club Moss. Stem creeping; branches nscomVing, subdivided ; leaves scattered, imbricate, linear-lanceolat'e,capillaceous-acuminate,ciliate ; spike solitary, ( uadiangular. A very small species, creeping on rocks, &c. Stem a few incl es in length, with numerous' branches which are i— 1 inch long, clothed with grayish green leaves. Spike i inch long, 4-rovved, seeming a mere continuation of the branch. July. 7. L. ai.opecuroi'des. Fox-tail Club Moss. Stem creeping, subramose ; branches simple, long, ascending, bearing a sino-le sessile spike at top ; leaves linear-subulate, ciliate-denlate at base, spreading; spike lenCy. Swamps. Stem extensively creeping. Branches LYCOPODIACEa;. 457 6 — 8 inclies high, rarely subdivided, densely clothed with a fine, soft foliage. Spike 1 — 2 inches long, very leafy. Aug. 8. L. annoti'num. Interrupted Cluh Moss. Stem creeping ; branches twice dichotomous, ascending ; leaves in 5 rows, linear-lanceolate, inucronate, spreading and serrulate near the tip; spike oblong, solitary. In mountain woods. Branches subdivided near tlieir base, brancTilets sinjple, 4 or more, (J — 8 inches high. Leaves at length refle.xed at end. Spike rather cylindric, an inch in length, distinct from the branches. Jl. 9. L. inunda'tum. Marsh Club Moss. Stem creeping, often submersed; branches simple, solitary, erect, with a single leafy spike at lop ; leaves linear, scattered, acute, entire, curved up- wards. In swamps. Spikes^ — 1 inch long, at the summit of branches 5 — 7 inches long, arising from the base of the stem. Bracts of the spikes leaf-like, dilated at base, spreading at the end, larger than the stem leaves which are 1 — 2 lines long. July. 10. L. selaginoi'des. Savin-leaved Chtb Moss. Stem filiform, creeping; branches nearly erect, the flowering ones simple; leaves scattered, lanceolate, a little spreading, ciliate-denticulate ; spike solitary, leafy. In moist woods. Spikes yellowish grecn,about J inch long, the bracts foliaceous and twice larger than the true leaves, which are about a line in length. Branches 3 — G inches liigh, the sterile ones much divided. July. * * Spikes sessile. 1 1 Leaves 2-ranked. 11. L. A'PODUM. L. L. albidulum. Muh. Stem branching, prostrate and rooting near the base ; leaves orbicular-ovate, acute, membranaceous, alternate, ample.xicuul, in 2 rows, with minute, acumi- nate, superficial ones in a third row on the upper side ; spikes subsolitary. A small, creeping, moss-like species, in wet, rocky shades. Stem a few inches long, lilifonn. Leaves less than a line in length. Spikes leafy, scarcely distinguishable from the branches. July. Aug. * * * Spikes indistinguishable from the branches. 12. L. luci'dulum. Shining Club Muss. Stem ascending, dichotomously divided ; leaves in 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, denticulate, shining, spreading or a little reflexed ; thecce in the a.xiis of leaves not changed nor crowded into a spike. In wet woods. Tlie foliage of this species is dark green and shining, more ample than is common to the genus. Stems 8 — IG inches long, nearly erect. Leaves 3 — 5 lines long, distinctly serrate. Thecte hemispherical or reniform, in the a.xiis of the leaves near Uie top of the stem. July. 13. L. sela'go. L. Fir Club Mo.is. L. recurvum. JVilld. Stem erect, dichotomously and fastigiately branched ; leaves scattered, imbricate, lance-linear, entire, rieid and pungent, but awnless. A smaller species than the last, found on the summits of the White Mts. Stems 4 — 8 inches high, densely clothed with stiff, shining, spreading leaves arranged somewhat in 8 rows and 2 — 3 lines in length. Thecse axillary. Aug. 2. ISOE'TRS. Theca membranaceous, oblong, cordate, 1-celled, immersed in the dilated base of tlie iVond ; spores subglobose, slightly angular, attached to numerous tiliform receptacles. I. LACU'STRTS. Quill-WOTt. Fronds ccespitose, subulate, semiterete, dilated and imbricated at base. A curious aquatic, in water at or near the margin of ponds and rivers. N.Y. N.H. 00 FILICES. 458 POLlfFODIDM. Lenves or fronds numerous, tiiftcd and simple, 2 — 10 inches long, somewhat spreadiiitr, containiiicr numerous cells divided both by longitudinal and trans- verse partitions. Tliecaj whitish, imbedded in corresponding cavities in the bases ;c ;incl i)iti-n>iliig order of perennial, flowerless plants, distinguished for ihfir elegant, iiliiiiu'-like foliage. They are usually a few inches to a lew feet high, but some ol' itje tn.i'i ■ '' >l>''i'-^ as the Cyatheas of both Indies, are 15— 25 feel high, vicing with the pahus ill .•-i:-:L- ;.iut beauty. Fnipetties. Lienerally mucilaginous and mildly astringent, hence considered pectoral. Aspidinni and Pteris are anthelmintic. Osmunda regalis has been successfully adniinis- teri'd for the rickets. Observalion. The fructification of the ferns, with its various appendages, is too mmule to be well observed by the naked eye ; but an examination of il wilii the aid of a good lens, cannot fail to be interesting and satisfactory. Conspectus of the Genera. * Fertile kajicts or fronds contracted into the form of a panicle or spike. C Stipes ( angular. . . Onoclea. 9 ( tl:e tortile < smoothisli, ( deeply grooved within. Stratldupteris. 10 f Fronils ma- < ones distinct. ( Stipes clothed with reddish wool. Omiun-ln. \ I j iiy.railiL-al, ( each one partly fertile Os7nv,iilii. U p,,f,i '1 ) entire. Scape spicate. . . Oj/hiiji;t(jtsii»i. 13 oreet. [ Frond solitary, on a scape, j divided. 8eape paniculate. . Bolrydiiitiii. It Fern climbing, sleia long- and ilender Ly^odiu/u. V2 * * Froruis soinetimes contracted, but never paiiiciddte or spicate. I single, large. . Aspidium. 2 f superficial, I double (1 marginal). Dicksonia. S f Sori round ( Indusium ( beneath the sori, fimbriate. . Woodsin. 4 I or roundish. ( Indusium 0 Fofypodiiim. I ^ I not mar- I transverse, on the veins. . AapUniiim. ."> Frond pin- I Sori linear < ginal, ... 1 parallel with the midrib. . . Woodvmrdia. o Bate tVc. [uroblong, ..( closely marginal, continuous. . . . Fieris. ti Fioi'id pcdatc, iin a black, polislied, bifurcate stipe Adiantn/u. 7 TRir.E 1. POLYPODIACE.E. Thec.;i-x, dilated at base on the upper side, and sometimes on the lower. Fruit i;i ranged in short lines on each side the midrib. July. :'. A. angustifo'litm. Mx. Swamp Sphcnicort. Frond pinnate ; IcafMs alternate, upper ones subopposite, linear-lanceolate, f-erratc towards the apex, somewhat lepand, the base truiicaie on the upper f.ide and rounded on the lov.-er. In low woods. Fronds ]— 2 feet high, in tufts, the outer ones barren, inner fertile. Sori large, diverging from the midrib, parallel with the veins, at length confluent. July. 4. A. Tricho'.manes. L. Dzcarf Splccnwort. A. mclanocaulon. Muh. Frond pinnate ; leaflets roundish, subscssile, small, roundisli-obovate, ebtusely cuneate and entire at base, crenate above ; st'rpa black and polished. A small and delicate fern, forming tufts on shady rocks. Frond 3— ti inches high, lance-linear in outline, v.'ith 8—12 pairs of roundish, sessile leaflets ::— 4 lines long. Fruit in several linear-obiong, finally roundish son on each leaflet, placed oblique to the midrib. July. 5. A. theliptekoi'des. Mx. Silvery Splcemr.ort. Frcnd bipinnatifid ; Jenfiets pinnatifid, oblong- lanceolcle, acuminate ; srg- ■r:(-\t!i oblong, obtuse, serrate- crenate ; sori in parallel, oblique lines. A hue, 1 xr i-e fern, on shady lianks of streams. Fronds H— o ieet Jiigh, of an ovale- ;c-dmi:iate' outline, cu a slightly chaffy, pale stipe. Leaflets distinct and i-aliicr remote, narrow. 4— G inches long. Segments rounded at the end, near -: rui inch long. Sori arranged iu 2 rows on each segment, one on each side t.'ie midrib, convergent below, with shining, silvery indusiu v/hen young. Jl. i; A. FiLis-F(E5ii.N-A. Bcrnh. Aspldium Filixfemlna & asplenoides. S(r. > A. angubtuin. W. 5 Frnid bipinnate : Icujlcts lanceolate, acuminate ; scgmrnis oblong-lanceolate, deeply cut-i)innatifid ; iiltnualcse.sments2—S toothed ; sori ro'iiform or lunate, air;;nged near the nerves; stipe saMvih. A delicate, finely-divided fewi in 00* FILICES. 462 WOODWARDIA. moist woods. Fronds 1—2 feet high, with subopposite divisions. These are subdivided into distinct, obtuse segments which are themselves cut into oblong deep serratures, and lastly, the serratures are mostly with 2—3 teeth at the summit. Soii large, at first in linear curves, finally confluent, giving the whole frond a dark brown hue. July. 7. A. Ruta-mura'ria. Wall-rue Spleenwort. Frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate above ; leaflets small, petiolate, cuneate, obtusely dentate above. An extremely small and delicate fern, in dry, rocky places. Frond 2-3 inches high, ^ as wide, smooth, growing in tutls, somewhat coriaceous. Segments usually 3 on each leaflet, less than i iiicli long. Stipe flat and^smooth. Sori linear-oblong, slightly oblique, of a rusty brown color, finally confluent. July, 4 . W O O D' S I A . Sori ronndisb, scattc-red ; indusium beneath the sorus, open, with a miiltilUl or frhiged margin, including the pedicellate (hecaB like a calyx. 1. W. ilve'nsis. Br. Polypodium. mild. Frond pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate ; segmeJits ovate-oblong, obtuse; 5»ri near the margin, at length confluent ; rachis and st'jje chafi'y. GrowintT in tufts on rocks and in dry woods. Fronds 5 or 6 inches high, on chaftV and woolly stipes, most chafiy at base. Fohage 3 or 4 inches long, ^ as wide oblontr-lanceolate in outline, woolly or chaffy beneath, with opposite and alternate leaflets about an inch in length. The lower leaflets are pinnati- fid, upper ones wavy on the margin or entire. June. 2. W. Perria'na. Hook. S^ Grev. Hypopeltis obtusa. Torr. Frond subbipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose; segments of the leaflets pinnatifid, ultimate sesmmts roundish-oblon^, obtuse, bidentate ; sori sub- inaro-inal ; stipe somewhat chafty. About a toot high, among and on rocks. Fronds lance-oblong in outline, 3 times as long as wide. Segments of the leaflets crenate-serrale, the lower ones distinct, upper confluent. Son orbic- ular, becoming nearly confluent, each subtended by a half-round indueium notched into Ultle teeth on the margin. July. 3. W. iiYPERBo'KEA. Br. Floicer-cup Fern. Polypodium. Willd. Frond pinnate; leaflets suborbicular, subcordate, 3-parted or incisely pinnatifid, cuneale at base, rough-pilose beneath. A very small species much re'-emblino- the last, forming tuils on rocks. Plant 2—4 inches high. I ronda lance-linear in outline, on very scaly stipes. Leaflets d or 10 pairs, suboppo- site, nearly round, 2 or 3 lines in diameter, the margins only crenate above, deeply pinnatifid in the lowest pairs. July. 4. W. RUFi'uuLA. Beck. W. ilvensis and Aspidium rufidulum. P. Frond bipinnate ; segments of the leaflets hairy, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, with obtuse ultimate segments ; sori at length confluent ; stipe and rac.his hairy Grows on rocks. Fern G— 8 inches high. Stipe dark brown, densely clothed with woolly hairs. Frond hairy both sides, its leaflets 4—8 lines long, lower ones distinctly pinnate, upper pinnatifid. July. 5 . W O 0 D W A' R D 1 A . Sori oblong, straight, parallel with the ribs on either side of them; indusium suiierficial, arched or vaulted, opening inwardly. 463 ADIANTUM. 1. W. onocleoi'des. Willd. W. angustifolia. Umil/t. Sterile fronds pinnatiM; leaflets lanceolate, repand, slightly serrulate; fertile fronds pinnate, the leaflets entire, linear, acute. In swamps; not common. Fern about a foot high, growing in tut\s. Barren fronds numerous, of a narrow-lanceolate, acuminate outline. Leaflets with decurrent or conflu- ent bases. Fertile fronds fewer, with linear segments nearly covered on the back with the fruit in oblong, longitudinal sori \ inch in length. Aug. 2. W. Virgi'nica. Frond pinnate, very smooth, the leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate, sessile; sori in interrupted lines near the midrib of the leaflets and segments. In low woods and swamps. Frond about 2 feet high, on a smooth stipe, lanceolate in outline, and pale green. Leaflets alternate, deeply pinnatifid, with numerous, spreading, obtuse and slightly crenate lobes. Fruit arranged in lines along each side of the midribs both of the segments and leaflets. Jl. Aug. 6. PTERIS. Sori in a conlinuous, marginal line; involucre formed of the inflected margin of the frond, opening inwardly. 1. P. aq,uili'na. Common Brake. Frond 3-parted ; branches bipinnate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones entire ; segments oblong, obtuse. Common in woods, pastures and waste grounds. Fern 2 — 5 feet in hight, upon a smooth, dark purple, erect stipe. Frond broad-triangular in outline, consisting of 3 primary divisions, which are again subdivided into obtusely pointed, sessile leaflets. These are entire above, becoming gradually indented towards tlie base of each subdivision. Sori covered by the "folding back of the margins of the seg- ments. July. Aug. 2. P. ATRopuRPo'REA. Roclc Brolie. Frond pinnate ; lower haflets ternate or pinnate, segments lanceolate, obtuse, obliquely truncate, or subcordate at base. Fern 6 — 10 inches higli, growing on rocks. Frond twice as long as wide, of a grayish hue, the two lower divis- ions consisting of 1 — 3 pairs of leaflets with a large terminal segment. All the segments lance-linear, distinct, with margins conspicuously revolute. Slipe and rachis dark purple, with dense, paleaceous hairs at base. Jn. — Aug. 3. P. gba'cilis. ^fz. Cheilanthes. Sjpreng. Frond slender, lanceolate, sterile ones pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments broad-ovate, obtuse; /firti/c bipinnate, leaflets linear-oblong, crenate ; stipe dark-brown. A delicate species, growing on rocks. Fern 4 — G inches high, smooth and shining in all its parts, Aug. 7. ADIA'NTUM. Sori oblong or roundish, marginal ; indusia membranace- ous, arising from the reflexed margin of distinct portions of the frond and opening inwardly. A. peda'tusi. Maidenhair. F/o?»Z pedate ; divisions pinnate; segments oblong-rhomboid, incisely lobed on the upper side, obtuse at apex; sor^ oblong, sublunate. This is, doubtless, the most beautiful of all our ferns, abounding in damp, rocky woods. Stipe 8—14 inches high, slender, of a deep, glossy purple approaching to a jet black. 464 STRUTHIOPTERIS. At top it divides equally into 2 compound branches, each of which gives off. at reo'ular intervals, G— 8 simply pinnate leaflets i'roni the outer side, giving the whole irond the form of the crescent. Ultimate sejrnicnts dimidiate, the lower margin being- bounded by the midrib and the veinlets all unilateral. Jl. 8. D 1 C K S O' N I A . Sori mirf;;inal, roundish, distinct; indusium double, one superficial, opening outwards, the other marginal and opening inwards. D. piLosiu'scuLA. Fine-haired Mountain Fern. Frond bipinnate; ?eff/Zft/5 lanceolate, sessile ; segments pinnatifid, dccirrcnt, oblong-ovate, ultimate segments toothed ; siZ/^e a little hairy. A large and delicate fern, in pastures, roadsides, among rocks and stones. Fronds 2 — 3 feet hiiih, in tufts, and remarkable for their numerous divisions and subdivis- ions. Stipe and rachis smooth, with tlie exception of a few soft, scattered h-iirs. Leaflets alternate, approximate ; segments deeply divided into 4-tooliicd ultimate segments. Sori minute, solitary, on the uj)pcr margin of the seg ments. July. 9 . O N O C L E' A . Thecaa coveriFig (he whole lower surface of the frond ; indusia formed of the segments of the frond, whose margins are revohite and contracted into the form of a bcrrj, opening, but not expanding. O. sensi'bilis. Sensitive Firn. Sterile fronds pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, acute, laciniate, the upper ones vmited ; fertile fronds bipinnate, with recurved and globular, contracted seo'mcnts. Common in low grounds. Fronds about a foot high, the barren ones broad and somewhat triangular in outline, composed of broad, oblong, sinuate divisions the upper ones smaller, nearly entire, becoming united at base. The fertile frond is very dissimilar in its form to the others, resembling a compound spike, enclosing tiie fruit in the globukr segments of its shorS divisions. Color dark brown. July. 10. STRUTIIIO'PTERIS. Thecm dcnsel}' covering the bock of the frpnd; indusia seal}', marginal, o])ening internally. S. Germa'nic.v. IVilld. Ostrich Fern. S. Pennsylvanica. JViUd. S.'eri'e fronds pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, sessile ; segments entire, rather acute, tlie lower ones somewhat elongated. A fern of noble size and appear- ance, growing in low woods and swan)ps. The steriloAfronds are often 5 orG feet high, commonly about ri, numerous, in circular clumps. Stipes smooth, cliannekd ; leaflets ])innatifid, with numerous segments, the lower of which tire the more narrow and acute, all more or less connected at base. Fertile fronds few, in the midst of the sterile, much smaller, the leaflets with numer- ous!, brownish, contracted segments, densely covered by the fruit beneath. Aug. 465 LYGODIUM. Tribe 2. OSMUNDIACE^. Tiieca: destitute of a ring, reticulated, striated ivith rays at the apex, opening lengthwise and usually externally. 11. OSMU'NDA. Thecae subglobosc, pedicellate, radiate-striate, half-2-valv- ed, collected on the lower surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is more or less contracted into the form of a panicle. * Fertile fronds distinct from the sterile. 1. O. Cinnamo'mea. Cinnamon-colored Fern. Sterile frond pinnate, leaflets elongated, pinnatifid, segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, very entire ; fertile frond bipinnate, leaflets contracted, paniculate, subopposite, lanuginous ; stipe lanuginous. Tiiis is among the largest of our ferns, growing in swamps and low grounds. Fronds numerous, growing in clumps, 3 — 5 leet high, most of them barren, the stipe and raciiis invested with a loose, cinnamon-colored wool. The fertile fronds resemble spikes, 1 — 2 feet long, an inch wide. Leaflets all fertile, erect, with the segments covered with fruit in the form of small, roundish capsules, appearing, under a microscope, half-2-cleft. June. * * Portions of each frond fertile. 2. O. rega'lis. Royal Flowering-Fern. O. spectabilis. Willd. Fronds bipinnate, fructiierous at the summit; segments of the leaflets lance- oblong, distinct, serrulate, subsessile; raceme large, terminal, decompound. A large and beautiful fern, in swamps and meadows. The fronds are 3 — 4 feet high, smooth in all their parts. Leaflets or pinnce opposite, remote, each with 6 — U pairs of leaves with an odd one. These are an inch or more long, i as wide, obtuse, the petioles 0 — j line long. Above, the frond is crowned with an ample bipinnate raceme of a deep fulvous hue, with innumerable, small, globular, 2-valved thecse entirely covering the segments. June. 3. O. Claytonia'na. L. Frond pinnate ; leaflets or yinnm pinnatifid, the upper ones contracted and fertile. Smaller than either of the foregoing, found in swamps, Cambridge, N. Y. Dr. Beck. Fronds 12 — 18 inches high. Pinnae oblong, obtuse, 2 — 4 inches long, tomenlose in the axils. Segments entire. Each frond bears a terminal, bipinnate, lust-coIored, erect panicle, covered with fruit. May. 4. O. INTERRU'PTA. Frond pinnate, smooth ; leaflets nearly opposite, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, rather acute, entire ; some of the intermediate leaflets fertile. A large fern in low grounds. Fronds 2 — 3 feet high, light green, interrupted near the middle by 2 — 4 pairs of fertile leaflets, which are so much contracted in size, as to resemble dense, compound racemes, and densely covered with small reddish brown thecse. Stipe channeled, smooth above, chafty at base. June. 12. LYGO'DIUM. Theca^. sessile, arranged in 2-ranked spikelets issuing from the margin of the frond, opening on the inner side from the base to the summit; indusium a scale-like veil covering each theca. L. palma'tum. Sw. Climhing Fern. Stem flexuous, climbing ; fronds conjugate, palmate, 5-lobed, lobes entire, obtuse; sjjikelets oblong-linear, from the upper fronds which are divided and 466 BOTKYCHIIOI. contracted into a compound spike. This is one of the few ferns witii climbing stems, and the only one found in the U. S. Plant of a slender and delicate structure, smooth. Stem 3—4 feet long. Stipes alternate on tlie stem, fork- ed, supporting a pair of fronds which are palmately divided into 5 — 'J segments. Fertile fronda terminal, numerously subdivided into linear-oblong segments or spikelets, with the fruit in 2 rows on the back. Mass. Rare. July. Tribe 3. OP?IIOGLOSSE^. Tltecft \-celkd aJnate at base, subglobose, coriaceous, opaque, hcdf-i-valveil, 7Wt cellular, and ' dtslitute of a ring. 13. OFHIOGLO'SSU M. ThecEe roundish, opening transvcrsel}', connate, arranged in a 2-rani(7>:csubcompound, unilateral, interrupted. Grows in drv, hilly pastures, Ms. Frond sheathed at base, with a lacerate membrane, nearly' simple, divided into 3 or more segments which are 1 — 2 inches long, often much dissected. Stipe or scape 3— U inches high. Thecos sessile. Jn. 2. B. Virci'kicum. Rattlesnake Fcrii. B. gracile. P Stipe witha sinale frond in the nfiddle; frond twice and thrice pinnate, the lowest pair of pinnte springing from the base ; ultimate segincnts obtuse, some- what 3-toothed ; spikes decompound ; /dant subpilose. A beautiful fern, the larcrest of its genus, in low woods. Stipe or scape ]— 2 feet high, bearing the frond about half-way up. This is apparently ternate, the lower pair ot divis- ions arising from the base. It is almost tripinnate, the ultimate segments beino- decurrent and more or less confluent at base, with 3—5 cut serratures. Panicle terminal, 3—6 inches long, reddish tawny. June. July. 3. B. ruMARioi'DEs. IVilld. B. obliquum. .1.^.'. 6'capcbcarino- the frond near the base ; fnmd'in^ bipinnatifid divisions , ^eo-meids obliquely lanceolate, crenulate ; spikes bipinnale. JNative ot shad;; woods and pastures. Frond of a triangular outline, 3—^) inches long ana wide, of a stouter texture than the last, distinctly petiolate. Scape b— I'i inches high, bearing a tawny, compound panicle 2—4 inches in length, com- posed of numerous little 2-ranked spikes. Aug. /3. dissectum (Oakcs. B. dissectum. WiUd.) ; frond near the base of the scape, in'ue numerously dissected, almost tripiniialitid. • CHARACE.B. 467 ORDER CLXVI. CHARACE^E. The Chara Tribe. Organs nf reproduction consislinjr of round, sncci\\eM globules, coutaiuing filaments and a fluid ; and axillary iiuculns formed of a few short tubes twisted spirally around a centre, endowed with the power of gcrminalion. Plant aquatic, submersed ; axis consisting of parallel, tubular cells, either transpareiit or encrusted with carbonate of lime, furnished with leaves or branches consisting ot venicil- late tubes. These are remarkable for the distinct current, readily observable with a microscope, iii the fluid of each lube of which the plant is composed. The currents instantly cease when the plant is injured. CHARA. Globules minute, round, reddish, dehiscent, tilled with a mass of elastic (ilaments ; nucules (thecse ?) sessile, oval, solitary, membranaceous, spirally striated, the summit indistinctly clelt into 5 valves, the interior tilled with minute spores. 1. C. vulga'uis. Featlier-heds. Stciiig and branches naked at base ; branches terete, leafy at the joints ; leaves (or branchlets 7) oblong-subulate ; bracts shorter than the fruit. A slender flexile plant of a dull green color, found in ponds and ditches generally stag- nant. It appears in dense tufts, like a soft bed, undulating witJi the motion of the water. When taken out, it has an offensive odor. Steins slender, a foot or more long, with a verticil of about 8 tiliform branchlets at each joint. Jn. 2. C. FI.F.'XILIS. Slcm translucent, naked ; branches ^omUf^as, leafless, compressed ; nvcules lateral, naked. Found in ponds. Stockbridge, Ms., in company with Najas. llesembles the last, but the stems are shorter and more erect, nearly destitute of the verticils of branchlets. It is annual, as are also all the other species. Aug. In Natural Order Composit-E, Tribe 5, Cyiiarea, page 210, insert CA'RTHAMUS. Heads discoid ; involucre imbricated, outer bracts foliace- ous; flowers all tubular and perfect; tilaments smooth ; pappus 0; receptacle with setaceous paleae; achenia 4-angled. Arabic, qorthom, to paint ; from its coloring property. Oriental herbs, C. TINCTO'RIUS. — S/e77i smooth; /carfs ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spinose- denticulate. Native of Egypt, but long cultivated in other lands on account of i CHARACE.E, 467 Chara, . . 467 I Ckeilantlies, ■ 463 Cheiranthus, . 4l Chelidoniura, . 32 Chelone, . 259 CHENOPODIACE.E,315 Chenopodium, 318 Chimaphila, . 241 Chryseis, . 34 Chrysopsis, . 201 Chrysosplenium, 150 Chrysanlhenum, 208 PP Abies., 359 Angelica, . 158 Aurantiace-E, 80 Abutilon, 81 Aniinymos, 333 Avena, 442 Acalypha, . 330 Antennaria, 214 Syn 441 444 Acacia, . 12« Anthemis, 207 Azalea, . 235 ,230 Acer, . 87 Anthoxanihum, 440 Baccharis, 202 Syn 89 Antirrhinum, 258 lialiola, . 284 ACERACE-E, 87 Anychia, fill IJai.samipluje, 352 Acerates, 311 Apargia, 2-''J l!.A l.-aminace.e, 75 Achillea, . 207 Apios, 1-j:! li.q.ll.ia, . . 122 Acnida, . 317 Apium, 102 Buibarca, 40 Aconitum, 23 A plectrum, . 375 Bartonia, . 138 305 Acorus, . 304 Apocynaceje, . 306 Bartsia, . 206 Actcca, 14 Apocyiium, . 300 Batschia, . 288 Syn 15 Aquifoliace.e, 242 Begonia, 244 Adiantum, 463 Aquilegia, . 23 Begoniace.e, 244 Adluinia, 34 Arabis, . 39 Bellis, 196 Adonis, 24 Syn. 44, 38 Benzoin, . 329 ^sculus. 89 Arace.e, . 302 Bekberidace-E, 27 iEthusa, . 158 Arachis, 122 Berberis, 27 Agathyrsus, 226 Aralia, 104 lieta, 319 Ageratum, 186 Araliace^, 104 Belula, 345 Agrimonia, 107 Arl)utus, . 232 Syn 347 Agrostemma, 66 Archangelica, . 158 Betulace.e, . 345 Agrostis, 431 Archemora, . 159 Bideiis, . 210 Aira, . 441 Arctium, 219 Bigiionia, . 254 Syn 442 Arctostaphylos, 232 Syn 2.i5 Alcen, 82 Arenaria, . 01 Bignoniace.e, 254 Aletris. . 394 Syn. 61, 63 Blephilia, . 273 Alisma, 370 Arethusa, . 379 Blilum, . 318 Syn 172 Argemone, 33 Bocbmeria, 350 Alismace^ 370 Aristido, . 430 Bootsia, 104 Allium, . 302 Aristolochia, . 315 BoRAGINACEffl, 280 Alnus, 340 Aristolociiia- Borago, . 280 Alopccurus, 435 CE.E, . 314 Uolrychium, 406 Alyssum, . 42 Arnica, . 203 Brachyftemum, 275 Althsea, . 82 Aronia, 97 Brascnia, . 29 Amaranth a CE.T3 ,320 Arrkenatherum, 442 Brassica, 47 Amaranlhus, 320 Artemisia, 213 Briza, 448 Amarylhdace.5 383 Arum, . 363 Bromus, . 443 Amaryllis, 383 Arundo, 442 Bryopliyllum, 149 Ambrosia, 221) Syn 434 Buchnera, 262 Amelanchier 98 Asarum, . 314 Bupleurum, 150 Ammannia, 131 ASCLEPIADACE.E ,308 Buxus, . 335 Ammobium, 215 Asclepias, 308 Cabombaceje, 29 Ampelopsis, 87 Syn 311 Cacalia, 212 Amphicarpaia, 115 Asparngus, 397 Cactaceje, . 144 Amygdalus, 95 Aspbodelus, . 394 Cactus, . 144 145 Anacardiaceje, 78 Aspidiurn, 459 t.'a;salpina, 127 Anagallis, . 247 Asplenium, . 401 Cakile, 43 Anchusa, 290 Aster, 183 Caladium, 363 Andromeda, . 230 Syn. 193 194 Calamagrostis, 434 Andropogon, 451 Astragalus, 122 Calendula, 216 Anemone, 19 Atrogene, . 19 Calla, . 304 Syn. 15, 20 Atriplex, 317 Syn 363 Anethum, . 100 Atropa, 300 Callitrichaceje334 470 Cichorium, Cicula, Cimicit'uga, Ciiina, Circffia, . Cirsium, . Cistopteris, Cistus, . Citrus, CiSTACE.B, Cissus, Clarkia, Claytonia, Clematis, Cleoine, Clethra. . Cdnopodium, Ciint.onia, . Cnicus, 220 157 15 434 1:JG 2i~ 4011 57 80 57 87 135 69 18 48 233 275, 279 . 395 211) '^18 102 31 202 Syn. Cnirlium, Cochlearia, Colliusia, Coliinsonia, Coiute'a, Comandra, Coinarum, COMMELINAC CoMP05IT/li, Complouia, CONIFER/E, Conioselinum, Coniura, Convallaria, Convolvulace.e294 Convolvulus, . 294 Comjza, . 194, 202 Coptis, . Corallorliiza, Coriandruin, Coreopsis, CORNACE-E, Cornus, ■Coroniila, Corydalis, Corylus, Crambe, Crautzia, . Crassulace^, Crauegus, . Crocus, . Crolalaria, CRUCIFERiE, Crijpta, Cryptot;enia, Cucvba^us, . C0CURBITACE-E, 140 Cuuila, . . " Cupressus, Cucumis, . Cufurbiia, CUPULIFERSB, Cu.voula, . Ci/amvs, C'ycionia, . ■Cynrbidium, 376, Cynara, Cyiioglossum, Cynlhia, .CVPERACE.E, . Cyperus, Cypripedium, 123 329 105 E.E, 4U4 180 348 357 101 103 395 , 375 161 . 209 100 , 100 124 35 . 34^1 48 . 161 147 . 95 387 . 125 30 . 69 155 65, 00 360 141 142 34(1 29() 30 97 380 217 281) 221 400 406 3S2 Sxjn. 370 Dactylis, Dahlia, Dalibarda, Danlhonia, Datura, . . Daucus, Decodou, Delphinium, Dentaria, Desmodium, Dianlhus, Diapensia, DIAPENSIA.CE.E Dicksouia, Dielylra. . Diervilla, Digitalis, . Digilariai, Dionasa, DlOSCOREACE^ Dioscorea, Diospyros, Diplopappus DiPSACEiE, Dipsacus, Dirca, Discopleura, Draba, Dracana, Dracoccphalum, Drosera, Droseraceje, Dulic4iium, Kbenace-E, Echinocystis, l-'.chinosperraum, Kcliium, Kleagnace.e, IOlatinace^, Klatine, Eleocharis, Eleusine, . Elodea, . Syn Klymus, Kmpetrace^e, Hmpetrum, Kpigiisa, Epilobium, Epipactis, Kpiphcgus, KQUISEPACEyE, Eciuisetum, l'".rBcIuites, Erica, l''.RICACE,E, Krigeiiia, . Erigeron, Eriocaulon. Eriocaulox ACE.E, Kriophorum, Erodium, l-'.rvum. Erysimum, Euphorbia, Eurybia, Fagus, . Fedia, Festucaj Filagn, FiLlCES, 211 Fimbiistylis, 39 1 Flosrkea, lis Fluvialis, 67' 294 293 404 448 196 105 443 800 155 131 Fragaria, Fiasera, Fraxiims, Frilillaria, 35 i Fuchsia, 170 260 438 56 387 387 244 194 179 Fuirena, P'uinaria, Syn. FUMARIACE.E Galanthus, Giilega, . Galeopsis, Galium, . Gaullheria, 180 Giuira, . 330iGentiana, . 162 Gentianace.e, 38 I Genista, 395 : Geraniace^ 282 (Geranium, 56[Gerardia, Syn. Erythrma, Erythronium, Eschschohzia, Euchronia, Euonymus, i-",upalorium, EUPUOUBIACE^, 115 Geum GiUenia, Gladi'olus, . Glaux, . Glechoma, Gleditsehia, Glyceria, . Glycine, Glycyrrhiza, Gnaphalium, Syn. 214, Gomplireua, Goodyera, Gossypium, Gramine.'E, . Grati'ola, . Gkossulace.e Gymnadenia, 381 iGyiniiocladus, 253 Hnhenaria, 454lHaleuia, 454 ■ Hamamelace^, 212 Hamameli 2;32 1 Harpalyce. 230 ; Hedeoma, 164 195 405 411 Hedyotis, Htdysarum, Heleniuin, Hclianthumum, 405 Helianthus, lleliopsis, Heliotropium, Hclonias, . Hcnierocallis, 40lHcpatica, 805iHeiacleum, 391 1 Hesperis, 34 I Heieranthera, 266(Heuchera, 91 1 Hibiscus, 183 HicraciuiT), 335 I Hierochloa, . HiPPOCASTANA- CEas, . Hippophaej Hippuris, Hulcus, . Honckenya, Hordeum, . Hiittonia, lloustonia, Hudsonia, Humulus, Hyaeimhus, Hydrangea, Hydrastis, Hydrochari- DACE-E, . HydrocotylC) Syn. Hydropeltii, Hydrophyl- lace;e, . Hjdrophyllum^ Hyoscyamus, Hyo.$(ris, HyPERICACEcE, Hypericum, Syn. Syn. Hypopitliys, Hypopdtis, Hypoxis, Hyssopus, Iberis, Ictodcs, . • Ilex, . iLLECEBRACEae, Impatiens, Indigofera, Inula, Syn. Ipomma, IEIDACE-S, Iris, Isanthus, . Isatis, hnardia, isoetes, . Iva, Jasminace^, Jasminum, Jeli'ersonia, . JUGLANDACE.E, Juglans, JUNCACES, Juncus, Juniperus, Kalniia. Kmleria, Krigia, l>ABIAT.B, LacU, Lactuca, Lainium, . Lappa, . Larix, Lathyrus, Lavandula, Laurace^e, . [iaiirus, Lavatera, Leclie'a, Lecontia, Ledum, , 331 138 440 63 450 246 177 58 355 394 151 21 373 161 164 29 291 291 301 221 58 59 58 241 462 384 277 281 43 365 242 60 75 123 202 201 295 385 385 272 46 135 457 219 311 312 28 338 338 402 402 360 234 444 221 269 335 222 282 218 359 111 271 328 328 84 57 363 236 INDEX. 471 IKUEX. Leersia, liEGUMINOS^, Lemna, Lemnace.e, Lentibulaceje, Leoniice, . Leontodon, Syyi. Leonurus, Lepachys, Lepidium, Leptandra, Leptanthvs, Lespedeza, Leueantheraum, Liatris, . Ligusticum, Ligustrum, LlLIACE,«, Lilium, LiMNANTHACEae, Liirananlhemum, Limodonnn, Limosella, Lindernia, Linages, Linnaea, Liinaria, Linum, . Iiiparis, ' . Liquidambar, 452' Mei.astomace.s, ISniOpuntia, . 109! Melilolus, . J 15 Orchidace.e, 3651 M.-lissa, . . 279[ Orchis, . 365' Mimosa, . 12f Origanum, 251 ; MENisrERMACE^, 2B] Ornithogalum 28i Menispermum 222' Mentha, !23 Mentzelia, 262' Menyanthes, 204 1 Menziesia, 46 ( Mesembryan 264 1 themace-E, 398 1 Mesembryan- 115 themum, 20S' Mespilus, _ . 185 Microrneria, , 157, Microslylis, 313 Mikania, 389 1 Milium, . 389', Mimosa, 761 Mimulus, 305lMirabilis, . 376 1 Mitchella, 262lMitella, . 261 1 Mollugo, 70iMomordica, 171 ! Monarda, 257 i Monotropa, 70 374 i Morus, 352iMulgedium, 37(; 276 393 27|Orobaiiche, • 253 27 I S-yn. 254 138 Orobanchace^, 253 1441 Polygonum, 3731 Polymnia. Polypodiuni; 306] Orontium, 231 [Oryzopsis, Osmorhiza, . 146 Osmunda, Oslrya, . 14fi OxALIDACEiE, 9^ Oxalis, Q78 Oxycoccus, . . 374|Pionia, 185 j Panax, . . 436iPanicum, . 128; Papa VERACE-E, 260iPapaver, . 322iParielaria, 176|Parna5si,a, . 151 Paspalum, 64 Passiflorace.^ . 141 Passiflora, 273( Pasnnaca, . 241 I PEDALtACE_B, Syn. 242 Pedicular! Polypogon, PoDtederia, PoNTEDEKlACEae, 397 . 323 £03 . 458 Syn. 162 433 . 398 Syn. 34S ; Muhlenbergia, 356 226 433 Liriodendron. 26 1 Syn. 43\ Listera, . ' . 381 ! Myosotis, . 290 Lithospermum, 288 1 Syn.^Sl LoasaceED, . 138!]Myrica, . . 347 Lobelia, . 226; Myricace.e, liOBELiACE^, 226] Myriophyllum, Lolium, . . 450i Myrtace-e, Lonicera, . 168 Myrtus, . Lophanlhus, ' 281 Nabalus, . Lotus. . . 121 Naidaceie, Ludwigia, . 134 Najas, Lunaria, . . 42 1 Narcissus, Lupinus, . 126| Nardosmia, Luzula, . . 403 j Nasturtium, . Lychnis, . 66;Negundo, Lycium, Lycopodiace.e, 455! Nelumbiace.k, S: 347 137 129 129 223 367 368 383 187 40 Pelargonium, Peltandra, Penthorum. . Penistemon, PepUi, . Periploca, Petunia, Phaca, . Phalaris, . Phaseolus, Philadelphus, Phleum, Phlox, . Phryma, . Phy'salis, Physostegia, Phytolacca, Populus, . 351 364 Portlandia, . 178 431 Portulaca, . 68 [62 PoRTt;LACACE.E, 68 463 Polaraogeton, 369 334 Potenlilla, . . 103 76 Poterium, . 198 77' Pot/ws, . . 365 239 Prenanthes, . 223 24 Primula, . . 245 165 Primulace.e, 245 436 Prinos, . . 243 32 Proserpinaca. 136 33 Prunella, . 280 355 Prunus, . . 94 55 Psamma, . 434 43fi Pteris, . . 463 138 Pterospora, . 242 ISglPulmonaria, . 289 159 Puuica, . . 130 Pycnanthemum, 27a Pyrethrum, . 208 Pyrola, . . 239 Syn. 241 PjTUS, . . 96 299 i Nejihrodium, 459, 460 1 Pinguicula. Lycopodium, Lycopsis, Lycopus, . Lygodium, Lysimachia, Lythrum, Lythraceffi, Magnolia, MAGNOLIACEa: Majorana, Malaxis, Malope, Mains, Malva, . Malvaceae, Mariscus, Marrubium, Martynia, Maruta, Medeola, Medicago, Melampyrum, Melakthace^, Blelamhium, 456 Nelumbium, 289 1 Nemopanthes, 272 Neottra, 465 \ Nepeta, . 246INerium, 131 Nicandra, 130 Nicotiana, 2o Nigella, 25'Nuphar, 276 Nyctaginace^, 374,375 Nymphaa, 84 Syn. 97 Nymphjjace.e, 82 Nyssa, 81 Ocymum, . 407 (Eiianthe, . 284 (Enoihe'ra, 255 Oi,eace.e, . 207 Onagrace-E, 401 Onoclea, . llfi Onopordon, 268 Onosmodium, 399 Ophioglossum, 399 Ophrys, . Quercu Ranunculace^, Ranunculus, Raphanus, 4391 RESEDACEiE, . 114 Reseda, 152 Rensselaeria, 435 Rhamnace.e, 292 Rhamnus, 269 Rheum, 299 Rhexia, . 28-J Rhinanthus 327 Rhododendron, Rhodora, 251 Rhus, glPinus, . . 3571 Rhynchospora, 29 Piptatherum, . 431|Ribes, 243 Pisum, . . lISjRicinus, 380 1 Syn. HI Rohinia, . 280 Plantaginace^, 2491 Rochelia, 308 Plantago, . 249jRosa, 299 Platajjace^, 353 Rosace.'E, . 300 Platanus, . 353 Rosmarmus, . ^51 Platanthera, . 377| RuBiACEa;, . 30^Pluchea, . 202] Rubus Syn. 98 340 89; Phytolaccace-E 328 3221 Plumbaginace.b,950 30|Poa, . . 445 31 1 Podophyllum, 28 30 Podostemiace.e, 334 33o' Podosternum, . 334 270iPogonia, . 379 1591 Syn. 380 133|PoIanisia, Polemoniace^e, Polemonium, Polyanthes, Polygala, 288JPOLYGALACE,E, 466 POLYGONACE^, 381 1 Polygonatusn, Rudbeckia, . Rumex, Ruppia, Sabbatia, . Sagino, . Sagitlaria, Saltcace.e, 38'|i^alicornia^ 292 1 Salix, 293 Salsola, 392 Sahda, 49 Sambucus, 49 Samolus, 322 Sanguinaria, 396;Ssnguisorba, 14 15 47 49 49 363 91 91 327 130 266 234 235 78 411 142 335 124 287 98 93 274 174 lOl 204 3-:i6 369 304 63 371 348 316 348 316. 274 171 248 32 107 472 Sanicula, f^ANTALACEEC f»aiivit!ilia, Saponaria, Sarot/ira, . Sarraceiiia, SARRACENIACEaj, Sassafras, Satiireja, SSavrukaceoe, Saururus, Saxi 'iVa^'a, Saxifkagaceo!, Scheuclizcria, Scliizaiilhus, Schccnus, Sijn Schollera, Schwalbea, Scirpus, SCLERANTIIA- I CElB, Scleraiuhus, Scleria, Scrophularia, SCKOPHULAIil- ACEa-, Sculellaria, Secale, . Sedum, Sempervivum Senecio, Seriocarpus, Scrpicula, Sesanium, Setaria, . Shepherdia, Sicyos, . SI da, . Sileiie, . Si)iapis, Sisop, Sisymbiium, Sisyriiichiura, Si/n. 4:); 3:ti .Mil 81 4- I5B 44 3Sti !Mum, Smilacesc, Smilacina, .Sinilax, . Sinyriihim, SolanacEiP, Solanum, Solea, Solidago, Souchus, . !Sorbu^, Surghum, Spar^aiiium, Spaniiia, . Spergula, Spinacia, Spiraea, Spiramhes, Slachys, . Staphylea, Stance, 8tellaria, Slevia, Stipa, Strcplopus, Struthiupteris, Stylosaiuhes, Si.yritnrlra, Subularia, Swertia, ■Symphoria, Syraphoricarpus SJymphytum, Symplocarpus, Syriiiga, raiiacetum, Tagetes, Taraxacum, Taxus., ['ephrosla, Telragono'lobos, Teucrium, Thalictrum, . 155 388 . 395 3«8 15G, 157 297 S97 55 19.- . 'JJ4 Syn. 2-iii . 91; 452 3H7 435 61 Syn. 6:i 316 108 380 i'83 91) 250 fil 186 430 397 46-]' ]'>0: 395 45 303 171 1711 MO 365 3IJ, 215 ■206 2-23 361 121 121 28 15 Thaspium, Tiesium, Tlilaspi, Syn. Thuja, TjIVMELACEffi, Tlivinus, Ti a If II a, . Tijiiidia, Tilia, TlLIACES, Tilhra, Tipnlaria, Tiadi'scaiilia, 'I'rajropo'gun, Trifhoi'hloa, TrlcliMilMMii, 'J'rf ,i<'//linnim, 'rnrhuMrina, Tricuspid, Trieiilalis, Trilbliuin, Uraspennum, Urlica, . Urticacesp, Ulricularia, Uvularia, . Vacciiiium, Syti. Triglncliin, Trilliiun, Ti'iosifurn, Tri'pliora. Tripsaoum, Trisetum, Trilicum, . Trolliu.s, Tr(ip;colum, Tulipa, . Turriiis, Tussilago, Typha, . Typhacecc, Udora, Ulex, . ULMACEa;, Ultnus, . UmbelliferaB, Ulliala, Uralepsis, Syn Syn. Valeriana, Valerianaceo; Valerianella, Vallisiieria, Veratrum, Verbascum Verbena, . VeRBEN'ACES Vernonia, . Veronica, Vit)urnum, Vicia, Vilfa, 248 i Viilarsia, lITlVinca, Viola, . VlOLACESP, VlTACESe, Vilis, Waldsteinia, AVoodsia, Woodwardia, Xanlliium, Xy'oMeinn, XyridaeecP, Xyris, . Zaniiichellia, Zanthoxy- LACESE. Zanthoxylum 3W Zea, . 373 1 Zigadenus, 125 Zinnia, 331 Zizania, 331 Zizia, J 53 1 44)- 1 Zostera, 441 Syn. 163 354 253 251 396 237 233 179 178 179 373 400 255 268 268 183 263 17-2 UJ 43-2 305 307 51 5t 86 86 106 462 462 219 169 404 405 368 77 78 453 399 203 45a 156 157 3ES ENGLISH INDEX. 243, Adam-and-Eve, Adder's-longuc, Agrimony, Albany Beech drops, Alder, Alexanders, Almond, . Alum-root, Ainiual Spear Grass, Angelica, . Apple, . Apple of Peru Apricot, Arbor Vilaj, Arrow-grass, 37fi 4S'; 10- 24' 347 15f) 95 150 4ir> 159 97 3X1 95 3iiO 3,2 Arrow-head, 371 Artichoke, 200, iV. Ash, . . 3i: Asparagus, . 3*); Asphodel, . 39-1 Atamasco Lily, 3-3 Avens, 104—10" Awlwort, . 45 Bachelor's Button,2l6 Balm, . . 279 Balm of Gilead, 352 Balsam-apple, HI Balsamine, . 75 Balsam Spruce, 359 Baneberry, . 14 Barley, . . 450 Basil, . 271-5-1 Basswood, Bayberry, Beach Plum, Beach Pi'a, Bean, Bear-berry, Beard-tongue. Beard Grass, Beech, . Beech-drops, Beet, Bell-flower, Bell-wort, Bent Grass, Bi'rberry, Bindweed, Birch, . 86 1 Bittersweet, 297 347 j Blackberry, 101-9 91 1 Black Snake-root, 15 111 Bladder Campion, 66 113-14 Blailder-nut, . 23 Bladilerwort, 259 1 Blazing Star, 452' Blood-root, 343 Blueberry, -.4 Blue-curls 90 251 186 32 238 285 319 Blue-eyed Grass, 386 -'■•9 Blue Grass, 39(i-7lBlue Flag, 43l--'| Blue-hearts, •>«lBoa Lily, 383 Jersey Tea. . 93 Jerusalem Cherry ,298 Ground Ivy, Ground Pine, Hackberrj', Hair Grass, Hardback, 281 456 . 332 43.3^ 108-9 Hawkweed, 222,225 Hawthorn, Hazel, Heartsease, Hedge Hyssop, Hedge Alustard Hedgehog Gras, Heliotrope, Hemlock, Hemp, 307, 317, 355 Hemp Nettle, 283 Henbane, . 302 Henbit, . . 282 Herb Robert, 71 High Cranberry, 173 Hinuhound, 272, 284 Hobble-bush, Hogweed, Holly, Hollyhock, . Honi-wort, Honeysuckle,168- Hoop Ash, Hop, Hornbeam, Horse Balm, Horse Chestnut Horse Radish, Horsetail, Hound's-tongue, 287 Houseleek, Hyacinth, Hydrangea, Hyssop, Ice-plant,. fnilian Physic, Indian Pipe, Indian Tobacco, Indian Grass, Indian Millet, Indian Rice, Indigo, Ink-berry, Iron-weed, Jacobcca, 148 394 , 1.52 277 146 109 , 241 227 452 452 453 122-3 243 183 212 Jessamine, Jewel-weed, Jonquil, Judas Tree, July-flower, . Juniper, Knapweed, Knawell, Knot Grass, Labrador Tea, Ladies' Slipper, Ladiej' Tresses, LambXettuce, Larch, Larkspur, Laurestine, Lavender, Leather-flower, Leather-wood, Leek, liCnioir, . Lentil, Lettuce, Lever-wood, Lifc-everlastin; l.ilac, Lily, 312 75 384 126 42 361 216 320 323 237 382 381 179 359 22 174 271 18 331 . 393 80 . 113 222 344 g, 21.4 '312-13 . 390 Lily ofthe Valley, 395 Lime Tree, Lime Grass, liindern Pim- pernel, Liquorice, Liverwort, Lizard's-tail, Locust, 81 451 261 121 21 333 124-9 Loose-strife, 131,246 Lop-seed, . Lousewort, Lovage, Lungwort, Lupine, Lychnidea, Madwort,^ Maidenhair, Maize, . Mallow, Malope, . Maple, . Marigold, Marjornm, 269 267 . 153 289 . 126 292 . 42-5 463 453 82—85 84 88-9 206-16 . 276 Marsh Rosemary, 250 Mat Grass, 434 Matrimony-vine, 299 May Apple, May-weed, . . Meadow Beauty; Meadow Rue, Meadow-sweet, Mermaid-weed, Mignionette, Millet Grass, 28 207 130 IS 109 137 49 436 Milfoil, 137, 208 Monkey-flower, I Monk's-hood, Moonseed, Morning Glory, Motherwort, . Mountain Ash, ! Mountain Fringe, 35 i Mountain Heath, 232 260 24 27 295 283 96 474 Mountain Laurel, 234 Mountain Mint, 273 Mountain Rice, Mouse-ear, Mudworl, Mulberry, Mullein, Muskmelon, Mustard, Myrtle, Narcissus, Nasturtion, Nettle, Oak, 4;n . 287 2GJ . 35(i 257 141 41-4-7 . im 3S4 . 76 354-0 340— 3i;i Oak of Jerusalem, 319 Oat, Oily-seed, Okro, . Oleander, . Onion, . Oraohe, Orange, Orchard Grass, Orpine, Osier, Ostrich Fern, Ox-eye, PaBony, Painted-cup, Parsley, . Parsnep, Partridge-berry, 177 Passion-flower, 139 111 44-2 250 84 308 393 317 81 448 148 343 464 209 25 260 163 155-00 Polypod, . 458-9 1 Shadberry, . 98 [Tick-seed, . 210 Pond-weed, . 369 Shepherd's Purse, 45 i Tiger-flower, 386 Poplar, . 351-0, Shield Fern, . 400 1 Timothy Grass, 435 Poppoose-root, 29jSliiuleaf . 240 Tobacco, . 301 Poppy, . . 3;tj Sickle-pod, . 39 Tomato, . . 298 Potato, . . 293 j Sidesaddle flower, 32 1 Touch-me-not, 75 Poverty-grass, 430 Silk weed, 309—311 Trailing Arbutus, 233 Prickly Pear, 145' Silver-weed, 104 1 Tree Club Moss, 456 Prickly Ash, 78 [ Skull-cap, . £80 Trumpet flower, 254 Primrose, 133, 245 [ Skunk Cabbage, 305 j Tuberose, . 392 Prince's Feather, 3-J4 \ Snail, Prince's Pine, 241 : Snake-head, ~ ' 313 I Snake-root, 288 Snap-dragon, 14-2 Sneezewort, 63-9 1 Snowball, 448', Snow-berry, Privet, Puccoon, , Pumpkin, Purselain, Quake Grass, Quill-wort, Quince, Radish, . Ragged Lady, Ragged Robiu, Ram's-head, Rape, Raspberry, Rattle-box, 457 Snow-drop 97 j Soapwort, 48 1 Soft-Grass, 25 1 Solomon's Seal, 66 I Sorrel. 383 1 Sour Gum, . 47 . Southernwood, 102-3 Sow-thisde, . 125 Spear Grass, Raltle-snakeFern,460 ] Spearmint, Rattle-snake Plan- j Speedwell, . tain, . . 381 Spider-wort, Red-lop, . 4:il Spikenard, Reed Grass, 434 Spinage, 117! Tulip, 259 1 Tulip Tree, . 50,315 Turmeric-root 253 Turnip, 207-8 Tway-blade, 173 Twin-flower, 171 Unicorn-root, . 384 Valerian, 67 Vanity Grass, 440 Vegetable Oyster, 22-2 395 Vervain, . 268 327 Vetch, . . 112-l:{ 330 Violet, . 51—55 213 Viper's Bugloss, 288 224 Virgin's Bower, 18 445 Wake-rebin, 273 Walking Fern, 263 Wall Cress, . 404 Walnut, 105 Wall-flower, 317 Pea, Peach, Pea-nut, Pear, Pearlwort, Pellitory, Pencil-flower, . Penny Cress, Pennyroyal, Pennywort, . Pepper, Pepper-grass, Peppermint, Pepper-root, Periwinkle, . Persicaria, Persimmon, Pheasant's Eye, Pickerel-weed, Pimpernel, Pine, . Pine Sap, . Pineweed, Pink, Pinweed, Pipes, Pipewort, . Plantain, Plum, . Poison Ivy, " Hemlock,157. 163 Poison Oak, . 79 Poisonous Darnel, 450 Poke-root, . 400 Polvanthus, . 384 Polygala, . 50 113 95 122 j 97! 631 355 120 37 278 101 298 46 272 40 308 334 244 24 398 247-8 357-8 . 242 60 . 67-S 57 . 455 . 405 249, 371 94 . 79 Rheumatism- root, 28 Spleenwort, 145.461-2 Rhubarb, . 327 Spring Beauty, ' 69 Rock Brake . 463, Spruce, . 359 Rocket, . 43-5 1 Spurge, . . 336 Rose, . 93— 101 Squash. . 142 Rose Bav, 133,308 Squirrel-tail Grass 450 Rosemary, . 274 Stafl'Tree, . 91 Roughish Meadow I Star Grass, 384, 394 Grass, . 416: Starof Bethlehem,393 Royal Flowering [ Stichwort, . 62 Fern, . 465 St. John's- wort, 59 Rush, . 402— 404 Stone-crop, 147—9 Rutabaga, . 47 Strawberry, 105-6 Rutland Beauty, 296 Succory, . 221 149-50 Rye, Rye Grass, Saffron, Sage, . Saltwort. . Sandwort, . Sanicle, Sarsaparilla, Sassafras, Satin-flower, Saxifrage, Scouring Rush, Scratch Grass, Screwstem, Scurvv Grass, Sea Gale, . 48 Sea Teasel-grass, 309 Sea Wrack-gra.'ss, 368 Sedge, 406—438 Self-heal, . 280 Seneca Grass, 440 Senna, 124-5-7 Sensitive Fern, 401 Sesame Grass, 453 449 Sumach, . . 79 451 ; Summer Savory, 277 . 337: Sundew, . . 50 274: Sunflower, . 205 248, 310 ' Swamp Pink, 235 61_63 \ Sweet Cicely, 163 J55: Sweet Fern, 348 165 'Sweet Flag, . 305 . 329 1 Sweet Gum, 353 42 Sweet Potato, 295 scented Grass,440 454 Sweetwilliam, 325 ' Sycamore, 305|Syringa, Tansey, Tape Grass, Teasel, Thistle, . S Thorn, Thoroughwax, Thread-foot, Thrift, 67 353 152 215 26 21 47 375 171 400 179 433 401 461 44 339 41 Water Chinquapin,30 38,40 246 292 30 142 368 29 449 413 26 452 33 237 Water Cre Water-feather, Water-leaf, . Water Lily, Water-melon, AVater Nymph, Water-target, AVheat, . Whip Grass, White Bay, . White Grass, Whitlow Grass, Whortleberry, Wild Germander, 285 Wild Ginger, 315 Wild Oats, 390, 443 Wild Pepper-grass 46 Wild Rose-bay, 236 Wild Timothy, 439 Willow, Willow-herb, Winged Pea, Wmter Cress, Wire Grass, Witch Hazel, Wo ad. Wolf's-bane, Woodbine, Wood Sorrel 373 Worm-seed, 180 7-16 90 156 335 250 348 132-.3 121 40 449 153 , 46 24 87 77 319 213 .383 208 Thyiue, Wormwood, Yam-root, Yarrow, Yellow Pond Lily, 31 Yellow Rattle, 266 Yew, . .361 275, 277 Zigadene, 400 i New York Botanical Garden Library QK117.W6 . , .u . H^®" Wood, Alphonso/A class-book of botanv d 3 5185 00125 1170 J ■iii' -^a ' ,11 1^4 PI